红掌品种亲缘关系SRAP分析

利用相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记,从100对引物组合中筛选出 26对多态性高、条带清晰的SRAP引物,对33个红掌品种进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。结果如下：（1）26对引物共扩增出366条条带,其中有314条多态性条带,多态性比率为85.79%。引物组合产生的条带数在9～23之间,平均每对引物组合扩增出14.1条和12.1条多态性条带。（2）根据SRAP扩增结果,利用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,33份材料的遗传相似系数在0.55～0.94之间,在遗传相似系数0.786处可将33个红掌品种分为5个类群。结果表明,供试品种遗传多样性丰富,本研究为品种鉴定和杂交育种提供了参考信息。     

棉花遗传多样性SCoT和SRAP标记的研究及比较分析

利用SCoT和SRAP两种分子标记技术对30份彩色棉与白色棉种质资源,进行遗传多样性研究。用29对SRAP引物组合和26个SCoT引物分别对供试棉花的基因组DNA进行扩增。SCoT引物共扩增出163条带,多态性比率为61.96%,遗传相似系数GS值变化范围为0.5405～0.9972。SRAP引物组合共扩增条带1067条,多态性比率仅为14.1%,遗传相似系数GS值变化范围为0.5415～0.9109。两种标记系统得到了相似但并不完全相同的聚类图,2种标记方法间存在显著相关性(r=0.5518,P<0.05)。结果表明,SRAP与SCoT标记均适用于棉花种质的遗传多样性分析,且SCoT的标记指数MI高于SRAP标记,为SCoT这种新兴的标记技术在棉花育种中的应用提供了重要的依据。     

中国灌木辣椒种质遗传多样性的SRAP和SSR分析

应用SRAP和SSR分子标记对8份辣椒种质进行了遗传多样性分析,结果表明,15对SRAP引物组合共扩增出321条带,平均每对引物扩增出21.40条,多态性位点比率为72.90%;18对SSR引物共扩增出109条带,平均每对引物扩增出6.06条,多态性位点比率为98.17%。与SRAP比较,SSR检测到的Shannon多样性指数(I)、观测等位基因数(Na)和有效等位基因数(Ne)等遗传多样性参数都较大,说明SSR有更高的多态性检测效率。基于SRAP的聚类与基于SSR的聚类之间存在极显著正相关,且都能将中国灌木辣椒种质与美洲灌木辣椒种质及一年生辣椒种质有效区分。     

应用SRAP标记分析金丝瓜（Cucubitapepo L.）种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系

本研究应用SRAP分子标记技术对56份金丝瓜和32份南瓜属（包括西葫芦美洲南瓜、中国南瓜、印度南瓜）种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明：（1）从285对SRAP引物中共筛选出50对多态性引物对供试品种基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,获得713条清晰可辨的标记,其中多态性条带634条,多态性比率达88.92%,说明出南瓜属种间遗传多样性较丰富;（2）在56份金丝瓜品种中,共扩增出586条清晰可辨条带,多态性条带350条,多态性比率为59.73%,说明金丝瓜品种间的遗传相似性较高;（3）通过分子聚类分析可将供试金丝瓜品种划分为5个亚类群。金丝瓜与西葫芦美洲南瓜的亲缘关系较近,与中国南瓜的亲缘关系较远,而与印度南瓜的亲缘关系最远;根据分子聚类分析结果证实初步鉴定应可以明确将金丝瓜划归为南瓜属中西葫芦美洲南瓜的一个变亚种。     

茄子耐盐种质资源遗传多样性的SRAP和ISSR分析

利用SRAP和ISSR分子标记,研究了14份耐盐茄子种质资源的遗传多样性,结果表明,2种标记均能揭示材料间较高的遗传多样性,其中ISSR标记多态性略高于SRAP标记。在SRAP分析中,每对引物组合可扩增出8-15条DNA片段,平均为12．12条：26对SRAP引物组合共扩增出315条DNA片段,其中263条具有多态性,多态性比率为83．49％;材料间遗传相似系数变化范围为0．212～0．923,平均值为0．755。在ISSR分析中,每个引物可获得5～16条DNA片段,平均为10．87条;15个ISSR引物共扩增出163条DNA片段,其中141条具有多态性,多态性比率为86．50％;材料间遗传相似系数变幅为0．333-0．957,平均值为0．736。聚类分析表明,2种标记都能将供试材料完全区分开来,聚类结果具有一定的相似性,但也存在明显差异。Mantel相关分析表明,SRAP分析与ISSR分析的相关性达到极显著性水平（r=0．904,P〈0．01）。     

番木瓜基因型遗传关系的SRAP分析

利用SRAP标记对中国22个番木瓜主要栽培品种（系）进行亲缘关系和遗传多样性研究。结果表明:（1）筛选出的20对SRAP引物共扩增249条谱带,其中多态性条带110条,多态性比率为43.20%,平均每对引物扩增的条带数和多态性条带数分别为12.45条和5.50条。（2）引物多态性信息含量（PIC）值变化范围为0.15～0.79,平均值为0.49。（3）聚类分析和主坐标分析显示,供试材料间的遗传相似系数为0.72～0.96,遗传多样性水平较低,在相似性系数为0.87时,可将所有试材分为3个类群。该研究结果有效地揭示了中国番木瓜主要栽培品种（系）资源的遗传背景和亲缘关系,可为番木瓜种质资源的分类、保护和有效利用以及新品种选育提供理论依据。     

辣椒种质遗传多样性的RAPD和ISSR及其表型数据分析

用RAPDI、SSR分子标记及28个表型性状数据对辣椒属5个栽培种的13份材料进行了分析,结果表明:23条RAPD引物共扩增出209条带,平均每个引物扩增出9.09条,多态性位点比率为83.73%;16条ISSR引物共扩增出94条带,平均每个引物扩增出5.88条,多态性位点比率为79.79%.与RAPD相比,ISSR标记检测到的有效等位基因数(Ne)及Shannon多样性指数(I)、遗传离散度(Ht)和遗传分化系数(Gst)等遗传多样性参数都较大,多态性位点比例在亲缘关系较近的一年生辣椒(Capsicum annuum)种内较高,说明ISSR有更高的多态性检测效率,并且适合亲缘关系较近的种群间遗传多样性分析.基于RAPDI、SSR的聚类与基于表型数据的聚类之间存在极显著正相关,且都能将C.annuum与其它栽培种区分开来.     

基于EST-SSR标记的莲属种质资源遗传多样性分析

利用EST-SSR分子标记对30个亚洲莲、6个美洲莲及14个亚美杂交莲品种(野生居群)进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:从123对EST-SSR引物中筛选出52对(42.3%)扩增稳定、具有多态性的引物;利用这52对引物对50个不同类型代表的莲属品种进行扩增,共获得177条多态性条带,引物的等位基因数和多态性信息量(PIC)的范围分别为2~8个和0.63(NNFB-1059)-0.91(NNFB-750),平均为3.4个和0.79。利用NTSYS-pc2.11软件对扩增结果进行Jaccard相似性系数分析,50个荷花品种材料遗传相似系数为0.24~0.86;通过UPGMA法进行聚类分析,在遗传相似系数0.37处供试荷花材料可分为4大类群:亚洲莲品种均聚类在I、II类群中,III类群绝大部分为亚美杂交莲品种,IV类群为美洲莲,亚美杂交莲品种与亚洲莲品种的亲缘关系相对较近,与传统分类及前人研究结果相一致。     

基于SRAP标记的大花蕙兰种质资源遗传多样性分析

采用SRAP技术分析了来源于不同国家和地区的42个大花蕙兰品种及4个国兰原生种之间的遗传亲缘关系。34对引物组合中筛选出29对带型稳定、多态性较好的引物组合,共扩增出398条谱带,其中387条为多态带,多态性比率97.2%,平均每个引物组合扩增多态性带13.3条。46份种质之间的相似系数变化范围为0.60～0.99,平均为0.76。基于29个SRAP标记的扩增结果,利用NTSYS 2.10e软件计算Dice遗传相似系数,并建立UPGMA聚类图,结果表明:在遗传相似系数0.69处将供试材料分为4类,较好地揭示了大花蕙兰品种及国兰原生种间的遗传多样性与亲缘关系,可为大花蕙兰种质资源利用及杂交育种中亲本选择提供科学依据。     

利用ISSR和SRAP标记分析细辛资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系

采用ISSR、SRAP分子标记对61份细辛资源进行遗传多样性与亲缘关系进行分析,结果表明:(1)ISSR标记平均每条引物可获得8.35个DNA片段,多态性比率为86.3%,SRAP标记平均每对引物可获得7.85个DNA片段,多态性比率为86.0%。(2)利用相同数量的引物,ISSR标记揭示的多态性略高于SRAP标记。(3)按照种质间相似系数得出聚类图,可将所有细辛资源分开,在依据ISSR标记聚类分析中,生物学上北细辛和汉城细辛的划分,其作用不如地域来源的效应。SRAP分子标记中,大部分资源的聚类与地域性有关,但有4份汉城细辛优先聚类,SRAP分子标记在揭示基因组差异方面有一定的优势。(4)2种分子标记的聚类图中,来自同一产地的北细辛和汉城细辛优先聚类,其亲缘关系更近。聚类图中未出现北细辛与汉城细辛分别聚类。分子标记分类与传统植物学分类不一致。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.