地嗜皮菌科放线菌的研究进展

摘要:地嗜皮菌科(Geodermatophilaceae)是放线菌中一个年轻的分类单元。早在1996年Normand曾提出过地嗜皮菌科,但一直未能得到公认;直到2006年,Normand综合了地嗜皮菌属(Geodermatophilus)、芽生球菌属(Blastococcus)和贫养杆菌属(Modestobacter)等3个属的共同特征,全面概括了地嗜皮菌科的典型特征,终于使地嗜皮菌科被正式编入放线菌的一个科。到目前为止,地嗜皮菌科涵盖了地嗜皮菌属、芽生球菌属和贫养杆菌属等3个属共25个有效描述种。地嗜皮菌科菌株被视为极端环境的先锋生物之一,在抗逆机制研究、沙漠治理、环境修复等方面初现优势。本文就地嗜皮菌科的建立、分类学特征、科内各属的研究现状、以及它们在生态学与应用研究方面的进展和前景进行了综述。     

地嗜皮菌科放线菌的研究进展北大核心CSCD

地嗜皮菌科(Geodermatophilaceae)是放线菌中一个年轻的分类单元。早在1996年Normand曾提出过地嗜皮菌科,但一直未能得到公认;直到2006年,Normand综合了地嗜皮菌属(Geodermatophilus)、芽生球菌属(Blastococcus)和贫养杆菌属(Modestobacter)等3个属的共同特征,全面概括了地嗜皮菌科的典型特征,终于使地嗜皮菌科被正式编入放线菌的一个科。到目前为止,地嗜皮菌科涵盖了地嗜皮菌属、芽生球菌属和贫养杆菌属等3个属共25个有效描述种。地嗜皮菌科菌株被视为极端环境的先锋生物之一,在抗逆机制研究、沙漠治理、环境修复等方面初现优势。本文就地嗜皮菌科的建立、分类学特征、科内各属的研究现状、以及它们在生态学与应用研究方面的进展和前景进行了综述。     

卡他莫拉菌实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

[目的]建立基于SYBR GreenⅠ染料法的卡他莫拉菌实时荧光PCR检测方法。[方法]选取卡他莫拉菌两个的基因(uspA1和copB)设计特异性引物;提取卡他莫拉菌、嗜肺军团菌等11种呼吸道病原体的DNA,通过常规PCR和实时荧光PCR对引物的特异性进行验证;以卡他莫拉菌DNA为模板进行实时荧光PCR,获取扩增曲线、标准曲线、熔解曲线和熔解峰图,并判断检测方法的灵敏度;进行重复性试验,评估检测方法的组内和组间重复性;通过模拟临床样本,对检测方法的灵敏度进行验证。[结果]共设计出3对引物,对嗜肺军团菌等10种呼吸道病原体具有特异性;对卡他莫拉菌的最低检出浓度为1.0×10^(3)cfu/mL;组内和组间最大变异系数分别为1.78%、1.89%;模拟的临床试验结果与预期相符。[结论]成功建立了卡他莫拉菌的实时荧光PCR检测方法,与10种常见的呼吸道病原体无交叉反应,且重复性变异系数小于2%,模拟临床试验灵敏度结果达到1.0×10^(3)cfu/mL。     

鳄蜥捕食蜥蜴和蛇的现象

鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)主要捕食部分昆虫、蜘蛛、蚯蚓、小型蛙类和小鱼等,但尚未见报道鳄蜥捕食其他相对较大的动物。本文报道了鳄蜥捕食变色树蜥(Calotesversicolor)和翠青蛇(Cyclophiopsmajor)的现象,以全事件记录法观察分析了鳄蜥猎捕这两种爬行动物的行为过程。这次新发现说明鳄蜥食谱较广,具有捕食蜥蜴等个体偏大动物的能力。因此,我们建议在饲养繁育中投喂更多类型的食物以避免营养不良。     

嗜水气单胞菌菌落多重PCR方法的建立及应用

[背景]嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)对水产动物、畜禽和人类均有致病性。基因表达的溶血素、气溶素和肠毒素是重要毒力因子,在致病性嗜水气单胞菌早期检测及防治中尤为重要。目前采用菌落直接提取DNA用于多重PCR研究的相关报道较少。[目的]基于菌落PCR方法建立针对嗜水气单胞菌溶血性基因、肠毒素基因和16S rRNA基因特异性片段(5个基因片段)的多重PCR快速检测方法。[方法]采用选择性RS (Rimler-Shotts)培养基对样品中嗜水气单胞菌有效富集分离和辨认,建立并优化嗜水气单胞菌16S rRNA、ast、alt、aerA、act这5个基因的多重PCR方法,比较菌落PCR中DNA模板不同提取方法对多重PCR扩增结果的影响,并检测该方法对维氏气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌、杀鲑气单胞菌的特异性。[结果]通过对RS培养基上单菌落的16S rRNA基因鉴定,初步判定嗜水气单胞菌和其他可培养菌的菌落形态,对其富集程度进行可视化辨别。多重PCR反应体系优化结果显示,引物浓度最优配比为16S rRNA:ast:alt:aerA:act=1:2:2:3:4。菌落PCR结果显示,...     

一种濒危的珍稀动物——鳄蜥

鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)隶属蜥蜴目(Lacertiformes)鳄蜥科(Shinisauridae)。1930年经E,Ahl鉴定结果,认为是新科、新属、新种,从而引起国内外学者的重视。1978年被列为国家一类保护动物。作者于1979年至1983年,对鳄蜥的分布、栖息环境、生态习性及生长发育等方面,作了实地观察与研究,认为鳄蜥应列为我国的一种濒危的珍稀动物。 (一)名称鳄蜥俗名大睡蛇,又称落水狗。它头似蜥蜴,躯干圆柱形,尾长侧扁似鳄鱼,故名鳄蜥。     

嗜肺巴斯德杆菌基因分型及在分子流行病学中的意义

目的　探讨我国部分地区嗜肺巴斯德杆菌分子流行病学特征。方法　随机多态扩增PCR(RAPD -PCR) ,两条单一随机引物S1和S3 ,对分离来自北京和南京不同实验动物饲养单位的大鼠、小鼠、野鼠的 1 5株嗜肺巴斯德杆菌及参考株共 1 6株菌基因组随机扩增 ,比较DNA多态性图谱。结果　 1 5个流行株可分成 4种基因型 :来自相同饲养单位的小鼠株、大鼠株及野鼠株基因型亦不相同 ;野鼠株与部分小鼠分离株基因型相同。结论　同一地区嗜肺巴斯德杆菌流行株呈明显的多态性 ;野鼠有可能成为实验动物嗜肺巴斯德杆菌的传染源     

鮰爱德华氏菌外膜微孔蛋白N基因PCR快速检测方法的建立

根据Gen Bank中鮰爱德华氏菌Edwardsiella ictaluri外膜微孔蛋白N(porin N)基因序列(Gen Bank No:NC_012779.2)设计了1对引物,预计目的片段大小为381 bp。通过对反应体系和条件的优化,并进行特异性试验、敏感性试验及人工感染组织样品检测,建立了一种快速检测鮰爱德华氏菌的PCR方法。结果表明,在所检测的鮰爱德华氏菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌、嗜水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌、杀鲑气单胞菌、豚鼠气单胞菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、鲁氏耶尔森氏菌、海豚链球菌、不动杆菌、产气肠杆菌、大肠杆菌、拟态弧菌、荧光假单胞菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌15种细菌中仅鮰爱德华氏菌扩增出特异性条带;敏感性试验结果显示,该方法最小核酸检出量为9.35×10-3ng·μL-1;同时对人工感染的病料肝脏、细菌基因组DNA、细菌菌液及菌落进行扩增,结果显示4种材料均能检测出大小为381 bp的基因片段。本研究所建立的方法特异强、灵敏度高,适用于鮰爱德华氏菌感染病例的高效、快速检测。     

铜绿假单胞菌环介导等温扩增技术检测方法在实验小鼠微生物控制中的应用

目的建立铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)检测方法并初步应用于实验小鼠微生物控制。方法根据铜绿假单胞菌oprL基因设计LAMP特异性引物,优化反应条件,确立LAMP的检测体系;再通过对小鼠血清样本的检测,与《GB/T 14926. 17-2001实验动物绿脓杆菌检测方法》对比,阳性结果再用PCR方法验证。结果新建立的LAMP方法特异性强,灵敏度比普通PCR高10~3倍;当反应温度为66℃,内引物和环引物的浓度分别为70μmol·L^-1和30μmol·L^-1时,LAMP反应体系最佳;利用建立的LAMP方法检测87份小鼠血清样本,铜绿假单胞菌检出率为11. 5%(10/87),比《GB/T 14926. 17-2001实验动物绿脓杆菌检测方法》的高(0/87),阳性结果与PCR方法一致。结论本研究建立的LAMP方法特异性强、灵敏度高、可重复率高、稳定性好,为检测铜绿假单胞菌提供了新的研究手段。     

救护鳄蜥食物有害重金属和农药残留的检测北大核心CSCD

鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)为国家I级保护野生动物。近年来,我国广西大桂山鳄蜥国家级自然保护区北娄繁育基地救护的鳄蜥一直存在疾病困扰,但原因不明。为了探讨这些疾病的发生是否与其食物中的重金属及农药污染相关,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱和色谱质谱分析技术来检测其主要食物中的重金属和农药残留含量。结果显示,与其食物(蚯蚓)相比,鳄蜥体内的重金属含量更低,同时,农药残留含量在鳄蜥及其食物中均未检测出,说明重金属和农药通过食物的生物放大作用而在鳄蜥体内累积的可能性较小。因此,重金属与农药这两类环境污染物对鳄蜥疾病发生的影响较小。本研究为鳄蜥的人工救护繁育工作提供一定的参考,有利于鳄蜥的保护工作。     

Mobilicoccus pelagius gen. nov., sp. nov. and Piscicoccus intestinalis gen. nov., sp. nov., two new members of the family Dermatophilaceae, and reclassification of Dermatophilus chelonae (Masters et al. 1995) as Austwickia chelonae gen. nov., comb. nov

Two Gram-positive bacteria, designated strains Aji5-31(T) and Ngc37-23(T), were isolated from the intestinal tracts of fishes. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that both strains were related to the members of the family Dermatophilaceae, with 95.6-96.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. The family Dermatophilaceae contains 2 genera and 3 species: Dermatophilus congolensis, Dermatophilus chelonae and Kineosphaera limosa. However, it has been suggested that the taxonomic position of D. chelonae should be reinvestigated using a polyphasic approach, because the chemotaxonomic characteristics are not known (Stackebrandt, 2006; Stackebrandt and Schumann, 2000). Our present study revealed that strains Aji5-31(T), Ngc37-23(T) and D. chelonae NBRC 105200(T) should be separated from the other members of the family Dermatophilaceae on the basis of the following characteristics: the predominant menaquinone of strain Aji5-31(T) is MK-8(H(2)), strain Ngc37-23(T) possesses iso- branched fatty acids as major components, and the menaquinone composition of D. chelonae is MK-8(H(4)), MK-8 and MK-8(H(2)) (5 : 3 : 2, respectively). On the basis of these distinctive phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis results, it is proposed that strains Aji5-31(T) and Ngc37-23(T) be classified as two novel genera and species of the family Dermatophilaceae. The names are Mobilicoccus pelagius gen. nov., sp. nov. and Piscicoccus intestinalis gen. nov., sp. nov., and the type strains are Aji5-31(T) (=NBRC 104925(T) =DSM 22762(T)) and Ngc37-23(T) (=NBRC 104926(T) =DSM 22761(T)), respectively. In addition, D. chelonae should be reassigned to a new genus of the family Dermatophilaceae with the name Austwickia chelonae gen. nov., comb. nov.     

Mycobacterium chelonae osteoarthritis in a Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)

A stranded Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) was rescued and treated at the National Aquarium in Baltimore (Maryland, USA) for inappetence and epidermal appendicular and plastral lesions. After 4 mo of care, the turtle developed a swollen left elbow joint. Within 1 mo of initial swelling, osteolytic lesions developed in the proximal radius and ulna. The elbow joint was surgically debrided, flushed, and cultured. The incision dehisced 10 days after surgery. Mycobacterium chelonae was cultured from the left elbow joint and from a skin nodule of the dorsum of the right front flipper. The turtle was euthanized due to apparent systemic infection with M. chelonae. Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from cultures taken at necropsy of the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and pericardium. Osteoarthritic infections with M. chelonae have not been reported in reptiles. Additionally, primary osteoarthritic diseases of synovial joints are uncommon in reptilian species. Due to the paucity of reports of mycobacterial diseases in sea turtles, the continued documentation of these cases will increase knowledge and understanding in caring for these endangered animals.     

Granulomatous inflammation in the tails of mice associated with Mycobacterium chelonae infection

This report describes a case series of granulomatous inflammation in the tails of seven immunocompromised mice. The disease was associated with Mycobacterium chelonae infection. The source and route of infection remained unclear. Spontaneous infection with M. chelonae has not previously been documented in mice. We conclude that M. chelonae, like in humans, should be considered as a facultative pathogen in laboratory animals, particularly under immunosuppressive conditions.     

Disease attributed to Mycobacterium chelonae in South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)

The fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacterial species Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from six captive South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) with chronic weight loss and nonhealing ulcerative skin lesions. Three of the M. chelonae isolates were evaluated to confirm the species identification using polymerase chain reaction restriction analysis. Disease associated with M. chelonae is reported mainly in people and in fish. To our knowledge, this is the first report of disease associated with M. chelonae in a colony of captive Xenopus sp.     

Non-destructive methods of detecting Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in mungbean seeds

An indirect immunofluorescent assay (IF) with specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and a semi-selective agar medium for Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens , developed in this study, were compared with foliar symptoms and microscopic bacterial ooze for detection of this pathogen in mungbean seed 6 d and 28 d after germination. The IF method detected more infected seedlings than the other three methods at both samplings. Symptomless carriers of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in mungbean were detectable only by the IF method and, less frequently, by plating out on media. Poor agreement between the IF and other methods was found. The IF method gave the best agreement in the detection of the pathogen between early and late samplings of individual germinated seed. Currently, the IF technique with a specific MAb is being used for selecting clean seedlings for production of disease-free seed.     

Faster, simpler, more-specific methods for improved molecular detection of Phytophthora ramorum in the field

Phytophthora ramorum is the causal agent of sudden oak death. The pathogen also affects a wide range of tree, shrub, and herbaceous species in natural and landscaped environments as well as plants in the nursery industry. A TaqMan real-time PCR method for the detection of this pathogen in the field has been described previously; this paper describes the development of a number of assays based on this method which have various advantages for use in the field. A scorpion real-time PCR assay that is twice as fast as TaqMan was developed, allowing the detection of P. ramorum in less than 30 min. Also designed was a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, which allowed sensitive and specific detection of P. ramorum in 45 min using only a heated block. A positive reaction was identified by the detection of the LAMP product by color change visible to the naked eye.     

Development of a PCR-based method for the detection of Listonella anguillarum in fish tissues and blood samples

A PCR assay for detection and identification of the fish pathogen Listonella anguillarum was developed. Primers amplifying a 519 bp internal fragment of the L. anguillarum rpoN gene, which codes for the factor sigma54, were utilized. The detection limit of the PCR using L. anguillarum pure cultures was approximately 1 to 10 bacterial cells per reaction. For tissue or blood samples of infected turbot Scophthalmus maximus, the detection limit was 10 to 100 L. anguillarum cells per reaction, which corresponds to 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(4) cells g(-1) fish tissue. Our results suggest that this PCR protocol is a sensitive and specific molecular method for the detection of the fish pathogen L. anguillarum.     

ETA基因作为荧光定量PCR靶基因设计TaqMan探针快速检测铜绿假单胞菌的研究

铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见致病菌, 传统的检测方法有各种弊端。本研究对该细菌的ETA基因用生物信息学方法加以分析, 选取相对保守且高度特异的DNA序列, 设计一对特异性引物和一个TaqMan探针, 建立FQ-PCR (fluorescence quantitative PCR)检测PA的方法。通过对梯度浓度的铜绿假单胞菌基因组DNA样品进行FQ-PCR检测和对多种细菌的DNA进行扩增, 来检测其灵敏度和验证引物和探针的特异性。试验结果表明, 对比现有的检测方法, 以ETA基因为靶基因, 基于TaqMan探针的快速FQ-PCR检测技术有更高的灵敏度和更好的特异性等优点, 具有很好的研究价值和应用前景。     

ETA基因作为荧光定量PCR靶基因设计TaqMan探针快速检测铜绿假单胞菌的研究

铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见致病菌, 传统的检测方法有各种弊端。本研究对该细菌的ETA基因用生物信息学方法加以分析, 选取相对保守且高度特异的DNA序列, 设计一对特异性引物和一个TaqMan探针, 建立FQ-PCR (fluorescence quantitative PCR)检测PA的方法。通过对梯度浓度的铜绿假单胞菌基因组DNA样品进行FQ-PCR检测和对多种细菌的DNA进行扩增, 来检测其灵敏度和验证引物和探针的特异性。试验结果表明, 对比现有的检测方法, 以ETA基因为靶基因, 基于TaqMan探针的快速FQ-PCR检测技术有更高的灵敏度和更好的特异性等优点, 具有很好的研究价值和应用前景。     

Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Rapid, Sensitive Detection, and Identification of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing Greater Yam Anthracnose

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an economically important disease which affects greater yam (Dioscorea alata L.) worldwide. Apart from airborne conidia, the pathogen propagules surviving in soil and planting material are the major sources of inoculum. A nested PCR assay has been developed for specific detection of C. gloeosporioides in soil and planting material. In conventional (single-round) PCR, the limit of detection was 20?pg, whereas in nested PCR the detection limit increased to 0.2?pg of DNA. The primers designed were found to be highly specific and could be used for accurate identification of the pathogen up to species level. The protocol was standardized for detection of the pathogen in artificially and naturally infected field samples.