辣椒种质遗传多样性的RAPD和ISSR及其表型数据分析

用RAPDI、SSR分子标记及28个表型性状数据对辣椒属5个栽培种的13份材料进行了分析,结果表明:23条RAPD引物共扩增出209条带,平均每个引物扩增出9.09条,多态性位点比率为83.73%;16条ISSR引物共扩增出94条带,平均每个引物扩增出5.88条,多态性位点比率为79.79%.与RAPD相比,ISSR标记检测到的有效等位基因数(Ne)及Shannon多样性指数(I)、遗传离散度(Ht)和遗传分化系数(Gst)等遗传多样性参数都较大,多态性位点比例在亲缘关系较近的一年生辣椒(Capsicum annuum)种内较高,说明ISSR有更高的多态性检测效率,并且适合亲缘关系较近的种群间遗传多样性分析.基于RAPDI、SSR的聚类与基于表型数据的聚类之间存在极显著正相关,且都能将C.annuum与其它栽培种区分开来.     

新疆石榴种质资源遗传多样性的SRAP分析

采用SRAP分子标记技术,对21份新疆石榴品种的遗传多样性与亲缘关系进行分析。从36对引物组合中筛选出16对扩增条带清晰、多态性高的引物组合分析供试材料,共检测出271个位点,其中194个为多态性位点,多态性比率达71.59%,平均每对引物组合产生16.94个位点和12.13个多态性位点。21份石榴样品间的相似性系数为0.63~0.89,平均为0.77。UPGMA聚类结果显示,在相似性系数为0.776时,21份材料可被分为5个类群。新疆石榴品种间平均观察等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Neis基因多样性指数(H)及Shannons信息指数(I)分别为1.712 2、1.352 8、0.199 9及0.310 5。研究表明,新疆喀什地区石榴品种的遗传多样性最为丰富;SRAP聚类结果与石榴的表型特征存在一致性,且SRAP分子标记技术是研究石榴遗传多样性简单而有效的手段。     

利用RAPD和ISSR分子标记分析地黄种质遗传多样性

用RAPD与ISSR技术对地黄的8个品种和2个脱毒品系进行了种质遗传多样性分析.分别从80条RAPD引物和44条ISSR引物中筛选出适合地黄种质分析的17条RAPD引物和10条ISSR引物用于RAPD和ISSR分析.17条RAPD引物共扩增出177条带, 多态性位点数为109; 多态性位点比率为61.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3135;每个位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)是1.3641; 10条ISSR引物共扩增出110条带. 多态性位点数为79; 多态性位点比率为71.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3577;每个位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)是1.4037. 基于扩增条带数据库建立了各自的Jaccard遗传相关系数矩阵,构建了相似的分子树状图,将10个供试材料分为2类:一类群含组培85.5、大田85.5、组培9302、大田9302、金状元和金白6个材料;另一类群含北京1号、大红袍、地黄9104和野生地黄4个材料.两种分子标记的分析结果呈极显著正相关(r＝0.649).结果表明,RAPD与ISSR标记适合于地黄种质遗传多样性分析,ISSR标记技术是一种多态性和重复性优于RAPD技术的实用技术.     

中国主要黑芝麻品种的遗传多样性分析

利用SRAP和SSR各23对引物对20个中国主要黑芝麻品种进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,23对SRAP引物共扩增出DNA带672条,其中多态性带152条,比率为22.62%,平均每对引物扩增总带数和多态性条带分别为29.22条和6.61条。23对SSR多态性引物共扩增出DNA带92条,每对引物扩增出3~6条,平均4.00条;每对引物扩增出多态性带1~5条,平均3.09条,多态性带比率平均为77.17%。20个黑芝麻品种间的遗传相似系数为0.8547~0.9804,遗传距离为0.0159~0.0921,遗传多样性匮乏,遗传基础狭窄。聚类结果表明,来自主产区江西的11个品种明显聚在一起,且江西黑芝麻品种的遗传相似系数高于其他省份品种,遗传距离低于其他省份品种,与其他省份品种的差异均达到极显著水平。加强资源引进和利用是拓宽中国黑芝麻品种遗传基础的迫切要求。     

中型狼尾草种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

运用ISSR标记对采自云南的25份野生种质和4份驯化新品系中型狼尾草材料进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示:(1)50条ISSR引物中共筛选出10条能扩增出清晰条带且多态性明显的引物,29份材料DNA共获得72个扩增位点,其中多态性位点62个,多态性比率为87.4%,平均每条引物扩增位点为7.2个;平均观察等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Shannon多样性信息指数(I)和Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)分别为1.861 1、1.742 8、0.561 0和0.395 9;种质材料间的遗传相似性系数变幅为0.236~0.903,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。(2)利用UPGMA聚类分析,以遗传相似系数0.51为界,29份材料划分为4大类,但Mantel检测表明29份种质材料的遗传聚类和地理距离之间不存在显著的正相关关系(r=0.437 0,P=0.204 6)。研究结果首次从分子水平揭示了中型狼尾草的遗传多样性和变异水平,为合理地引种、驯化、保护和利用中型狼尾草野生资源提供了重要的参考依据和数据支持。     

应用SRAP标记分析黄瓜的遗传差异

利用49对SRAP引物对4种不同类型28份黄瓜种质资源进行了遗传差异分析.结果表明,有35对引物扩增出多态性,在28份资源间共产生724条扩增带,平均每对引物组合产生20.69条;共检测出337个多态性位点,多态性比率为46.5%,每对引物平均为96.3个.利用NTSYS软件分析遗传相似系数,UPGMA方法聚类分析表明,28份资源可聚为两大类.试验结果表明SRAP标记位点多,重复性好,可以揭示不同类型黄瓜种质之间的遗传基础.     

青钱柳种质资源多样性SRAP初步分析

为了利用分子标记方法评价青钱柳种质资源的遗传多样性,本文对青钱柳DNA的提取、SRAP扩增体系重要参数进行了优化,运用优化体系筛选多态性引物,并用1对引物对青钱柳9个种源进行了遗传多样性初步分析.研究结果建立了适于青钱柳SRAP的扩增体系;从110对SRAP引物中筛选出了13对多态性引物,运用1对引物组合Me7+Em2扩增获得21个多态性位点,多态率达100%.遗传多样性分析表明有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.342 9,平均Shannon's信息指数(I)为0.368 7,Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.226 7,种源的遗传分化指数Gst为0.198 3;聚类分析结果表明9个种源在遗传距离0.100处聚为3类,聚类结果和地理距离之间呈现较高的相关性.本文的研究结果表明所建立的青钱柳种质资源库具有广泛的遗传多样性,为进一步的开发利用提供了条件.     

RSAP、SSR和SRAP分析马铃薯遗传多样性的应用比较

本研究分别利用RSAP、SSR和SRAP对15份马铃薯种质进行遗传多样性分析,比较3种分子标记的分析效力。结果表明,平均每对引物扩增出的多态性位点RSAP(5.75个)SSR(6.33个)SRAP(7.75个);RSAP+SSR+SRAP联合聚类的结果与SRAP和RSAP聚类结果基本一致,相关性分别达到极显著和显著水平,与SSR的聚类结果基本相似,呈显著相关性。在分析马铃薯遗传多样性中,SRAP标记的效果最优,SSR标记效果略优于RSAP标记。RSAP分子标记能较好地分析马铃薯的遗传多样性,而以RSAP+SSR+SRAP联合分析,则能更好地评估种质的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。     

皂荚种质资源SCoT遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱的构建

采用SCoT标记分析了18个皂荚种质的遗传多样性,并采用UPGMA法对18个皂荚种质进行了聚类分析。在此基础上,通过筛选出的多态性条带构建了18个皂荚种质的SCoT指纹图谱。扩增结果表明:从51个SCoT引物中筛选了15个引物进行PCR扩增,共扩增出226条带,其中多态性条带216条,多态性比率为96.61%。各引物多态性信息含量(PIC)、观测等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon’s信息指数(I)的平均值分别为0.875 9、1.964 9、1.440 1、0.272 6、0.426 1。18个皂荚种质的遗传相似系数在0.491 4~0.938 1之间,表明供试材料之间具有较丰富的遗传多样性。聚类分析结果表明:在遗传相似系数为0.60处可将18个皂荚种质分为3组,其中野皂荚单独为一组,山皂荚和皂荚-T聚为一组,其它皂荚材料聚为一组。利用3个引物扩增的8个多态性位点构建了18份皂荚种质资源的DNA指纹图谱,可以将其区分并精准鉴定。该研究结果为皂荚种质的鉴定和新品种选育提供了一定的理论依据。     

山茱萸种质资源的ISSR遗传多样性分析与初级核心种质库的构建

采用ISSR 标记技术对不同来源地的48份山茱萸种质资源的遗传多样性进行了分析,并依据最小遗传距离逐步抽样法构建了该初级核心种质资源库.结果显示:筛选出的13个多态性引物共扩增出190个位点,多态性位点比率达93.16%,平均Shannon信息指数(I)为0.402 5,平均Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.259 4,平均有效等位基因数(NE)为1.425 0.聚类分析表明,种质间的遗传相似系数介于0.65～0.90之间,除个别种质外,48个种质聚类结果与地区来源有较高的一致性.随着抽取种质数目的减少,多态性比率明显降低,但种质库遗传多样性参数变化较小;抽样3构建的初级核心种质库最具代表性,抽样数是抽样前的30%左右,多态位点比率是抽样前的96.0%.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.