细叶黄芪叶肉原生质体发育早期细胞壁再生的研究

采用透射电镜术、电镜多糖细胞化学染色、细胞壁荧光染色以及香豆素抑制细胞壁再生等方法,对细叶黄芪（Ａｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓｍ ｅｌｉｌｏｔｏｉｄｅｓ ｖａｒ．ｔｅｎｕｉｓ）叶肉原生质体细胞壁的再生及其化学特点进行了研究。结果表明,离体培养２４ 小时的原生质体表面产生一些突起小泡,有时可见少量纤维组分的形成。培养３ 天时这种纤维组分明显增多。至５ 天时可清楚看到再生壁是由纤维和颗粒构成。六亚甲四胺银染色证明它们都是由多糖组分组成的。另外,培养３６ 小时的原生质体有相互粘连的现象。电镜观察、荧光染色及香豆素处理的研究表明粘连与再生壁的形成有关。根据上述观察结果,对原生质体再生壁的结构及其化学性质等问题进行了讨论     

植物叶片原生质体分离的可能机制

分析了植物叶片在分离液环境中形成原生质体的过程,文中提出,分离液配方中的酸性物质使植物叶片处于酸性环境中并导致植物正常细胞首先发生细胞壁酸性降解,随后出现原生质体脱离细胞壁进入分离液,继而又进一步发生质膜的酸性降解,使细胞核和细胞器进入分离液中,最终分离液中的细胞器以细胞核为中心进行细胞器重组,最后产生外貌形态一致的新的原生质体。植物细胞壁和质膜是植物细胞的包被系统。植物细胞包被系统的酸性降解使植物细胞器重组并产生新的原生质体成为可能。     

植物原生质体培养方法

1　植物原生质体培养的简史植物细胞原生质体 ,在植物学上指植物细胞通过质壁分离后 ,可以和细胞壁分开的那部分细胞物质。原生质体分离纯化后 ,须在适当的培养基上应用适当的培养方法 ,才能再生细胞壁 ,并启动细胞持续分裂 ,直至形成细胞团、长成愈伤组织或胚状体、分化和发育成苗 ,最终再生完整植株。其中 ,选择合适的培养方法始终是原生质体培养中最基础也是最关键的一环。植物原生质体培养方法起源于植物单细胞培养方法。早在 190 2年 ,Haberlant通过实验就预言 :体外培养单个细胞可通过其分裂得到培养组织。直到 1954年 ,植物单细胞培…     

脱壁酶液诱导植物细胞产生过氧化物酶抑制因子的研究

以烟草(+)天仙子杂交种愈伤组织、苜蓿和小麦愈伤组织为实验材料,用愈创木酚法测定过氧化物酶(EC.1.11.7 POD)活性,首次报道了用分离原生质体的脱壁酶液能够诱导植物细胞产生POD 抑制因子,所试材料经脱壁酶液处理后均测不出POD 活性,并且对POD活性具有抑制作用。此类POD 抑制因子是小分子物质,具有较强的热稳定性,一些迹象表明它们不是酚类物质。POD 抑制因子可能是通过影响POD 催化合成的初始反应产物的稳定性,来达到其抑制效能。不同种属来源植物细胞产生的POD 抑制因子在抑制作用上无明显差异。至于POD 抑制因子的稳定性,在原生质体培养难易程度不同的植物材料间有差异。文中讨论了POD 抑制因子的产生和清除对培养原生质体细胞壁的再生修复及对培养状况的影响。     

植物原生质体在分子细胞生物学研究中的应用

植物原生质体是去除了细胞壁的裸露细胞,其具有细胞全能性,现广泛应用于植物分子细胞生物学的研究中,可以大大缩减实验周期,并有助于得到体内实验的实时检测数据。该文除了介绍植物原生质体的提取和纯化方法外,还对国内外利用各种植物的原生质体进行细胞瞬时转化、亚细胞定位、细胞融合和大分子复合物相互作用等试验进行了总结和讨论。植物原生质体还可用于基因表达模式的实时检测,并作为生物反应器的受体细胞进行代谢物的体外生产。此外,还对当前该技术所面临的瓶颈进行了分析,为植物原生质体在分子细胞生物学领域的应用提供帮助,为技术的优化和推广提供参考。     

植物生物技术讲座（一）：原生质体培养

植物原生质体是指通过质壁分离,能够和细胞壁分开的那部分细胞物质。换言之原生质体就是除去全部细胞壁的“细胞”,或是一个为原生质膜所包围的“裸露细胞”。植物原生质体由于失去细胞壁,更由于单个原生质体即包含一个物种的     

外源钙调素对白芷原生质体壁再生和第一次分裂的影响

外源钙调素对白芷原生质体壁再生和第一次分裂的影响边艳青,孙大业（河北师范大学生物系,石家庄０５００１６）关键词：钙调素,细胞壁再生,原生质体第一次分裂自钙调素（ＣａＭ）被发现之后,许多工作（Ｃｈａｆｏｕｌｅａｓ等１９８２、１９８４;Ｒａｓｍｕｓｓｅｎ...     

植物细胞壁结构及成像技术研究进展

植物细胞壁作为细胞外复杂交联网络,为植物细胞生长、发育以及适应环境变化提供机械支撑,具有调节植物形态、抵抗胁迫、运输水分等功能。除此之外,植物光合作用积累的生物质大部分贮藏在细胞壁中,因此,研究细胞壁的成分和纳微结构对更好的利用植物能源具有重要意义。植物细胞壁的结构研究是当今植物界研究的前沿热点之一。随着新型成像技术的发展,近年来关于细胞壁成分和纳微结构的研究取得了阶段性的进展。本文就植物细胞壁的成分、结构、成像技术和力学性质进行了总结与展望,以期为植物细胞壁的相关研究提供新思路。     

链霉菌原生质体的再生

（续１９９８年第３３卷第１期第４１页）３原生质体的再生链霉菌原生质体的再生是指经去壁的原生质体在高渗的再生培养基上,一方面再生出原有的细胞壁,恢复菌丝原来的完整形态,另一方面恢复细胞的生理功能,保证细胞萌发、生长和分裂。原生质体再生过程有以下几个步骤...     

植物的细胞壁

绝大多数植物细胞的质膜外都有细胞壁,这是区别予动物细胞的显著特征之一。由于细胞壁的存在,使原生质体的膨胀受到限制,细胞成熟后,使其形态和大小变为固定。细胞壁有保护作用,厚而硬的细胞壁还有支持植物器官的机械作用,同时,细胞壁能影响植物组织的吸收、蒸腾、运输和分泌等功能。     

PROTOPLAST ISOLATION AND CELL DIVISION IN THE AGAR-PRODUCING SEAWEED GRACILARIA (RHODOPHYTA)1

Methods were developed for the isolation of large numbers of healthy protoplasts from two species of the agarophyte Gracilaria; G. tikvahiae McLachlan and G. lemaneiformis (Bory) Weber-van Bosse. This is the first report of protoplast isolation and cell division in a commercially important, phycocolloid-producing red seaweed, as well as for a member of the Florideophycidae. The optimal enzyme composition for cell wall digestion and protoplast viability consisted of 3% Onozuka R-10, 3% Macerozyme R-10, 1% agarase and 0.5% Pectolyase Y- 23 dissolved in a 60% seawater osmoticum containing 1.0 M mannitol. The complete removal of the cell wall was confirmed by several different methods, including electron microscopic examination, and the absence of Calcofluor White (for cellulose) and TBO (for sulfated polysaccharide) staining. Spontaneous protoplast fusion was observed on several occasions. Protoplast viability was dependent upon the strain and age of the parent material, as well as the mannitol concentration of the enzyme osmoticum. Cell wall regeneration generally occurred in 2-6 days; cell division in 5-10 days. Protoplast-produced cell masses up to the 16-32 cell stage have been grown in culture. However, efforts to regenerate whole plants have been unsuccessful to date.     

The plant cell wall: Biosynthesis,construction, and functions

The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a natural masterpiece. However, the plant cell wall is the least understood cellular structure in plants. Due to great progress in plant functional genomics,manyachievementshavebeenmadein uncovering cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture, as well as cell wall regulation and signaling. Such information has significantly advanced our understanding of the roles of the cell wall in many biological and physiological processes and has enhanced our utilization of cell wall materials. The use of cutting-edge technologies such as single-molecule imaging,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy has provided much insight into the plant cell wall as an intricate nanoscale network, opening up unprecedented possibilities for cell wall research. In this review,we summarize the major advances made in understanding the cell wall in this era of functional genomics, including the latest findings on the biosynthesis, construction, and functions of the cell wall.     

一种有效的双孢蘑菇原生质体制备及瞬时转化体系

原生质体的制备与再生是双孢蘑菇进行遗传转化的基础,通过研究得到制备双孢蘑菇原生质体的最佳条件是：取培养15d的菌丝振荡培养7d,溶壁酶浓度为1mg/mL的0.6mol/L KCl酶解液、温度30℃、45r/min条件下摇培10h,经过富集精制后的原生质体（4×10 ⁶/mL）可进行瞬时转化。利用Ab-eGFP进行转化,在20min、24h、48h后可观察到GFP荧光,并且在24h和48h可恢复细胞壁增殖,瞬时转化后亦可复壁增殖。研究结果为双孢蘑菇原生质体的稳定遗传转化及后续利用原生质体建立CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑系统等提供一定的理论依据。     

植物细胞壁中的伸展蛋白

随着实验技术的发展尤其是分子生物学技术的应用 ,植物细胞壁的研究已取得丰硕的成果。植物细胞壁中最重要的结构蛋白———伸展蛋白 ,是高等植物细胞壁中一族富含羟脯氨酸的糖蛋白 ,起强固细胞壁的作用。本文综述了近几十年对伸展蛋白的分离纯化、结构、生物合成、功能作用及其基因和表达的控制方面的研究     

Tissue degradation and enzymatic activity observed during protoplast isolation in two ornamental <Emphasis Type="Italic">Grevillea</Emphasis> species

Summary Degradative changes in tissue during protoplast isolation were a contributing factor to low protoplast yields in the saltsensitive Grevillea arenaria (R. Brown) and the salt-tolerant Grevillea ilicifolia (R. Brown). Protein and malondialdehyde content decreased significantly during the protoplast isolation procedure. Acid and neutral proteases were identified, and high acid protease activities were correlated to low protoplast yields. Acid phosphatase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and lipoxygenase activities increased in both Grevillea species with cell wall digestion. High activities of catalase and low levels of polyphenol oxidase were correlated with high protoplast yields. Levels of acid phosphatase and lipoxygenase were not good indicators of final protoplast yields. The addition of the anti-oxidant, reduced glutathione, and the acid protease inhibitor, pepstatin A, significantly increased protoplast yields. Strategies were identified to minimize deleterious degradative effects during the isolation of protoplasts, including strict pH control, testing a number of cell wall digestion enzymes, and the addition of anti-oxidative metabolites and protease inhibitors.     

植物激素在植物细胞壁扩展中的作用

细胞壁不仅是植物细胞结构的重要组成部分,而且控制着细胞的大小、形状和生长。细胞经有丝分裂后,原生质体吸水膨胀,细胞壁重塑,新生壁物质合成,纤维素定向沉积等引发细胞壁生长。在这些过程中,乙烯（ethylene,ET）、生长素（auxin）、赤霉素（gibberellin,GA）、油菜素甾醇（brassinosteroids,BR）等植物激素调控细胞壁生长相关酶类如纤维素合酶复合体（cellulose synthase A,CESA）、扩展素（expansin,EXP）、木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶／水解酶（xyloglucan endotran glucosylase／hydrolase,XET／XTH）的表达活性,进而调控细胞壁扩展,促使细胞壁的生长。     

Effect of UV-C irradiation on mesophyll protoplasts of Cucumis sativus

In the present work we studied the effect of UV-C irradiation on short-term protoplast physiology, with the aim of identifying and assessing parameters which can provide valuable information for asymmetric fusion experiments. Protoplast viability, cell wall regeneration, density of cell suspension and intensity of DAPI signal were followed by using microscopy and by the detection of specific fluorescent or spectroscopic signals in a microplate reader. The control and irradiated mesophyll protoplasts of Cucumis sativus were used for this experiment. In contrast to control cells, viability of irradiated cells significantly decreased. Intensive cell wall regeneration was observed only in control cells, which also showed significantly higher DAPI fluorescence signal. Microscopy for determination of viability by FDA and cell wall regeneration by Calcofluor White were modified for microplate reader instrumentation. These methods are simple, fast and suitable for detection of the effectiveness of UV-C irradiation of cells intended to be used in asymmetric fusion experiments.     

甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌原生质体转化DNA双片段的基因敲除方法的建立

由甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌Sporisorium scitamineum引起的甘蔗黑穗病是甘蔗生产的主要病害,严重影响了甘蔗的产量和品质,然而其分子致病机制报道很少,极大地影响了有效防控技术的开发。为了提高该病菌基因功能的研究效率,本研究以甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌有性配合两个关键基因SsGPA3和SsPRF1为目标,建立了基于DNA双片段的甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌原生质体转化基因敲除技术体系。结果表明甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌单倍体细胞生长期在OD₆₀₀约为0.7,28℃下10mg/mL细胞壁裂解酶作用30min获得的原生质体产率最高,再生率最优;使用线性DNA双片段转化获得阳性转化子的成功率达90%以上,显著高于线性DNA单片段和质粒。本方法的建立将极大地提高甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌的基因敲除效率,同时也为其他真菌的基因敲除提供借鉴。