广西大王岭和大明山自然保护区苏云金芽孢杆菌收集与鉴定

从广西大王岭和大明山两个自然保护区共采集到土样264份,共分离出597株芽孢杆菌,通过光学和电子显微镜检观察,16株分离株观察到伴胞晶体蛋白,初步确定为苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt),出菌率为6.06%.在16株Bt分离株中,有4株在芽孢形成过程中能产菱形晶体蛋白,其余12株能产圆形和其他形状的晶体蛋白.利用PCR-RFLP方法和SDS-PAGE方法对16株Bt分离菌进行了蛋白和基因型的鉴定,结果表明,16株分离株中含有4株cry1Ac基因,表达约130 kD的晶体蛋白,其中含有cry30基因和cry40基因的菌株分别1株和3株,表达大约75 kD的晶体蛋白;另外8株Bt菌株表达蛋白大小不一,其基因型尚不能确定,有待进一步分析.生物测定表明,产菱形晶体含有cry1Ac基因的4株Bt分离株对鳞翅目小菜夜蛾幼虫有很强的毒杀活性,而其它分离株对小菜夜蛾没有毒杀活性.     

31株苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因型鉴定及表达产物研究

利用已建立的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因的PCRRFLP鉴定体系,鉴定了31株Bt菌株的cry基因类型,并进行了SDSPAGE分析和杀虫生物活性测定。研究表明：25株含cry1基因,表达蛋白130～150kD;其中16株含有对鞘翅目和鳞翅目害虫皆有活性的cry1I基因,其表达蛋白为81kD;15株同时含有cry1和cry2基因(13株表达蛋白约为60kD);10株含有未知待定基因;6株不含所鉴定的cry基因(其中2株有表达产物)。室内生物测定表明：cry1、cry2基因表达的菌株对鳞翅目害虫具有高杀虫活性,7株对舞毒蛾和膜翅目——杨叶蜂幼虫具有较高杀虫活性;含有cry1Aa\,cry1Ac\,cry2或cry1Ab\,cry1Ac\,cry2基因组合的菌株对棉铃虫幼虫均显示杀虫活性,其中6、12、30号菌株毒力最强。不含上述cry基因的菌株均无杀虫活性。以上结果证明,通过cry基因类型鉴定和表达产物的SDSPAGE分析可以预测菌株的杀虫活性。     

一株海洋来源的高活性Bt菌的生物学特性研究

从连云港海域筛选获得苏云金芽胞杆菌h3菌株,血清型鉴定表明该菌属H5型.该菌株产生菱形、方形和双锥体形的蛋白晶体.生测试验表明该菌对小菜蛾24 h致死率迭100%.SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳显示其具有133、65、35和29 ku等多种蛋白.PCR-RFLP方法分析表明113菌株含有cry1Ac基因.cry1A基因的特异引物PCR扩增出的基因含3 537个碱基,和cry1Ac基因有5个核苷酸的差异,同源性达99%(序列登陆号AY730621),该基因被命名为cry1Ac16.并与其他cry基因比对,构建了系统发育树.     

Bt群体信号应答因子nprR基因的缺失对cry1Ac基因表达的影响

摘要：【目的】研究群体信号应答蛋白编码基因nprR在苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）HD-73菌株晶体蛋白形成过程中的作用。【方法】通过同源重组,构建了HD-73 nprR基因缺失突变菌株HD73（ΔnprR ）。利用启动子-lacZ融合、SDS-PAGE方法,测定不同培养基中nprR基因转录活性及nprR基因缺失对cry1Ac转录及表达的影响。【结果】启动子转录活性分析表明,在LB和SSM培养基中nprR基因从对数期结束（T0）开始表达,稳定期持续表达。在LB培养基中,nprR基因的缺失使cry1Ac基因在生长过渡期和稳定期前期转录活性显著提高,同时HD73（ΔnprR ）菌株Cry蛋白生成量也明显高于出发菌株HD-73,但是在芽胞形成释放后,Cry蛋白的表达没有明显的区别。【结论】在丰富培养基中苏云金芽胞杆菌nprR基因的缺失在生长过渡期和稳定期前期能够提高cry1Ac基因转录和表达,从而缩短了cry基因表达时间,并且Cry蛋白总产量与出发菌株相当。     

海南五指山热带雨林区Bt菌株的分离及其新型cry基因鉴定

五指山原始热带雨林区位于海南岛中部,是海南岛地区面积最大的热带原始雨林。我们依据不同的海拔高度对五指山原始雨林区进行了系统的取样,共采集了234份土壤样品,采用醋酸钠-高温处理的方法分离出各类产芽孢杆菌886株,并通过显微镜观察鉴定出产伴胞晶体蛋白的Bt菌株21株,其Bt菌株分离率为2.3%。为了进一步挖掘五指山丰富的Bt杀虫基因资源,还利用PCR方法结合测序技术对21株Bt分离株的cry基因进行了鉴定,鉴定结果显示cry1、cry4、cry39、cry40、cry31和cry46等基因型存在,表明五指山热带Bt菌株含有丰富cry基因资源,这将为为进一步开展Bt杀虫基因的分离克隆打下基础。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白及其分子设计

cry1Ac编码的杀虫晶体蛋白是苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)产生的多种杀虫晶体蛋白中对鳞翅目昆虫有很高毒性的蛋白.第一个Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白最早在库斯塔克亚种HD73中以伴胞晶体形式分离获得,其编码区为3 534 bp,编码蛋白分子量为133 kD,含1 178个氨基酸,等电点为4.84.自此以来,Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白结构、功能以及应用研究一直是Bt杀虫晶体蛋白研究的重要方向.本文介绍了苏云金芽孢杆菌中应用最广泛的Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白家族的结构、功能及其基因分类,并进一步就基于苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白的基因工程研究做了分析,提出了持续利用BtCry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白的一些见解.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1Ab13基因的克隆及表达研究

BtC0 0 5是我国自行分离的对多种害虫具有毒杀作用的苏云金芽孢杆菌 ,经PCR RFLP系统鉴定 ,它含有cry1Ab基因。Southernblot结果显示 :PstI酶切C0 0 5质粒所得的 8 5kb长的DNA片段为cry1Ab基因的阳性杂交带。以pUCP1 9为载体 ,克隆了该片段并证明其含有cry1Ab基因。对其进行亚克隆和测序 ,结果表明该基因编码区为 3 4 6 8bp ,其编码的蛋白含1 1 5 5个氨基酸 ,分子量为 1 3 0 6kD ,等电点为pH4 845。该基因已在GenBank基因库中注册 ,Accessionnumber为AF2 5 4 6 4 0 ,并为国际Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会正式命名为cry1Ab1 3。将cry1Ab1 3基因在Bt无晶体突变株cryB- 中表达 ,蛋白质电泳结果表明在 1 3 0kD处有表达带 ,并证明CryAb对小菜蛾有较高的杀虫活性。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌cry1Ac与烟草几丁质酶tchiB双价基因克隆表达及其杀虫增效作用研究

将苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)4.0718菌株质粒上的cry1Ac基因和烟草几丁质酶tchiB基因(去掉信号肽或去信号肽再加肠激酶位点)构建了重组基因。经过双酶切和亚克隆,将带有cry1Ac基因上游启动序列和下游终止序列的重组基因片段克隆至穿梭载体pHT315,分别构建重组质粒pHUAccB6、pHUAccB7,在大肠杆菌中扩增后,将两个重组质粒分别电转化苏云金芽胞杆菌无晶体突变株XBU001中,获得重组菌株HAccB6和HAccB7。经液体双相胞晶分离提取离心后,将晶体和上清液分别进行SDS-PAGE分析,双价基因重组与cry1Ac基因在无晶体突变株中表达量相比较,几丁质酶活性提高5.2倍,双价重组蛋白表达量显著提高,主要产生130kDa蛋白条带。经定量分析:双价重组目的晶体蛋白占总蛋白量的61.38%;Cry1Ac蛋白占总蛋白量的42%。发酵上清液经60%硫酸铵沉淀,显示出一条分子量为18kDa新蛋白条带。经原子力显微镜和电子显微镜观察,表达后的重组蛋白呈菱形或椭原形晶体,其规格约为1.5×3.0μm;经生测分析,重组菌株HAccB6和HAccB7毒力相近,与HAc菌株比较毒力提高4.5倍,对棉铃虫(Helicourpa armigora)具有高效杀虫活性,其3dLC50值分别为9.1μg/mL和11.34μg/mL。研究结果表明,烟草几丁质酶与cry1Ac双价基因重组表达产物具有杀虫增效作用。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌伴孢晶体20kbDNA中cry1Ac基因的克隆、高效表达和生物活性研究

已经证实苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)伴孢晶体结合20kb DNA,但其序列特异性及作用有待进一步研究阐明.研究了选择性溶解Bt 4.0718菌株Cry1类原毒素所形成的菱形伴孢晶体,从中抽提出与其结合的20kb DNA.经Nde Ⅰ酶切消化后亚克隆构建文库,通过PCR-RFLP及测序筛选出含cry1Ac基因的转化子.然后设计引物PCR扩增出cry1Ac基因的ORF并与pET30a连接,转化E.coli BL21(DE3),高效表达了141kD蛋白.表达蛋白占总蛋白量的50%以上,且90%以上以包涵体形式存在.利用穿梭载体pHT304构建表达质粒pHTX42,电转化Bt无晶体突变株XBU001,获得重组菌株HTX42,经SDS-PAGE分析,cry1Ac基因得到强表达,蛋白质定量分析显示目的蛋白量占总蛋白量的79.28%,且其在细胞中累积达细胞干重的64.13%,比文献报道的25%左右高了1倍以上.原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscopy,AFM)检测显示,目的基因在大肠杆菌(E.coli)中表达的包涵体呈不规则形状且较小,而在无晶体突变株中表达的晶体呈典型菱形晶体,大小约为1.2 μm×2.0 μm.生测结果显示,包涵体与晶体对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫均有高效杀虫活性.本研究为构建高效杀虫工程菌及进一步阐明Bt伴孢晶体中20kb DNA分子的来源、结构和功能奠定了重要的基础.     

Bt菌株QCL-1中cry2Ac10基因的克隆、表达和活性研究

目的:从高毒力Bt菌株中克隆cry2Ac10基因,并研究其表达和杀虫活性。方法:以Bt菌株QCL-1质粒为模板,利用cry2特异性引物FY2A5和FY2A3进行PCR扩增,将目的片段克隆到表达载体pET-21b( ),构建T7启动子控制的大肠杆菌重组表达质粒pET21b-cry2Ac。经IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE检测基因表达情况,然后对表达产物进行生物活性测定。结果:从菌株QCL-1中克隆出目的基因,该基因的编码框由1 872个碱基组成,编码的蛋白质由623个氨基酸组成,与已报道的Cry2Ac氨基酸同源性为97.4%~99.7%。该基因(GenBank accession EF405952)已被国际Bt基因命名委员会正式命名为cry2Ac10。该基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中能够正常表达70kDa的蛋白,表达产物对棉铃虫、粘虫和粉纹夜蛾幼虫具有高毒力,同时对甜菜夜蛾幼虫生长有抑制作用,其中对棉铃虫和粘虫初孵幼虫的LC50分别为30.0μg/g和16.7μg/g。结论:成功克隆和表达了cry2Ac10基因,并明确了cry2Ac10蛋白的活性,为该基因的研究和应用奠定基础。     

LINE-1编码蛋白L1-ORF1的原核表达纯化和多克隆抗体制备

目的: 制备具有肿瘤组织特异性表达的L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体并进行初步应用研究。方法:采取基因工程表达方法制备L1-ORF1蛋白,免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA检测抗体效价,Western blot和细胞免疫荧光方法检测抗体特异性,免疫检测验证其识别肿瘤细胞内L1-ORF1蛋白的特异性。结果:制备的抗L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体具有很高的敏感性与特异性,免疫学检测表明该抗体不仅能检测出正常细胞中瞬时表达的L1-ORF1蛋白,而且可检测出肿瘤细胞中天然表达的L1-ORF1蛋白。结论:制备的多克隆抗体具有较高的敏感性与特异性,为以后该抗体的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

Role of the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal in Daxx trafficking and ASK1 oligomerization

Overexpression of JNK binding domain inhibited glucose deprivation-induced JNK1 activation, relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) oligomerization in human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells. However, SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, did not prevent relocalization of Daxx and oligomerization of ASK1 during glucose deprivation. Studies from in vivo labeling and immune complex kinase assay demonstrated that phosphorylation of Daxx occurred during glucose deprivation, and its phosphorylation was mediated through the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal transduction pathway. Data from immunofluorescence staining and protein interaction assay suggest that phosphorylated Daxx may be translocated to the cytoplasm, bind to ASK1, and subsequently lead to ASK1 oligomerization. Mutation of Daxx Ser667 to Ala results in suppression of Daxx relocalization during glucose deprivation, suggesting that Ser667 residue plays an important role in the relocalization of Daxx. Unlike wild-type Daxx, a Daxx deletion mutant (amino acids 501-625) mainly localized to the cytoplasm, where it associated with ASK1, activated JNK1, and induced ASK1 oligomerization without glucose deprivation. Taken together, these results show that glucose deprivation activates the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 pathway, and the activated HIPK1 is probably involved in the relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The relocalized Daxx may play an important role in glucose deprivation-induced ASK1 oligomerization.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 toxins of bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC50s were obtained. All of these LC50s were significantly higher than the expected LC50s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC50 of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm2 of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC50s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm2 of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm2 of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC₅₀s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC₅₀s were obtained. All of these LC₅₀s were significantly higher than the expected LC₅₀s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC₅₀ of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm² of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC₅₀s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm² of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm² of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Regulation of PCTAIRE1 protein stability by AKT1, LKB1 and BRCA1

PCTAIRE1, also known as CDK16, is a cyclin-dependent kinase that is regulated by cyclin Y. It is a member of the serine-threonine family of kinases and its functions have primarily been implicated in cellular processes like vesicular transport, neuronal growth and development, myogenesis, spermatogenesis and cell proliferation. However, as extensive studies on PCTAIRE1 have not yet been conducted, the signaling pathways for this kinase involved in governing many cellular processes are yet to be elucidated in detail. Here, we report the association of PCTAIRE1 with important cellular proteins involved in major cell signaling pathways, especially cell proliferation. In particular, here we show that PCTAIRE1 interacts with AKT1, a key player of the PI3K signaling pathway that is responsible for promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our studies show that PCTAIRE1 is a substrate of AKT1 that gets stabilized by it. Further, we show that PCTAIRE1 also interacts with and is degraded by LKB1, a kinase that is known to suppress cellular proliferation and also regulate cellular energy metabolism. Moreover, our results show that PCTAIRE1 is also degraded by BRCA1, a well-known tumor suppressor. Together, our studies highlight the regulation of PCTAIRE1 by key players of the major cell signaling pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, and therefore, provide crucial links that could be explored further to elucidate the mechanistic role of PCTAIRE1 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.     

Isolation and Characterization of Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme E1-domain Containing 1, UBE1DC1

Ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like proteins play important roles in post-translational modification. They are phylogenetically well-conserved in eukaryotes. Activated by other proteins, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins can covalently modify target proteins. The enzymes responsible for the activation of this modification have been known to include UBA1, SAE2, UBA3, SAE1 and ULA1. Here we report a new ubiquitin activating enzyme like cDNA, named ubiquitin activating enzyme E1-domain containing 1 (UBE1DC1), whose cDNA is 2654 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame encoding 404 amino acids. The UBE1DC1 gene consists of 12 exons and is located at human chromosome 3q22. The result of RT-PCR showed that UBE1DC1 is expressed in most of human tissues. These two authors contributed equally to this paper. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank under accession number AY253672.     

Characterization of Chrysanthemum ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2, homologous genes of SOC1

The MADS-box gene SOC1/TM3 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1/ Tomato MADS-box gene 3) is a main integrator in the Arabidopsis flowering pathway; its structure and function are highly conserved in many plant species. SOC1-like genes have been isolated in chrysanthemum, one of the most well-known ornamental plants, but it has not been well characterized thus far. We isolated and characterized ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2, two putative orthologs of Arabidopsis SOC1, from the wild diploid chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium, to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of flowering time control in chrysanthemum. Expression analysis indicated that ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 were expressed in all examined organs/tissues (leaves, shoot apices, petioles, stems and roots) with different expression levels, and with high expression in the shoot apices and leaves during the early stage of floral transition. The expression levels of ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 in the shoot apices increased at different developmental stages with the highest expression levels after 7 days of short-day treatment. Overexpression of ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 in wild-type Arabidopsis resulted in early flowering, which was coupled with the upregulation of one of the flowering promoter genes LEAFY. Our results suggested that the ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 genes play an evolutionarily conserved role in promoting flowering in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium and could serve as a vital target for the genetic manipulation of flowering time in the chrysanthemum.