Effects of water gradients on soil enzyme activity and active organic carbon composition under Carex lasiocarpa marsh

The responses of soil enzyme activity of freshwater marsh, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aboveground biomass to water gradients were studied with Carex lasiocarpa pot culture experiment. The relationships between soil enzyme activity and MBC, DOC and aboveground biomass were discussed. The water gradients were W1, 15 cm; W2, ?5 cm; W3, ?5–5 cm; W4, submerged. The results indicated that acid phosphatase, invertase and urease activities were decreased with the increase of water level, while catalase activity was increased with moisture content increasing. Drying-wetting alternation (W3) increased soil enzyme activities if compared with W1. MBC content followed the order of W3 > W1 > W2 > W4, and the activities of invertase, urease and catalase were significantly positively correlated with MBC (p < 0.05). DOC content presented the order of W4 > W1 > W3 > W2, and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase were most significantly negatively correlated with DOC (p < 0.01). In addition, drying-wetting alternation promoted the growth of Carex lasiocarpa. When water submerged plants, the growth of Carex lasiocarpa was significantly inhibited. The aboveground biomass was positively related to soil enzyme activities. There were close relationships between the activities of invertase, urease and catalase and the growth situation of Carex lasiocarpa.     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and aboveground biomass in abandoned old-fields of Loess Hilly region in Northern Shaanxi, China

The responses of soil enzyme activity of freshwater marsh, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aboveground biomass to water gradients were studied with Carex lasiocarpa pot culture experiment. The relationships between soil enzyme activity and MBC, DOC and aboveground biomass were discussed. The water gradients were W1, 15 cm; W2, ?5 cm; W3, ?5–5 cm; W4, submerged. The results indicated that acid phosphatase, invertase and urease activities were decreased with the increase of water level, while catalase activity was increased with moisture content increasing. Drying-wetting alternation (W3) increased soil enzyme activities if compared with W1. MBC content followed the order of W3 > W1 > W2 > W4, and the activities of invertase, urease and catalase were significantly positively correlated with MBC (p < 0.05). DOC content presented the order of W4 > W1 > W3 > W2, and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase were most significantly negatively correlated with DOC (p < 0.01). In addition, drying-wetting alternation promoted the growth of Carex lasiocarpa. When water submerged plants, the growth of Carex lasiocarpa was significantly inhibited. The aboveground biomass was positively related to soil enzyme activities. There were close relationships between the activities of invertase, urease and catalase and the growth situation of Carex lasiocarpa.     

Effects of water gradients on soil enzyme activity and active organic carbon composition under Carex lasiocarpa marsh

The responses of soil enzyme activity of freshwater marsh, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aboveground biomass to water gradients were studied with Carex lasiocarpa pot culture experiment. The relationships between soil enzyme activity and MBC, DOC and aboveground biomass were discussed. The water gradients were W1, 15 cm; W2, ?5 cm; W3, ?5–5 cm; W4, submerged. The results indicated that acid phosphatase, invertase and urease activities were decreased with the increase of water level, while catalase activity was increased with moisture content increasing. Drying-wetting alternation (W3) increased soil enzyme activities if compared with W1. MBC content followed the order of W3 > W1 > W2 > W4, and the activities of invertase, urease and catalase were significantly positively correlated with MBC (p < 0.05). DOC content presented the order of W4 > W1 > W3 > W2, and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase were most significantly negatively correlated with DOC (p < 0.01). In addition, drying-wetting alternation promoted the growth of Carex lasiocarpa. When water submerged plants, the growth of Carex lasiocarpa was significantly inhibited. The aboveground biomass was positively related to soil enzyme activities. There were close relationships between the activities of invertase, urease and catalase and the growth situation of Carex lasiocarpa.     

Effects of water gradients on soil enzyme activity and active organic carbon composition under Carex lasiocarpa marsh

The responses of soil enzyme activity of freshwater marsh, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aboveground biomass to water gradients were studied with Carex lasiocarpa pot culture experiment. The relationships between soil enzyme activity and MBC, DOC and aboveground biomass were discussed. The water gradients were W1, 15 cm; W2, ?5 cm; W3, ?5–5 cm; W4, submerged. The results indicated that acid phosphatase, invertase and urease activities were decreased with the increase of water level, while catalase activity was increased with moisture content increasing. Drying-wetting alternation (W3) increased soil enzyme activities if compared with W1. MBC content followed the order of W3 > W1 > W2 > W4, and the activities of invertase, urease and catalase were significantly positively correlated with MBC (p < 0.05). DOC content presented the order of W4 > W1 > W3 > W2, and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase were most significantly negatively correlated with DOC (p < 0.01). In addition, drying-wetting alternation promoted the growth of Carex lasiocarpa. When water submerged plants, the growth of Carex lasiocarpa was significantly inhibited. The aboveground biomass was positively related to soil enzyme activities. There were close relationships between the activities of invertase, urease and catalase and the growth situation of Carex lasiocarpa.     

Effect of N, P concentration on growth rate

The total nitrogen, phosphorus, biomass, pH, dissolved oxygen in and temperatures of three eutrophic waters were investigated in the rapid-growth season of phytoplankton (July-October). Chloromonas rosae was cultivated in water samples from three eutrophic waters and diluted water samples from Lake Donghu to determine the effect of N and P concentrations on the growth rate. The relationship between the biomass and the N and P concentrations, analyzed by regression, showed that phosphorus was the limiting factor for algae growth in eutrophic water. The relationship between the growth rate and the P concentration can be described with the regression equation y=0.0806ln(x)+0.4658, (R²=0.889). The growth rate increased linearly with the increase of P concentration when it was below 0.05 mg/L. It increased less when the P concentration was above 0.05 mg/L, and was almost unchanged when the P concentration exceeded 0.2mg/L. The P concentration corresponding to the growth rate “0” (deduced from the regression equation) was 0.003mg/L, close to the minimal P concentration of poorly nutrient lakes. This indicated that the regression equation was representative. The average values for plankton cellular N and P in the three eutrophic waters were 53% and 85%, respectively. To evaluate the levels of eutrophy, N and P, both in the water and in the plants, must be considered. The biomass of phytoplankton is controlled by concentrations of both dissolved and cellular N and P. The following linear regression equations describe the relationship between biomass and N: y=10.687x?7.8304, (R²=0.950), and between biomass and P, y=122.11x?12.069, (R²=0.991). They exemplify the absolute and relative aspects of growth-limiting factors with Redfield values. We conclude that the only way to prevent eutrophication is to maintain a balance between the input and output of nutrients and to remove excessive dissolved N and P in the water.     

Effect of N, P concentration on growth rate

The total nitrogen, phosphorus, biomass, pH, dissolved oxygen in and temperatures of three eutrophic waters were investigated in the rapid-growth season of phytoplankton (July-October). Chloromonas rosae was cultivated in water samples from three eutrophic waters and diluted water samples from Lake Donghu to determine the effect of N and P concentrations on the growth rate. The relationship between the biomass and the N and P concentrations, analyzed by regression, showed that phosphorus was the limiting factor for algae growth in eutrophic water. The relationship between the growth rate and the P concentration can be described with the regression equation y=0.0806ln(x) 0.4658, (R²=0.889). The growth rate increased linearly with the increase of P concentration when it was below 0.05 mg/L. It increased less when the P concentration was above 0.05 mg/L, and was almost unchanged when the P concentration exceeded 0.2mg/L. The P concentration corresponding to the growth rate “0” (deduced from the regression equation) was 0.003mg/L, close to the minimal P concentration of poorly nutrient lakes. This indicated that the regression equation was representative. The average values for plankton cellular N and P in the three eutrophic waters were 53% and 85%, respectively. To evaluate the levels of eutrophy, N and P, both in the water and in the plants, must be considered. The biomass of phytoplankton is controlled by concentrations of both dissolved and cellular N and P. The following linear regression equations describe the relationship between biomass and N: y=10.687x-7.8304, (R²=0.950), and between biomass and P, y=122.11x-12.069, (R²=0.991). They exemplify the absolute and relative aspects of growth-limiting factors with Redfield values. We conclude that the only way to prevent eutrophication is to maintain a balance between the input and output of nutrients and to remove excessive dissolved N and P in the water.     

Changes in plant biomass and species composition of alpine Kobresia meadows along altitudinal gradient on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Alpine Kobresia meadows are major vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. There is growing concern over their relationships among biodiversity, productivity and environments. Despite the im-portance of species composition, species richness, the type of different growth forms, and plant bio-mass structure for Kobresia meadow ecosystems, few studies have been focused on the relationship between biomass and environmental gradient in the Kobresia meadow plant communities, particularly in relation to soil moisture and edaphic gradients. We measured the plant species composition, her-baceous litter, aboveground and belowground biomass in three Kobresia meadow plant communities in Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station from 2001 to 2004. Community differences in plant species composition were reflected in biomass distribution. The total biomass showed a de-crease from 13196.96±719.69 g/m2 in the sedge-dominated K. tibetica swamp to 2869.58±147.52 g/m2 in the forb and sedge dominated K. pygmaea meadow, and to 2153.08±141.95 g/m2 in the forbs and grasses dominated K. humilis along with the increase of altitude. The vertical distribution of below-ground biomass is distinct in the three meadow communities, and the belowground biomass at the depth of 0-10 cm in K. tibetica swamp meadow was significantly higher than that in K. humilis and K. pygmaea meadows (P<0.01). The herbaceous litter in K. tibetica swamp was significantly higher than those in K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadows. The effects of plant litter are enhanced when ground water and soil moisture levels are raised. The relative importance of litter and vegetation may vary with soil water availability. In the K. tibetica swamp, total biomass was negatively correlated to species richness (P<0.05); aboveground biomass was positively correlated to soil organic matter, soil moisture, and plant cover (P<0.05); belowground biomass was positively correlated with soil moisture (P<0.05). However, in the K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadow communities, aboveground biomass was posi-tively correlated to soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen (P<0.05). This suggests that the distribu-tion of biomass coincided with soil moisture and edaphic gradient in alpine meadows.     

Accumulation characteristics of biomass and nitrogen and critical nitrogen concentration dilution model of cotton reproductive organ

Several nitrogen (N) field experiments were carried out in Nanjing and Anyang, China, to study the dynamic characteristics of biomass accumulation and N uptake, and to define the dilution curve for critical N concentration in cotton reproductive organ over the growth period. The results show that the total biomass and N accumulation were affected significantly by the rate of N application, exhibiting a sigmoid curve over time. The beginning time of fast N accumulation was 1–5 d earlier than that of biomass accumulation. The cotton lint yield was correlated with N concentration in the reproductive organ and fluctuated with varying N concentration, indicating the existence of luxurious N consumption in the cotton reproductive organ. The N concentration increased with increasing N application rates, and decreased gradually during the growth period. The relationship between biomass and N concentration can be described with a power equation. The patterns of the N concentration dilution model were consistent at both experimental sites, but the model parameter values of a differed. The results presented in this paper indicate that a critical N concentration dilution curve for cotton reproductive organ is independent of ecological region and can be described with a power equation.     

Accumulation characteristics of biomass and nitrogen and critical nitrogen concentration dilution model of cotton reproductive organ

Several nitrogen (N) field experiments were carried out in Nanjing and Anyang, China, to study the dynamic characteristics of biomass accumulation and N uptake, and to define the dilution curve for critical N concentration in cotton reproductive organ over the growth period. The results show that the total biomass and N accumulation were affected significantly by the rate of N application, exhibiting a sigmoid curve over time. The beginning time of fast N accumulation was 1–5 d earlier than that of biomass accumulation. The cotton lint yield was correlated with N concentration in the reproductive organ and fluctuated with varying N concentration, indicating the existence of luxurious N consumption in the cotton reproductive organ. The N concentration increased with increasing N application rates, and decreased gradually during the growth period. The relationship between biomass and N concentration can be described with a power equation. The patterns of the N concentration dilution model were consistent at both experimental sites, but the model parameter values of a differed. The results presented in this paper indicate that a critical N concentration dilution curve for cotton reproductive organ is independent of ecological region and can be described with a power equation.     

Impacts of small hydropower plants on macroinvertebrate communities

Several nitrogen (N) field experiments were carried out in Nanjing and Anyang, China, to study the dynamic characteristics of biomass accumulation and N uptake, and to define the dilution curve for critical N concentration in cotton reproductive organ over the growth period. The results show that the total biomass and N accumulation were affected significantly by the rate of N application, exhibiting a sigmoid curve over time. The beginning time of fast N accumulation was 1–5 d earlier than that of biomass accumulation. The cotton lint yield was correlated with N concentration in the reproductive organ and fluctuated with varying N concentration, indicating the existence of luxurious N consumption in the cotton reproductive organ. The N concentration increased with increasing N application rates, and decreased gradually during the growth period. The relationship between biomass and N concentration can be described with a power equation. The patterns of the N concentration dilution model were consistent at both experimental sites, but the model parameter values of a differed. The results presented in this paper indicate that a critical N concentration dilution curve for cotton reproductive organ is independent of ecological region and can be described with a power equation.     

羊草种群地上部生物量与株高的分形关系

应用分形几何学（Ｆｒａｃｔａｌ ｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｙ）的原理和方法对羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍ ｃｈｉ－ ｎｅｎｓｅ）种群地上部生物量与株高的关系进行了研究．结果表明．羊草种群的地上部生物量 与株高存在很好的静态分形关系,所得分形维数是对地上部生物量在各器官中积累规律 （生物量配比）的表征;羊草种群地上部生物量与株高的动态分形关系表明在整个生长季 内该种群地上部生物量的增长具有自相似性．是一个分形生长过程,增长规律为分形维数 值Ｄ;在此基础上建立了羊草种群的分形生长模式．认为成熟植株可以看作是其幼苗经生 长放大过程而得到的．     

老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)种群地上生物量空间分布格局研究

采用分形几何学的方法对老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus)种群地上生物量空间分布格局进行了研究,结果表明：1）在某一时刻老芒麦不同植株地上生物量的空间分布格局具有相似性,7月6日的分形维数最大,为1.5054;6月16日、7月31日以及8月10日的分形维数较小,分别为0.7001、0.4675和0.3428。2）虽然在整个生长季内,老芒麦地上生物量与株高的对数值之间存在线性关系,但仍然存在许多细节问题,3）老芒麦株高在20-59cm尺度范围内,双对数半方差图存在明显的2个线性区域,反映出生物量空间分布格局的异质性。4）高度间隔为4cm以下的分形维数为1.63465,高度间隔大于4cm时的分形维数为1.0407。     

毛果苔草湿地枯落物及地下生物量动态

采用网袋法和土柱法分别对三江平原湿地毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）种群枯落物及地下生物量的季节动态变化规律进行分析。结果表明,毛果苔草的立枯物总的变化趋势是其拟合曲线符合指数方程。以其凋落物的失重率表示分解速率,而日失重率是随着时间增长而不断减少,且日失重率的变化在0.7058％-0.2372％之间。毛果苔草全生长季（1999年5月2日-10月10日）枯落物总量为210.8876g·m^-2。毛果苔草地下生物量具有明显的垂直结构,呈倒金字塔形,数学模拟近于抛物线型。     

双色蜡蘑对黑松幼苗生长量及其根系形态的影响

为研究双色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor)对黑松(Pinus thunbergii)幼苗生长及其根系形态的影响,在营养杯培育条件下,用双色蜡蘑液体菌剂对黑松幼苗进行接种处理,接种第15、30、60、90、120天时取样,比较接种和未接种黑松幼苗的生物量、根系形态及根系分形维数的差异。结果表明:双色蜡蘑在黑松幼苗地上植株、地下根系的生长及其生物量的积累方面都表现出明显的促进作用。接种双色蜡蘑也显著改善了根系总长度、分支数、表面积、体积等参数和根系分形维数,并对地下根系生长的促进作用时间早于地上部分,且效应显著高于地上部分。接种双色蜡蘑第15~30天时对地上部分基本无影响,但对根系促进作用明显,而地上部分在第60天时开始表现出显著的生长效应。研究发现,双色蜡蘑能够成功定殖于黑松根部,促进黑松幼苗生长及其生物量的积累,同时显著促进根系总长度、分支数、表面积和体积增加,并使根系分形维数增大,表现出明显的促生作用,且对根系发育的显著促进作用早于地上部分。     

厚穗宾草地上部生物量与株高的分形关系

应用分形几何学的方法对厚穗宾草种群地上部生物量与株高的关系进行了分析研究.结果表明:厚穗宾草种群地上部生物量与株高之间存在着明显的分形关系.不同时期,不同高度的植株在空间分布结构存在着相似性,各时期分维数分别为1.993 1(3月),1.317 3(5月),1.618 2(6月),2.119 1(7月),1.935 6(8月),1.668 6(9月).整个生长季,分维数呈抛物线型,7月份达到最大值,并且生长后期的较大植株同生长前期的植株相似,分维数为1.466 8.     

不同光照条件下假俭草生长格局的分形研究

应用分形几何的原理和方法,研究不同光照条件下假俭草的生长格局。结果表明,假俭草具有自相似性的生长过程。不同光照条件下,假俭草具有不同的分形维数和相应的生物量积累规律。生物量积累速率随着分形维数的增大而增大。分形维数同时反映了假俭草的分枝能力和对空间的占据能力。假俭草种群具有依据外界条件而调节生长格局的生态适应能力。     

毛苔草地下构件对不同水文情势和水文经历的生长响应

通过幼苗移植水位控制试验,研究了三江平原毛苔草地下构件生长对不同水文情势及水文经历的响应.结果表明：毛苔草地下构件生长对不同水文情势的响应具有显著差异;在毛苔草生长旺盛期,其根茎及不定根长度随淹水程度的增加而缩短,到生长末期,干旱处理下毛苔草根茎及不定根长度仍然最大,但在持续淹水处理下,毛苔草根茎及不定根长度由旺盛期到末期的增幅最大,说明生长季内稳定的低水分条件对毛苔草根茎及不定根的生长较为有利;在生长旺盛期和末期,干湿交替处理下毛苔草根茎、不定根及地下总生物量均最高;不同水文经历下,以前期干湿交替、后期干旱处理下毛苔草根茎的鲜、干质量最大,而生长季内始终经历干湿交替处理下毛苔草的不定根及地下总生物量最大.比较地下构件在生物量积累中所占的比重发现,各水文情势下,生长季末期毛苔草总生物量明显向根茎转移;整个生长季内,干旱处理下毛苔草根茎生物量的比重明显高于其他处理.在淹没水文情势下,毛苔草地下构件生长缓慢,但淹没抑制消除后,其生长过程可通过根茎萌发得以延续.     

水位梯度对三江平原典型湿地植物根茎萌发及生长的影响

通过水位控制模拟试验,研究了水位梯度对三江平原典型湿地植物——小叶章和毛苔草根茎萌发及生长的影响.结果表明:2种植物对水位的适应策略各异,小叶章种群密度、平均高度和最大高度都在0cm水位条件下出现极大值,而毛苔草种群平均高度和最大高度随水位上升而升高,种群密度则随水位上升而下降.在萌发初期,一定时间的无淹水环境促进2种湿地植物的根茎萌发,而淹水抑制其萌发;在生长期,过度的淹水限制了小叶章的生长,而毛苔草则水分越多生长越旺盛;干旱缺水限制植物生长,可能会引起植物生活史的改变.