干旱胁迫对不同根型苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌的影响

为明确干旱胁迫对根茎型清水紫花苜蓿、直根型陇东紫花苜蓿、根蘖型公农4号杂花苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌群落的影响,采用盆栽试验,运用16S rRNA基因测序技术,研究了幼苗期干旱胁迫下各根型苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化。结果表明：干旱胁迫下各根型苜蓿的Chao1和ACE丰富度指数均在中度胁迫下最大,Simpson和Shannon-wiener多样性指数各处理间差异不显著;根际土壤细菌群落均以变形菌门、绿弯菌门、类杆菌门、放线菌门和厚壁菌门为主,干旱胁迫均显著增加了变形菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度,显著降低了绿弯菌门的相对丰度,但类杆菌门和放线菌门先提高后下降。统计学分析显示,幼苗期干旱胁迫显著影响各根型苜蓿生长发育,随胁迫程度增加,其株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、根系活力、根体积、根系总长均显著降低,根冠比先增加后下降且在中度胁迫时达到最大值。重度胁迫下,清水苜蓿的株高、根系活力显著大于其他品种,而根冠比、根系干重显著小于其他品种;陇东苜蓿的根长、根尖数均显著大于其他品种;根系平均直径、根系总表面积各根型苜蓿间差异不显著。研究结果为植物的抗干旱胁迫以及提高各根型苜蓿在干旱胁迫下的水分利用提供参考。     

水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿和高粱根系水力学导度 与水分利用效率的关系

利用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟水分亏缺条件(胁迫水势-0.2MPa,胁迫48h),研究了变水条件下紫花苜蓿(品种:阿尔冈金和陇东)和高粱(品种:抗四)根系水力学导度(Lp_r)、根系活力、根叶相对含水量、水分利用效率等参数的动态变化,以期进一步明确植物水分吸收及散失过程调控的生理生态学基础。结果表明:水分亏缺限制了紫花苜蓿和高粱根系吸水,表现在Lp_r的下降和根系活力的降低;继而调控了其地上部反应,引起气孔导度、光合速率、叶片相对含水量和蒸腾速率等的下降,但限制性的提高了其水分利用效率,尤其在胁迫初期。恢复到正常供水条件后,Lp_r、根系活性、气孔导度等水分利用参数逐渐部分或完全恢复到了胁迫前水平,但恢复程度存在种间和品种间差异,并且根系吸水能力的恢复对于是植株地上部生长状态的恢复至关重要,尤其是水分恢复初期。紫花苜蓿根系中检测到水通道蛋白(AQPs)的存在,水分亏缺对紫花苜蓿Lp_r的影响认为主要是通过影响AQPs的活性实现的。比较紫花苜蓿和高粱水分吸收与利用状况在变水条件下的动态变化,认为紫花苜蓿幼苗对干旱逆境的适应能力相对弱于高粱,品种间陇东适应能力更强。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区紫花苜蓿品种间根系发育能力的初步研究

研究了9个紫花苜蓿品种在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区根系的发育能力,结果表明,紫花苜蓿侧根发生的主要部位在距地表10-20cm的主根段,50cm以下没有侧根发生,品种间侧根发生总数以Sandili和Ameristand201最大,陇东苜蓿最低;品种间根系体积和生物量的垂直分布,除Sandili,Amerigraze401,Ameristand201在土壤20-30cm层的根系体积的生物量大于10-20cm层的根系体积和生物量外,其余品种表现为从土壤表层到深层逐次递减。品种间根系生物量从Ameristand201最大,为170.54g,陇东苜蓿最低,仅为38.25g,是Ameristand201的22.4%;品种占有的地下资源空间Ameristand201和Sandili较大,陇东苜蓿最小,经聚类分析,参试的9个品种可分为3类,其中Sandili,Amerigraze401和Ameristand201在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区根系发育良好。     

铝对秋葵、小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以不同抗铝小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）基因型：Carazinho（抗铝型）和Egret（铝敏感型）为参比,研究了铝胁迫对秋葵（Hibiscus moscheutos L．）种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：秋葵和小麦种子的萌发对铝胁迫不敏感;高浓度的AlCl3（50μmol／L）显著抑制主根和侧根伸长,但对侧根数目的影响较小;两种植物的主根伸长对铝胁迫的差异不显著,而秋葵侧根对铝毒的抗性比两个供试的小麦基因型强;50μmol／L的AlCl3显著降低两个小麦基因型的根系生物量,但秋葵的根系生物量与对照比变化不大。表明秋葵幼苗的抗铝性强于两个小麦品种,铝对秋葵、小麦侧根和主根的生长影响不同。     

红砂幼苗根系形态特征和水分利用效率对土壤水分变化的响应

为探讨干旱与半干旱区受损红砂种群幼苗适宜生长的土壤水分条件,采用盆栽方法,研究了红砂幼苗在充分灌溉(FI)、适度灌溉(MI)、干旱处理(DT)3个水分处理下根系形态和水分利用效率的变化特征。结果表明:(1)红砂幼苗根系形态因水分条件和根序的不同而各异;随灌溉量的减少红砂幼苗根系直径和根体积均表现为FIMIDT,但干旱处理促进了根系的伸长生长和比表面积和比根长增加,根系形态的可塑性是红砂幼苗获取水分适应干旱环境的重要策略之一。(2)随根序的升高,各处理水平下红砂幼苗根长、比根长均显著减少,而其根直径和体积却显著增加,表明红砂幼苗根系内部具有高度的形态异质性。(3)与FI处理相比,MI和DT处理下红砂幼苗根系总生物量分别增加了50.00%、19.23%,但MI和DT处理却显著降低了红砂幼苗地上生物量,特别是叶片生物量下降幅度最大,分别降低了62.15%、83.28%,导致根冠比随灌溉量的减少而逐渐增加。(4)干旱处理显著提高了红砂幼苗的水分利用效率。研究认为,在灌溉量减少的情况下,红砂幼苗可通过根长、根系表面积和体积、直径等形态变化来优化其空间分布构型,以调节植株对水分的利用,提高水分利用效率。     

杨柴对高CO2浓度和土壤干旱胁迫的响应

毛乌素优势植物杨柴 (HedysarummongolicumTurcz.)对高CO2 浓度和土壤干旱胁迫响应的研究结果表明 :干旱胁迫可使杨柴根系伸长 ,根生物量、地径、主茎高和茎生物量下降 ;高CO2 浓度使杨柴根和茎生物量明显增加 ,CO2 的“施肥效应”显著 ,干旱使CO2 的“施肥效应”减弱。同时 ,土壤干旱胁迫使杨柴的根 /冠比增加 ,说明在土壤干旱胁迫情况下根的生长比地上部分 (茎 )的生长更活跃 ,有利于提高杨柴在干旱沙漠地区的固沙作用 ;CO2 浓度升高和土壤干旱胁迫均使杨柴叶片的水势下降 ,叶片水势的下降使叶片细胞对水分的束缚力增强 ,从而减少植物蒸腾耗水 ,有利于提高水资源的利用效率     

灌溉对干旱沙区紫花苜蓿生物学特性的影响

研究了干旱沙区不同水分处理下紫花苜蓿的 (Medicago sativa L.)生物学特性。结果表明 ,不同水分处理对紫花苜蓿植株高度、根系伸长生长和地上生物量形成的影响是不同的。在生长季内 ,灌水量最少的喷灌处理 W3植株高度最低 ,灌水量较多的漫灌处理 W1和灌水量居中的喷灌处理 W2植株高度相对较高 ,表明较多的灌水有利于植株高度的生长 ;对于根系长度则相反 ,灌水量最少的喷灌处理 W3根系伸长生长较快 ,到结实后期根系长度达到最大值 1 0 7.60 cm,说明适当的干旱可以促进紫花苜蓿根系伸长生长 ;地上生物量则是灌水量居中的喷灌处理 W2最高 ,表明在干旱沙区这种特殊的环境条件下 ,采取 W2这种灌溉方式种植紫花苜蓿 ,既可以获得较高的地上生物量 ,又可以节约利用水分     

灌溉对干旱沙区紫花苜宿生物学特性的影响

研究了干旱沙区不同水分处理下紫花苜蓿的（Medicago sativaL.)生物学特性,结果表明,不同水分处理对紫花苜蓿植株高度,根系伸长生长和地上生物量形成的影响是不同的,在生长季内,灌水量最少的喷灌处理W3植株高度最低,灌水量较多的漫灌处理W1和灌水量居中的喷灌处理W2植株高度相对较高,表明较多的灌水有利于植株高度的生长;对于根系长度则相反,灌水量最少的喷灌处理W3根系伸长生长较快,到结实后期根系长度达到最大值107.60cm,说明适当的干旱可以促进紫花苜蓿根系伸长生长;地上生物量则是灌水量居中的喷灌处理W2最高,表明在干旱沙区这种特殊的环境处理下,采取W2这种灌溉方式种植紫花苜蓿,既可以获得较高的地上生物量,又可以节约利用水分。     

二倍体、四倍体和六倍体小麦产量及水分利用效率

试验选用了6个不同染色体倍性的小麦进化材料（3个二倍体、2个四倍体和1个六倍体）,分别在不同水肥条件下研究其根系、地上生物量、产量、蒸腾耗水量和水分利用效率等指标,旨在阐明小麦进化材料产量及水分利用效率的差异及水肥条件对这些特性的影响。试验表明：不同倍性小麦进化材料的生物量、产量和水分利用存在显著的差异,而且水肥条件对其有显著影响。在染色体倍性由2n→4n→6n的进化过程中,小麦根系及地上生物量均先增加后降低,而产量却显著增加,这与收获指数的增加有关。小麦产量的大小顺序为：T.aestivum〉T.dicoccum〉T.dicoccoides〉Ae.squarrosa〉Ae.speltoides〉T.boeoticum。水分亏缺显著降低小麦的生物量、产量和收获指数;在不同水分条件下,增加施肥量有利于这些指标的增加。但是水分亏缺下,增加施肥却降低各小麦材料的根系生物量。随小麦的进化,蒸腾耗水量显著降低,这与其生育期缩短有关;而生物量水分利用效率和产量水分利用效率却显著升高,且后者的差异要大于前者。各小麦产量水分利用效率的大小排序与产量的完全一致。水分亏缺处理显著减少各小麦进化材料的蒸腾耗水量47％～52％，而显著增加生物量水分利用效率3％～40％；但水分亏缺对产量水分利用效率的促进作用却随染色体倍性的增加而降低，甚至降低六倍体小麦T.aestivum的产量水分利用效率19％。不同水分条件下，高肥处理均有利于蒸腾耗水量、生物量水分利用效率和产量水分利用效率的增加。     

不同水分处理对湿地松幼苗生长与根部次生代谢物含量的影响

模拟三峡库区土壤水分变化特征,设置常规生长水分条件(NG组)、轻度干旱水分胁迫(MD组)、土壤潮湿(WS组)以及水淹(BS组)4个不同处理组,研究多种水分胁迫对湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)当年实生幼苗的生长与生理影响。结果表明:不同水分处理、时间对湿地松幼苗的生长、生物量、根系的草酸与酒石酸含量均产生显著的影响(P0.05,水分处理对茎生物量的影响例外)。与NG相比,MD、WS和BS均显著降低湿地松幼苗的高生长与叶生物量积累,但对茎生物量的影响均不显著。MD显著降低地径生长,与WS和BS显著增加地径生长正好相反。与此同时,MD、WS和BS能显著增加湿地松幼苗主根、侧根以及总根的草酸和酒石酸含量(MD主根的草酸含量例外)。在同一处理组内,湿地松幼苗根系草酸与酒石酸含量随着处理时间的延长呈现出不同的变化趋势。在多种水分逆境胁迫条件下,湿地松幼苗虽然在生长与生物量方面表现出一定的敏感性,但该树种幼苗较好的适应性特征仍然表现明显。因此,在对湿地松幼苗进行管护时,应当特别注意干旱环境下浇水、水淹环境下排水等土壤水分管理措施,确保湿地松幼苗的健康生长。     

分根区干湿交替对玉米光合速率及蒸腾效率的影响

以玉米为材料研究了分根区干湿交替对叶片光合速度及蒸腾效率的影响,结果发现控制１／２根区交替供水和固定１／２根区供水在减少用水量的同时,叶片蒸腾速度明显下降,而光合速度不明显,蒸腾效率提高;控制１／２根区交替供水比固定１／２根区供水在光合维持高水平稳定时所要求的土壤含水量低,其蒸腾效率较高。干湿交替能够增加根冠比、根干重和根九。证明控制性分根交灌溉可提高玉米腾效率达到节水的目的。     

The cooperative relation between non-hydraulic root signals and osmotic adjustment under water stress improves grain formation for spring wheat varieties

Non-hydraulic root signals (nHRS) and osmotic adjustment (OA) are two important adaptive responses of plants to water stress. There is little understanding of their relationships during water stress. The threshold range of soil water potential to occurrence of nHRS, the capacity for OA, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were examined in three spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (two bred after 1975 and one bred before 1900) under water stress conditions. The threshold range of nHRS was significantly correlated with the maintenance rate of grain yield (MRGY) ( r  = 0.99, P  < 0.05) under moderate drought (−0.49 to −0.55 MPa) but not under severe drought (−0.70 to −0.76 MPa). There were similar correlations between OA and the MRGY. However, regulation of nHRS precedes OA during gradual water stress. The threshold range of nHRS and OA was positively correlated ( r  = 0.93, P  < 0.05), suggesting a mechanism for adapting to drought. WUE was higher for modern than for old varieties and was correlated with the root efficiency (full biomass weight including root per root weight, r  = 0.78, P  < 0.05) and the root water uptake efficiency (water consumption per root weight, r  = 0.72, P  < 0.05). However, there was a significant negative correlation between WUE and root weight ( r  = –0.84, P  < 0.01). The cooperative relationship between the threshold range of nHRS and OA under water stress was beneficial for improving grain formation for spring wheat varieties.     

Foliar stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in woody Mediterranean species with different life form and post-fire regeneration

Wildfire is an important ecological disturbance factor in most Mediterranean ecosystems. In the Mediterranean Basin, most shrub species can regenerate after fire by resprouting or seeding. Here, we hypothesize that post-fire regenerative syndromes may potentially co-vary with traits directly related to functional properties involved in resource use. Thus, seeders with a shorter life span and smaller size would have lower water-use efficiency (WUE) than re-sprouting species and would take up nutrients such as nitrogen from more superficial parts of the soil. To test this hypothesis, we compared leaf ¹³C and ¹⁵N signatures from 29 co-existing species with different post-fire regeneration strategies. We also considered life form as an additional explanatory variable of the differences between post-fire regenerative groups. Our data support the hypothesis that seeder species (which mostly evolved in the Quaternary under a Mediterranean climate) have lower WUE and less stomatal control than non-seeders (many of which evolved under different climatic conditions in the Tertiary) and consequently greater consumption of water per unit biomass. This would be related to their smaller life forms, which tend to have lower WUE and shorter life and leaf lifespan. Differences in ¹⁵N also support the hypothesis that resprouters have deeper root systems than non-resprouters. The study supports the hypothesis of an overlap between plant functional traits and plant attributes describing post-disturbance resilience.     

Genetic Variation of Morphological Traits and Transpiration in an Apple Core Collection under Well-Watered Conditions: Towards the Identification of Morphotypes with High Water Use Efficiency

Water use efficiency (WUE) is a quantitative measurement which improvement is a major issue in the context of global warming and restrictions in water availability for agriculture. In this study, we aimed at studying the variation and genetic control of WUE and the respective role of its components (plant biomass and transpiration) in a perennial fruit crop. We explored an INRA apple core collection grown in a phenotyping platform to screen one-year-old scions for their accumulated biomass, transpiration and WUE under optimal growing conditions. Plant biomass was decompose into morphological components related to either growth or organ expansion. For each trait, nine mixed models were evaluated to account for the genetic effect and spatial heterogeneity inside the platform. The Best Linear Unbiased Predictors of genetic values were estimated after model selection. Mean broad-sense heritabilities were calculated from variance estimates. Heritability values indicated that biomass (0.76) and WUE (0.73) were under genetic control. This genetic control was lower in plant transpiration with an heritability of 0.54. Across the collection, biomass accounted for 70% of the WUE variability. A Hierarchical Ascendant Classification of the core collection indicated the existence of six groups of genotypes with contrasting morphology and WUE. Differences between morphotypes were interpreted as resulting from differences in the main processes responsible for plant growth: cell division leading to the generation of new organs and cell elongation leading to organ dimension. Although further studies will be necessary on mature trees with more complex architecture and multiple sinks such as fruits, this study is a first step for improving apple plant material for the use of water.     

Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats

Three diploid (Triticum boeoticum, AA; Aegilops speltoides, BB and Ae. tauschii, DD), two tetraplold (T. dlcoccoides,AABB and T. dicoccon, AABB) and one hexaploid (T. vulgare, AABBDD) varieties of wheat, which are very important in the evolution of wheat were chosen in this study. A pot experiment was carried out on the wheat under different water and nutrient conditions (i) to understand the differences in biomass, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and nutrient (N, P and K) use efficiency (uptake and utilization efficiency) among ploldles in the evolution of wheat; (ii) to clarify the effect of water and nutrient conditions on water and nutrient use efficiency; and (iii) to assess the relationship of water and nutrient use efficiency in the evolution of wheat. Our results showed that from diploid to tetraploid then to hexaploid during the evolution of wheat, both root biomass and above-ground biomass increased initially and then decreased. Water consumption for transpiration decreased remarkably, correlating with the decline of the growth period, while grain yield, harvest index, WUE, N, P and K uptake efficiency, and N, P and K utilization efficiency increased significantly. Grain yield, harvest index and WUE decreased in the same order: T.vulgare ＞ T. dicoccon ＞ T. dicoccoides ＞ Ae. tauschii ＞ Ae. speltoides ＞ T. boeoticum. Water stress significantly decreased root biomass, above-ground biomass, yield, and water consumption for transpiration by 47-52%, butremarkably increased WUE. Increasing the nutrient supply increased wheat above-ground biomass, grain yield,harvest index, water consumption for transpiration and WUE under different water levels, but reduced root biomass under drought conditions. Generally, water stress and low nutrient supply resulted in the lower nutrientuptake efficiency of wheat. However, water and nutrient application had no significant effects on nutrient utilization efficiency, suggesting that wheat nutrient utilization efficiency is mainly controlled by genotypes. Compared to theother two diploid wheats, Ae. squarrosa (DD) had significant higher WUE and nutrient utilization efficiency, Indicating that the D genome may carry genes controlling high efficient utilization of water and nutrient. Significant relationships were found between WUE and N, P and K utilization efficiency.     

巨桉与5种木本植物幼树的耗水特性及水分利用效率的比较

巨桉因生长迅速且经济效益高,在我国南方被广泛用于营造短周期工业原料林,但其蒸腾耗水状况与其他常见或乡土树种存在怎样的差异,大面积种植是否会改变栽培区原有的水分平衡,是一个尚未明确的问题。利用LI-6400光合作用仪测定了巨桉与其他5种木本植物在不同光强、温度、湿度下的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE),用称重法测定了参试植物载叶量、生物量和耗水量,并对这些树种的蒸腾耗水特性进行了评价。结果表明:(1)相同环境条件下,巨桉的Tr最大,WUE最低,单位质量耗水量最多,单株蒸腾耗水量远高于其他树种,其明显较大的叶面积可能是重要原因之一,虽然其Pn仅次于杨树,生物量积累最大,因此为高光合、高蒸腾、低水分利用效率植物。(2)阔叶树种的Pn和Tr明显高于针叶树种,而WUE低于针叶树种。(3)环境因子(光照强度、温度和湿度)对植物Pn、Tr和WUE的影响较大,其中Pn主要受光照强度影响,Tr对湿度最为敏感,一般情况下WUE随湿度的增大而升高。在试验设置的温度范围(24—32℃)内,光合作用变化幅度不大。光照强度800μmol.m-.2s-1和温度28℃最有利于参试植物的光合作用。(4)巨桉等速生树种较强的光合作用使其生长迅速,固碳潜力大,但其高蒸腾和低水分利用效率的特点意味着在栽培区替代原有植被进行大规模造林时,可能会消耗更多的水资源而对生态环境造成一定的不利影响,因此在发展巨桉人工林时应选择水分条件好的区域(尤其是年降雨量充沛且季节间分配相对均匀的地区),并进行科学的经营管理。     

Ecological interactions and the fitness effect of water‐use efficiency: Competition and drought alter the impact of natural MPK12 alleles in Arabidopsis

The presence of substantial genetic variation for water‐use efficiency (WUE) suggests that natural selection plays a role in maintaining alleles that affect WUE. Soil water deficit can reduce plant survival, and is likely to impose selection to increase WUE, whereas competition for resources may select for decreased WUE to ensure water acquisition. We tested the fitness consequences of natural allelic variation in a single gene (MPK12) that influences WUE in Arabidopsis, using transgenic lines contrasting in MPK12 alleles, under four treatments; drought/competition, drought/no competition, well‐watered/competition, well‐watered/no competition. Results revealed an allele × environment interaction: Low WUE plants performed better in competition, resulting from increased resource consumption. Contrastingly, high WUE individuals performed better in no competition, irrespective of water availability, presumably from enhanced water conservation and nitrogen acquisition. Our findings suggest that selection can influence MPK12 evolution, and represents the first assessment of plant fitness resulting from natural allelic variation at a single locus affecting WUE.     

Carbon–water coupling and its relationship with environmental and biological factors in a planted Caragana liouana shrub community in desert steppe,northwest China

宁夏荒漠草原区中间锦鸡儿灌丛群落碳水循环特征及其与生物环境因子的关系 干旱半干旱区的人工植被重建可能会改变陆地生态系统的重要生物物理过程——碳水循环,然而在人类活动背景下,仍然缺乏对这些区域生态系统的碳水耦合机制的认识。本研究基于涡度相关系统测量了宁夏盐池荒漠草原区人工种植的中间锦鸡儿(Caragana  liouana)灌丛群落的CO2和H2O通量,通过分析总初级生产力(Gross Primary Productivity, GPP)、蒸散发(Evapotranspiration, ET)和水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency, WUE)的变化,探讨了人工灌丛生态系统碳水通量及其耦合关系,并进一步分析驱动其变化的生物环境因子。研究结果表明,气候因子的季节变化导致了生物物理特征和碳水通量呈周期性变化。在生长季,GPP和ET波动较大,而WUE变化相对稳定。GPP、ET和WUE显著受辐射(Global Radiation, Rg)、温度(Ta和Ts)、水汽压亏缺、叶面积指数和植物水分胁迫指数(Plant Water Stress Index, PWSI)的驱动。其中Rg、温度和PWSI是影响WUE的最重要因素。Rg和温度会对WUE产生直接的促进作用,但同时也会间接地提高PWSI进而抑制WUE。PWSI会抑制光合作用和蒸腾作用,当植物水分胁迫超过一个阈值(PWSI > 0.54)时,WUE会下降,这是因为GPP对植物水分胁迫的响应比ET更敏感。这些研究结果表明,在荒漠草原区通过大规模种植灌木可实现固碳的作用,但也必须充分考虑区域的水资源消耗和水分利用效率的状况。     

灌水量与密度互作对冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响

为明确协同提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的适宜灌水量和种植密度,选用大穗型品种‘泰农18’(T18)和中穗型品种‘山农22’(S22)为试验材料,设置4个灌溉水平(不灌水、每次灌水45、60、75 mm)和4个种植密度,其中泰农18选用135×10⁴、270×10⁴、405×10⁴、540×10⁴ 株·hm^-2,山农22选用90×10⁴、180×10⁴、270×10⁴、360×10⁴株·hm^-2,研究了籽粒产量、麦田耗水特性和水分利用效率对灌水量和密度互作效应的响应。结果表明: 籽粒产量、总耗水量、土壤贮水消耗量和水分利用效率均受到灌溉水平、种植密度及两者互作效应的显著影响。每次灌水量为45 mm,泰农18种植密度为405×10⁴株·hm^-2、山农22种植密度为270×10⁴株·hm^-2时,两品种籽粒产量均达到最高,拔节后棵间蒸发量占阶段农田总耗水量的比例最小,1 m以下土壤水消耗比例、水分利用效率高。种植密度与灌溉量合理组合,有利于降低水分无效损耗,提高水分利用效率。     

渭北旱塬小麦的耗水特性与抗旱增产措施

本文系根据1981—1982年,作者在陕西省蒲城县建立了33个试验点的实验研究,结果表明：小麦整个生活期的耗水量界于303—476mm之间,每亩产量约为45—333公斤,水分利用效率为0.38—1.15。说明了小麦产量与耗水量或水分利用效率两者之间是密切相关的,而这又和小麦早春再生长以前的幼苗生长率之间成正相关。在非灌溉条件下,小麦的生长与产量显著地依赖于雨季保存在根层的土壤有效水。为了在不同的水分条件下提高旱地小麦生产力,本文介绍了能够促使小麦的根茎向较深的土层发展的措施,以提高抗旱能力。