中国森林植被碳库的动态变化及其意义

利用1949年至1998年间7次森林资源清查资料,结合使用森林生物量实测资料,采用改良的生物量换算因子法,推算了中国50年来森林碳库和平均碳密度的变化,分析了中国森林植被的CO2源汇功能,结果表明,70年代中期以前,主要由于森林砍伐等人为作用,中国森林碳库和碳密度都是减少的,碳储量减少了0．62PgC（Pg＝10^15g),年均减少约0．024PgC。之后,呈增加趋势。在最近的20多年中,森林碳库由70年代末期的4．38PgC增加到1998年的4．75PgC,共增加0．37PgC,年平均增加0．022PgC。这种增加主要由人工造林增加所致。20多年来,由于人工林增加导致碳汇增加0．45PgC,年平均增加吸收0．021PgC／a。人工林的平均碳密度也显增加,共增加了约一倍。这除了人工成林增多外,气温上升和CO2浓度施肥也可能是促进森林生长的重要因子。     

Effects of water gradients on soil enzyme activity and active organic carbon composition under Carex lasiocarpa marsh

The responses of soil enzyme activity of freshwater marsh, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aboveground biomass to water gradients were studied with Carex lasiocarpa pot culture experiment. The relationships between soil enzyme activity and MBC, DOC and aboveground biomass were discussed. The water gradients were W1, 15 cm; W2, ?5 cm; W3, ?5–5 cm; W4, submerged. The results indicated that acid phosphatase, invertase and urease activities were decreased with the increase of water level, while catalase activity was increased with moisture content increasing. Drying-wetting alternation (W3) increased soil enzyme activities if compared with W1. MBC content followed the order of W3 > W1 > W2 > W4, and the activities of invertase, urease and catalase were significantly positively correlated with MBC (p < 0.05). DOC content presented the order of W4 > W1 > W3 > W2, and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase were most significantly negatively correlated with DOC (p < 0.01). In addition, drying-wetting alternation promoted the growth of Carex lasiocarpa. When water submerged plants, the growth of Carex lasiocarpa was significantly inhibited. The aboveground biomass was positively related to soil enzyme activities. There were close relationships between the activities of invertase, urease and catalase and the growth situation of Carex lasiocarpa.     

毛苔草湿地土壤酶活性及活性有机碳组分对水分梯度的响应

通过设置的W1（15cm）、W2（-5cm）、W3（-5～5cm）、W4（淹没）4种水分梯度的毛苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）盆栽培养实验,研究了湿地土壤酶活性、微生物量碳（MBC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）及毛苔草地上生物量对水分梯度的响应及土壤酶活性与MBC、DOC、地上生物量的关系。土壤酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性随着土壤水分增加而降低,但过氧化氢酶活性随着土壤水分增加而增加。与持续淹水相比,于湿交替（W3）增加了土壤酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性。土壤微生物量碳（MBC）含量表现为W3〉W1〉W2〉W4,蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性与MBC呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量表现为W4〉W1〉W3〉W2,脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与DOC呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）。毛苔草地上生物量与土壤酶活性呈正相关,其中,蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性与毛苔草生长状况密切相关。     

Effects of water gradients on soil enzyme activity and active organic carbon composition under Carex lasiocarpa marsh

The responses of soil enzyme activity of freshwater marsh, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aboveground biomass to water gradients were studied with Carex lasiocarpa pot culture experiment. The relationships between soil enzyme activity and MBC, DOC and aboveground biomass were discussed. The water gradients were W1, 15 cm; W2, ?5 cm; W3, ?5–5 cm; W4, submerged. The results indicated that acid phosphatase, invertase and urease activities were decreased with the increase of water level, while catalase activity was increased with moisture content increasing. Drying-wetting alternation (W3) increased soil enzyme activities if compared with W1. MBC content followed the order of W3 > W1 > W2 > W4, and the activities of invertase, urease and catalase were significantly positively correlated with MBC (p < 0.05). DOC content presented the order of W4 > W1 > W3 > W2, and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase were most significantly negatively correlated with DOC (p < 0.01). In addition, drying-wetting alternation promoted the growth of Carex lasiocarpa. When water submerged plants, the growth of Carex lasiocarpa was significantly inhibited. The aboveground biomass was positively related to soil enzyme activities. There were close relationships between the activities of invertase, urease and catalase and the growth situation of Carex lasiocarpa.     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and aboveground biomass in abandoned old-fields of Loess Hilly region in Northern Shaanxi, China

The responses of soil enzyme activity of freshwater marsh, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aboveground biomass to water gradients were studied with Carex lasiocarpa pot culture experiment. The relationships between soil enzyme activity and MBC, DOC and aboveground biomass were discussed. The water gradients were W1, 15 cm; W2, ?5 cm; W3, ?5–5 cm; W4, submerged. The results indicated that acid phosphatase, invertase and urease activities were decreased with the increase of water level, while catalase activity was increased with moisture content increasing. Drying-wetting alternation (W3) increased soil enzyme activities if compared with W1. MBC content followed the order of W3 > W1 > W2 > W4, and the activities of invertase, urease and catalase were significantly positively correlated with MBC (p < 0.05). DOC content presented the order of W4 > W1 > W3 > W2, and the activities of urease and acid phosphatase were most significantly negatively correlated with DOC (p < 0.01). In addition, drying-wetting alternation promoted the growth of Carex lasiocarpa. When water submerged plants, the growth of Carex lasiocarpa was significantly inhibited. The aboveground biomass was positively related to soil enzyme activities. There were close relationships between the activities of invertase, urease and catalase and the growth situation of Carex lasiocarpa.     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤微生物量碳和有机碳对模拟酸雨的响应

在鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林设置人工模拟酸雨实验,研究土壤总有机碳含量、微生物量碳含量、土壤p H值和土壤呼吸速率几个指标对不同酸处理梯度(CK:p H值4.5的天然湖水;T1:p H值4.0;T2:p H值3.5;T3:p H值3.0)的响应。结果表明,在模拟酸雨的持续作用下,样地土壤酸化有加剧趋势。2011年的6月(CK:(603.76±46.18)mg/kg,T1:(565.41±44.48)mg/kg,T2:(521.58±30.92)mg/kg,T3:(509.49±19.40)mg/kg)、12月(CK:(488.92±22.71)mg/kg,T1:(379.65±49.46)mg/kg,T2:(346.08±33.81)mg/kg,T3:(318.00±52.35)mg/kg)和2012年6月(CK:(540.48±39.11)mg/kg,T1:(492.30±43.15)mg/kg,T2:(489.65±51.39)mg/kg,T3:(428.53±49.66)mg/kg)3次测定的土壤微生物量碳含量有随模拟酸雨强度增加而显著降低的趋势,高强度的酸处理T3显著低于CK值(P0.05);土壤呼吸速率在各处理中的响应与土壤微生物量碳含量变化一致。由于旱季和湿季的土壤温湿度相差较大,以上各指标在旱湿两季的差异明显,表现为湿季大于旱季。由于土壤总有机碳含量变化缓慢,其在各酸梯度处理下无显著差异(P0.05)。以上结果显示,长期酸雨作用使土壤酸化不断加剧,并降低了土壤微生物量碳的含量,抑制了土壤的呼吸速率,有利于土壤碳的累积,但对土壤总有机碳的影响仍需长期实验研究。     

凋落物化学组成对土壤微生物学性状及土壤酶活性的影响

通过模拟试验的方法研究了单一施加杉木(Cunn inghan ia lancceola ta(L am b)Hook.)叶凋落物,杉木(C.lancceola ta)和桤木(A lnus crem astogyne Burk ill)混合凋落物,杉木(C.lancceola ta)和枫香(L iqu id am ba f orm osana H ance)混合凋落物,杉木(C.lancceola ta)、桤木(A.crem astogyne)、枫香(L.f orm osana)混合凋落物对土壤化学性状和土壤微生物量碳、代谢熵(qCO2)、土壤酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,土壤微生物学性状比土壤化学性状对不同凋落物处理的效应反应更敏感;与单一杉木叶凋落物比较,混合凋落物处理的土壤微生物量碳明显增加,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶活性升高;土壤代谢熵(qCO2)和土壤多酚氧化酶活性有下降趋势;另外,研究结果也表明,不同树种的叶凋落物混合对土壤质量的影响存在差异,有桤木叶的混合凋落物对土壤质量的改善效果似乎更明显。     

青海高原复种绿肥毛叶苕子对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响

通过在小麦收获后复种绿肥毛叶苕子研究绿肥的培肥效应。在复种绿肥毛叶苕子的情况下,研究后茬作物小麦生育期土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的时空变化。结果表明,小麦生育期0～20 cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮均表现为有毛叶苕子处理高于无毛叶苕子处理,其中施肥70%化肥+毛苕子翻压还田处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮最高。小麦苗期土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量最低,至抽穗期土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量达到最高,成熟期又有所降低。微生物熵在各时期的变化与微生物生物量碳一致,绿肥处理表现出明显较高的微生物熵。     

Potential impacts of climate warming on active soil organic carbon contents along natural altitudinal forest transect of Changbai Mountain

Understanding soil carbon fractions and their responses to the global warming is important for improving soil carbon management of natural altitudinal forest ecosystem. In this study, the contents of soil total organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in soil upper layers (0–20 cm) were measured along a natural altitudinal transect in the north slope of Changbai Mountain. The results showed that under natural conditions the contents of SOC and LOC were largest in Betula ermanii forest (altitude 1996 m), moderate in spruce-fir forest (altitude 1350 m), and smallest in Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest (altitude 740 m). MBC contents in different forest ecosystems decreased in the order of Betula ermanii forest, Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest, and dark coniferous forest. In addition, the responses of SOC, LOC, and MBC to soil warming were conducted by relocating intact soil cores from high- to low-elevation forests for one year. As expected, the soil core relocation caused significant increase in soil temperature but made no significant effect on soil moisture. After one year incubation, soil relocation significantly decreased SOC contents, whereas the contents of LOC, MBC, and the ratios of LOC to SOC and MBC to SOC increased.     

Potential impacts of climate warming on active soil organic carbon contents along natural altitudinal forest transect of Changbai Mountain

Understanding soil carbon fractions and their responses to the global warming is important for improving soil carbon management of natural altitudinal forest ecosystem. In this study, the contents of soil total organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in soil upper layers (0–20 cm) were measured along a natural altitudinal transect in the north slope of Changbai Mountain. The results showed that under natural conditions the contents of SOC and LOC were largest in Betula ermanii forest (altitude 1996 m), moderate in spruce-fir forest (altitude 1350 m), and smallest in Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest (altitude 740 m). MBC contents in different forest ecosystems decreased in the order of Betula ermanii forest, Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest, and dark coniferous forest. In addition, the responses of SOC, LOC, and MBC to soil warming were conducted by relocating intact soil cores from high- to low-elevation forests for one year. As expected, the soil core relocation caused significant increase in soil temperature but made no significant effect on soil moisture. After one year incubation, soil relocation significantly decreased SOC contents, whereas the contents of LOC, MBC, and the ratios of LOC to SOC and MBC to SOC increased.     

Temporal and spatial variation of forest biomass in relation to stand dynamics in a mature,lowland tropical rainforest,Malaysia

To clarify consistency in the size of carbon pool of a lowland tropical rainforest, we calculated changes in above-ground biomass in the Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. We estimated the total above-ground biomass of a mature stand using tree census data obtained in a 6-ha plot every 2years from 1994 to 1998. The total above-ground biomass decreased consistently from 1994 (431Mgha^–1) to 1998 (403Mgha^–1) (1Mg=10³ kg). These are much lower than that in 1973 for a 0.2ha portion of the same area, suggesting that the the total above-ground biomass reduction might have been consistent in recent decades. This trend contrasted with a major trend for neotropical forests. During 1994–1998, the forest gained 23.0 and 0.88Mgha^–1 of the total above-ground biomass by tree growth and recruitment, respectively, and lost 51.9Mgha^–1 by mortality. Overall, the biomass decreased by 28.4Mgha^–1 (i.e. 7.10Mgha^–1·year^–1), which is almost equivalent to losing a 76-cm-diameter living tree per hectare per year. Analysis of positive and negative components of biomass change revealed that deaths of large trees dominated the total above-ground biomass decrease. The forest biomass also varied spatially, with the total above-ground biomass density ranging 212–655Mgha^–1 on a 0.2-ha basis (n= 30 subplots, 1998) and 365–440Mgha^–1 on a 1ha basis. A large decrease of the total above-ground biomass density (>50Mg per ha per 2years) in several 0.2-ha subplots contributed to the overall decrease in the 6-ha total above-ground biomass. In the present study, we discuss the association between forest dynamics and biomass fluctuation, and the implication for carbon cycling in mature forests with emphasis on forest monitoring and assessments of soil and decomposition systems.     

Deadwood stocks increase with selective logging and large tree frequency in Gabon

Deadwood is a major component of aboveground biomass (AGB) in tropical forests and is important as habitat and for nutrient cycling and carbon storage. With deforestation and degradation taking place throughout the tropics, improved understanding of the magnitude and spatial variation in deadwood is vital for the development of regional and global carbon budgets. However, this potentially important carbon pool is poorly quantified in Afrotropical forests and the regional drivers of deadwood stocks are unknown. In the first large‐scale study of deadwood in Central Africa, we quantified stocks in 47 forest sites across Gabon and evaluated the effects of disturbance (logging), forest structure variables (live AGB, wood density, abundance of large trees), and abiotic variables (temperature, precipitation, seasonality). Average deadwood stocks (measured as necromass, the biomass of deadwood) were 65 Mg ha^?1 or 23% of live AGB. Deadwood stocks varied spatially with disturbance and forest structure, but not abiotic variables. Deadwood stocks increased significantly with logging (+38 Mg ha^?1) and the abundance of large trees (+2.4 Mg ha^?1 for every tree >60 cm dbh). Gabon holds 0.74 Pg C, or 21% of total aboveground carbon in deadwood, a threefold increase over previous estimates. Importantly, deadwood densities in Gabon are comparable to those in the Neotropics and respond similarly to logging, but represent a lower proportion of live AGB (median of 18% in Gabon compared to 26% in the Neotropics). In forest carbon accounting, necromass is often assumed to be a constant proportion (9%) of biomass, but in humid tropical forests this ratio varies from 2% in undisturbed forest to 300% in logged forest. Because logging significantly increases the deadwood carbon pool, estimates of tropical forest carbon should at a minimum use different ratios for logged (mean of 30%) and unlogged forests (mean of 18%).     

土壤活性有机质及其与土壤质量的关系

活性有机质是土壤的重要组成部分 ,主要包括溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量、轻组有机质。它在土壤中具有重要作用 :(1)可以表征土壤物质循环特征、评价土壤质量 ,可以作为土壤潜在生产力以及由土壤管理措施引起土壤有机质变化的早期指标 ;(2 )在养分周转中起重要作用 ,是植物的养分库 ,可以提供植物所需要的养分如氮、磷、硫等 ;(3)能稳定土壤结构 ,对维持团粒结构稳定性有重要作用。从土壤养分、土壤物理、化学性质方面讨论了活性有机质与土壤质量的关系。土壤中的溶解性有机碳、微生物生物量碳氮含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮等物质的含量呈正相关。活性有机质受土壤质地、含水量、温度等因素影响 ,与土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换量等也有关。土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物量 C/有机碳比与土壤粘粒、粉粒含量呈正相关、与砂粒含量呈负相关     

施用竹叶生物质炭对板栗林土壤CO2通量和活性有机碳库的影响

于2012年7月—2013年7月,在浙江省临安市典型板栗林样地采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了施用竹叶生物质炭后板栗林土壤CO₂排放速率及土壤温度、含水量、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量变化.结果表明： 板栗林土壤CO₂排放通量呈现显著的季节性变化特征.在试验的第1个月中,生物质炭处理土壤CO₂排放通量显著高于对照(无生物质炭),但之后无显著差异;生物质炭处理的土壤CO₂通量年均值和年累积排放量与对照相比无显著差异.生物质炭处理土壤MBC含量年均值(362 mg·kg^-1)显著高于对照(322 mg·kg^-1),而土壤WSOC年均值无显著差异.土壤CO₂排放通量与不同土层土壤温度之间均具有显著相关性;生物质炭处理的土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q₁₀值显著高于对照;土壤CO₂排放通量与WSOC含量之间具有显著相关性,而与土壤含水量和MBC含量均无显著相关性.综上所述,施用竹叶生物质炭对板栗林土壤CO₂年累积排放量无显著影响,但增加了土壤Q₁₀值;土壤温度和WSOC含量是影响板栗林土壤CO₂排放的主要因素.     

我国落叶松林生物量碳计量参数的初步研究

通过整理归纳落叶松(Larix)天然林和人工林的生物量文献数据,研究探讨了有关生物量碳计量参数,结果表明:1) 落叶松生物量转化与扩展因子(Biomass conversion and expansion factor, BCEF)的平均值为0.683 4 Mg·m^-3 (n=113, SD=0.355 1),其中天然林为0.555 1 Mg·m^-3 (n=56, SD=0.058 2),明显小于人工林的0.809 5 Mg·m^-3 (n=57, SD=0.465 0)(p<0.05);生物量扩展因子(Biomass expansion factor,BEF)的平均值为1.349 3 (n=134, SD=0.384 4),其中天然林为1.176 3 (n=63, SD=0.039 9),也明显小于人工林的1.502 9 (n=71, SD=0.478 0)(p<0.05)。天然林与人工林的BCEF和BEF随林龄(Stand age, A)、平均胸径(Diameter at breast height, DBH)和林分密度(Stand density, D)的增加呈现相反的变化趋势。天然林的BCEF和BEF随A和DBH的增加而增加,随D的增加而呈降低趋势。人工林随A和DBH的增加呈指数降低并趋于稳定值,随D的增加而呈增加趋势。2) 根茎比(Root∶shoot ratio,R)的平均值为0.245 6 (n=156, SD=0.092 6),其中天然林为0.237 6 (n=64, SD=0.061 8)),人工林为0.251 1 (n=92, SD=0.109 0),二者无明显差异(p<0.05)。天然林的R随A和DBH的增加分别呈明显的指数和幂函数增加,而随D的增加呈幂函数下降,而人工林的R与A、DBH和D没有显著相关性(p<0.05)。3) 群落生物量扩展因子(Community biomass expansion factor,CBEF)的平均值为1.079 2 (n=49, SD=0.100 5),其中天然林为1.103 9 (n=29, SD=0.114 9),明显大于人工林的1.043 4 (n=20, SD=0.061 4) (p<0.05)。由于天然林和人工林的某些碳计量参数(如BCEF、BEF、CBEF)间存在明显差异,在进行落叶松林生物量碳计量时需分别天然林和人工林计算,在使用有关参数时还需考虑A、DBH和D等因素,有利于降低计量中的不确定性。但是人工林的有些参数(如人工林BCEF和BEF与D的关系、天然林和人工林的CBEF等)尚需进一步研究。     

Recycle,Bury, or Burn Wood Waste Biomass?: LCA Answer Depends on Carbon Accounting,Emissions Controls,Displaced Fuels,and Impact Costs

This study extends existing life cycle assessment (LCA) literature by assessing seven environmental burdens and an overall monetized environmental score for eight recycle, bury, or burn options to manage clean wood wastes generated at construction and demolition activity sites. The study assesses direct environmental impacts along with substitution effects from displacing fossil fuels and managed forest wood sourcing activities. Follow‐on effects on forest carbon stocks, land use, and fuel markets are not assessed. Sensitivity analysis addresses landfill carbon storage and biodegradation rates, atmospheric emissions controls, displaced fuel types, and two alternative carbon accounting methods commonly used for waste management LCAs. Base‐case carbon accounting considers emissions and uptakes of all biogenic and fossil carbon compounds, including biogenic carbon dioxide. Base‐case results show that recycling options (recycling into reconstituted wood products or into wood pulp for papermaking) rank better than all burning or burying options for overall monetized score as well as for climate impacts, except that wood substitution for coal in industrial boilers is slightly better than recycling for the climate. Wood substitution for natural gas boiler fuel has the highest environmental impacts. Sensitivity analysis shows the overall monetized score rankings for recycling options to be robust except for the carbon accounting method, for which all options are highly sensitive. Under one of the alternative methods, wood substitution for coal boiler fuel and landfill options with high methane capture efficiency are the best for the overall score; recycling options are next to the worst. Under the other accounting alternative, wood substitution for coal and waste‐to‐energy are the best, followed by recycling options.     

祁连山青海云杉林生物量和碳储量空间分布特征

根据野外调查资料、祁连山地区青海云杉林相图和气象资料,在GIS技术的支持下估算了祁连山地区青海云杉林的生物量和碳储量及其空间分布.结果表明：2008年,研究区青海云杉林平均生物量为209.24 t·hm^-2,总生物量为3.4×10⁷ t;研究区水热条件的差异使青海云杉生物量在地理空间上存在较大的差异性;经度每增加1°,青海云杉生物量增加3.12t·hm^-2;纬度每增加1°,生物量减少3.8 t·hm^-2;海拔每升高100 m,生物量减少0.05 t·hm^-2;2008年,研究区青海云杉林碳密度在70.4～131.1 t·hm^-2,平均碳密度为109.8 t·hm^-2,幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林的平均碳密度分别为83.8、109.6、122、124.2和117.1 t·hm^-2,研究区青海云杉林总碳储量为1.8×10⁷ t.     

半干旱地区不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的微生物量属性

团聚体是土壤基本结构单元,是土壤质量和肥力的基础,研究了解不同土地利用方式下,不同团聚体的生物学属性,有助于深入了解土壤肥力本质,以及不同土壤肥力差异的根本原因。采集半干旱地区林地、旱地、灌溉耕地和草地4种土壤利用类型的表层土壤,用干筛法获得6级团聚体,测定微生物量碳(MBC)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、基础呼吸速率(BR)和基质诱导呼吸量(SIR)等指标。结果表明:土壤微生物量ATP浓度在7.79—9.26μmol ATP/g Cmic,灌溉耕地最高、林地最低;微生物代谢熵(q CO2)和SIR分别为0.35—0.69μL CO2g-1Cmicd-1和88.7—132.2μg CO2g-1d-1,灌溉耕地最高、旱地最低。土壤团聚体的微生物量ATP浓度在6.54—9.32μmol/g Cmic之间,平均值为8.22μmol/g Cmic;q CO2和SIR分别为0.29—0.71μL/g Cmic和64—120μg CO2/g土,大团聚体含量总体上高于小团聚体,可能暗示不同团聚体土壤微生物群落活性及生理状态存在差异。土壤ATP含量、SIR和q CO2与微生物量碳呈显著相关性(r=0.929、0.865、0.885,P0.01),SIR和BR之间也有存在较高的相关性(r=0.828、P0.01),说明尽管各级团聚体微生物学属性的绝对值存在很大的差异,但相互关系并未随团聚体大小而变化。     

茶新菇菌丝体液体深层发酵研究

以菌丝体生物量为最终发酵目的,利用正交试验的方法,筛选出茶新菇深层发酵培养基最佳配方:玉米粉3%、蛋白胨1%、KH2PO40.3%、MgSO40.1%,初始pH值为6时生物量最大,干重可达18.6～19.0g/L,接种量以增殖期的5%～10%为宜。     

施肥对板栗林地土壤N2O通量动态变化的影响

2011年6月—2012年6月期间,在浙江省临安市典型板栗林地进行施肥对土壤N2O通量变化影响的试验研究。目的在于探明不同施肥处理下板栗林地土壤N2O通量的动态变化规律,并探讨土壤N2O通量和土壤环境因子之间的关系。试验设置4个处理:对照(不施肥)、无机肥、有机肥、有机无机混合肥。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了板栗林地土壤N2O通量,并测定了土壤温度、水分、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量。结果表明:板栗林土壤N2O通量呈显著季节性变化,最大值出现在夏季,最小值出现在冬季;而且,施肥处理显著提高土壤N2O年均通量和年累积量;在整个试验期间,无机肥、有机肥和有机无机混合肥处理下土壤N2O的排放系数分别达到0.96%、1.45%和1.29%。此外,施肥也显著增加了土壤WSOC和MBC的含量(P<0.05)。不同施肥处理条件下,土壤N2O通量与土壤5 cm处温度、WSOC含量间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),但与MBC含量之间的相关性不显著。土壤N2O排放与土壤含水量间除对照处理外均没有显著相关性。综上所述,施肥引起土壤WSOC含量的增加可能是施肥增加板栗林地土壤N2O排放速率的主要原因之一。