泥螺生殖系统的组织学

泥螺为雌雄同体。生殖系统包括交媾器和生殖器本部。交媾器包括刺激器、阴茎和摄护腺;生殖器本部主要包括两性腺、缠卵腺和蛋白腺。刺激器和阴茎都具有非常发达的肌肉组织,腔壁游离面具纤毛。阴茎腔壁为单层柱状细胞;摄护腺被膜为一层薄的肌纤维,里面具有许多分泌细胞;缠卵腺被膜为单层扁平上皮,下层为环肌,腺体组织由分泌小管构成。蛋白腺主要由皮质层和导管层组成,皮质层内充满了分泌细胞,导管层由许多分泌小管构成,管壁为柱状腺细胞。     

绿蟾蜍繁殖期间输卵管变化的组织学研究

本文研究了绿蟾蜍繁殖期间输卵管组织结构变化的规律。产卵前，输卵管壁最厚，固有层中的单管状腺充满胶质；产卵时，粘膜层形成细长的皱襞，固有层中的腺体分泌胶质，形成包裹卵子的卵胶膜；产卵后，输卵管壁变薄，腺体细胞缩小，但腺体间的结缔组织隔膜增厚，结缔组织可能对腺体细胞的修复起重要作用。     

乌梢蛇上唇腺及达氏腺的组织学研究

该文用光镜及透射电镜观察了４条乌梢蛇的上唇腺及达氏腺。两体均具分叶，上唇腺为混合腺，基分泌部呈管泡状，由大量的粘液性细胞和少量的浆液细胞组成，达氏腺为浆液腺，其分泌部呈分枝管状，由单层柱状上皮的浆液性细胞组成，腺体具单一导管。最后讨论了两腺体的生理功能，协同作用及达氏腺在系统演化上的意义。     

意大利工蜂咽下腺结构观察

通过研究意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera工蜂咽下腺的结构及形态,为蜜蜂形态学和蜜蜂生理学以及王浆分泌生理提供新知识采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、HE染色石蜡切片和透射电镜,从形态学和细胞学水平对意大利工蜂咽下腺的结构和功能做了详尽探究和分析.意大利工蜂咽下腺由多个卵圆形腺泡组成,每个腺泡的直径约为120×180 μm,腺泡之间有微气管相连,腺泡外侧有神经细胞,神经细胞的胞体直径约为12μm.每个腺泡是由多细胞构成,最外层有0.1 ～0.2 μm的结缔组织膜,内部有壁细胞、酶原细胞和王浆分泌细胞,其中王浆分泌细胞分布较多,细胞直径约为16 ～ 18 μm,细胞核直径约为6μm. 由咽下腺的形态结构和细胞类型推断,意大利工蜂咽下腺主要分泌王浆,也具有分泌消化酶的功能,同时了解到分泌消化酶和王浆的途径.     

硬蜱盾窝与盾窝腺的细微结构

用扫描及透射电镜研究硬蜱盾窝与盾窝腺的结构.幼蜱只有横缝状盾窝原基,盾窝腺尚未发育;若蜱盾窝增大,其孔数相应增加;到成蜱阶段,不仅盾窝增大,而且盾窝腺完成发育.对9种雌蜱盾窝进行比较,在其大小和孔数方面有一定差别.亚洲璃眼蜱雄蜱盾窝腺不发达,几个叶瓣贴在一起,组成1—2个腺体组.雌蜱吸血前,叶瓣相互贴在一起.吸血后,球状叶瓣散开,连接叶瓣的导管清楚可见,分泌细胞中颗粒增多,这与其分泌性信息素有关.     

小熊猫甲状腺的组织解剖学观察

利用常规解剖技术和生物显微技术观察了小熊猫Ailurus fulqens甲状腺的大体解剖和组织结构特征.结果表明,甲状腺可分为左右两侧叶,没有明显的峡部,呈"V"字形或倒"八"字形,位于气管上端两侧.甲状腺的实质主要由大小不等的滤泡、滤泡旁细胞、滤泡间结缔组织和血管、神经等结构所组成.大滤泡的壁由单层矮立方上皮或单层扁平上皮构成,而小滤泡的壁由单层低柱状上皮构成.滤泡旁细胞并不均匀地分布在腺实质内.在初生小熊猫的甲状腺内没有发现滤泡旁细胞.     

贯叶连翘的分泌结构及其与金丝桃素积累的关系

贯叶连翘（ＨｙｐｅｒｉｃｕｍｐｅｒｆｏｒａｔｕｍＬ．）地上器官分布着分泌细胞球（黑色腺点）、分泌囊（半透明腺点）和分泌道（半透明腺条）３类内部分泌结构。分泌细胞球在茎、叶和花器官中均有分布,由２层鞘细胞包围多个分泌细胞构成实心的分泌细胞团。分泌囊主要分布于叶片中,分泌道则分布于花器官中,它们都是由１～２层切向扁平细胞围绕圆形或长形腔道构成,腔道的贮存物为精油。利用组织化学方法,结合荧光显微镜观察,证实金丝桃素类物质是由分泌细胞球（黑色腺点）所合成和积累的。通过用戊二醛和锇酸固定样品的显微和超微结构观察,发现金丝桃素类物质积累在成熟腺体分泌细胞的中央大液泡中,细胞周围浓厚的细胞质中分布着大量小液泡和高尔基体、内质网等细胞器。在此基础上对金丝桃素类物质的积累过程进行了初步探讨     

曼氏无针乌贼墨囊组织学及墨汁形成的超微结构

采用组织学和电镜技术对曼氏无针乌贼的墨囊及墨腺细胞进行了研究。结果表明:墨囊壁和导管壁由外膜、肌肉层和黏膜三部分组成;墨腺体集中在墨囊底部,呈索状,腺体中部含丰富的结缔组织;墨汁颗粒以游离态形式分布于索状腺体的间隙及墨囊腔中。实验观察到无分泌黑色素功能的A型细胞和有分泌黑色素功能的B型细胞;在B型细胞中可见黑色素颗粒储存在囊泡中,囊泡在移出细胞的过程中逐渐变大,泡内的黑色素颗粒逐渐变多。囊泡可能通过胞吐的方式排出细胞外,黑色素排出后以颗粒的形式游离于细胞间隙中,形成墨汁。     

正常大鼠胃黏膜中肌球蛋白轻链激酶定性和定位观察

目的观察正常大鼠胃组织中肌球蛋白轻链激酶的表达及分布特点。方法取11只SD正常雄性大鼠,在饥饿状态下,处死后取胃组织。通过免疫组化染色,观察正常大鼠胃组织中MLCK的表达及分布。结果MLCK在黏膜肌层、肌层和黏膜下层血管壁平滑肌均有大量表达;在胃底腺中,MLCK主要表达于壁细胞和主细胞胞浆内。结论MLCK不仅存在于平滑肌细胞内,还分布于胃底腺壁细胞和主细胞内,可能参与胃底腺腺细胞的分泌活动。     

中华绒螯蟹不同生理阶段腹肢的结构变化及粘液腺的发育特征

用显微及亚显微方法研究了中华绒螯蟹雌体不同生理阶段(幼蟹、未成熟蟹、成熟蟹、抱卵蟹和流产蟹)腹肢的体壁结构变化和粘液腺发育特征。体壁的上皮细胞层常与粘液腺相连,粘液腺分泌物经导管穿过各层角膜排出。不同生理状况下中华绒螯蟹的腹肢体壁各角膜层结构的比例及致密度有明显的差异,粘液腺细胞及导管的数量不同,粘液腺与上皮细胞的连接程度也不同。粘液腺是否正常分泌、刚毛囊的开闭均与中华绒螯蟹的胚胎附着有关。比较研究发现,太湖抱卵蟹腹肢体腔内腺体比温州本地抱卵蟹腹肢内腺体发达,分泌的粘液也特别多。分析认为中华绒螯蟹腹肢组织结构、粘液腺的发育和分泌状况与胚胎流产有密切的关系。     

Sexual differences and effects of castration on secretory mode and intracellular calcium ion dynamics of golden hamster Harderian gland

The aim of the present work was to study the sexual differences in secretory mechanisms and intracellular calcium ion dynamics in the Harderian gland of the golden hamster. In both sexes the Harderian gland consisted of small and large lobes. In the intact control male glands the secretory portions of both lobes showed wide lumina that contained secretory material and cytoplasmic fragments, suggestive of the occurrence of exocytosis and apocrine secretion. After perfusion with HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution containing 10 microM carbamylcholine (CCh), the glandular cells showed features of enhanced secretion and a rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). In the intact control female gland the lumina of most secretory portions in the large lobe contained porphyrin accretions, and exocytosis was the sole secretory mechanism. Stimulation of the large lobe with 10 microM CCh did not raise [Ca2+]i or cause enhanced secretion. The small lobe in females resembled the male gland in secretory functions, and CCh administration caused enhanced secretion and a rise in [Ca2+]i. Castration in males abolished apocrine secretion; exocytosis became the sole secretory mechanism, and stimulation of the glandular cells with CCh did not cause enhanced secretion or induce a rise in [Ca2+]i. To the contrary, in females, castration restored apocrine secretion and CCh administration caused enhanced secretion and a rise in [Ca2+]i. Castration did not affect the secretory mechanisms and the effect of CCh on the glandular cells in the small lobes of both male and female glands. The present study points to the possibility that sex hormones may control the functioning or expression of muscarinic receptors in the Harderian gland of the golden hamster.     

Electron microscopic structure of the cephalic gland of the bee Andrena variabilis Smith (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

The structure of the glandular tissue located beneath the eye sulcus in Andrena variabilis Smith was studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The glandular tissue was found to be constituted of single-layered, high cylindrical epithelial cells. Electron microscopy revealed strong foldings of the cell membrane on the basal pole of the gland cells. Next to the basal lamina, nerve fibres were found with great frequency. The central, perinuclear zone of the gland cells was rich in cell organelles. The lamellae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rer) were mostly observed near the nuclear membrane. The vesicles and tubules of the smooth-surface endoplasmic reticulum (ser) were found to be congregated in contiguous compact regions. A well-developed and complicated canalicular system was enclosed between the rer and ser compartments, presumably serving as a passage for the secretory products. Membrane-bound electron-dense granules (secretory granules) were also a characteristic finding in the ser. In a small proportion of the gland cells, strong vacuolization indicated the degradation processes. From the light and electron microscopic characteristics of the gland cells, the existence of pheromone-producing secretory activity of exocrine type in the cephalic gland is presumed.     

脉红螺消化系统的形态学研究

脉红螺消化系统由十二个器官组成。其消化管壁都由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜四层结构构成。作者对消化腺的细胞进行了较详细的描述,并利用组化方法测定消化腺细胞中含有的酶类。作者还对部分器官的超微结构进行了观察。     

The Tail Gland of Canids

The tail gland of canids is a hepatoid glandular organ surrounded and penetrated by powerful hair erector muscles squeezing out its lipoprotein secretion onto the skin surface. The gland is most developed in solitary species (Arctic, red, and corsac foxes) where it is represented by powerful glandular layer with large secretion containers—cisterns. It is less developed in the jackal; there are cisterns but glandular lobes do not merge into a layer. In the raccoon dog, wolf, and domestic dog the gland is composed of small lobes without cisterns. Hepatoid glands of the tail gland are represented by two histological variants distinguished by the presence or absence of hydrophobic lipids in the secretory cells. The excretory ducts are formed by lipid transformation of the cellular bands.     

Fine structure of the ventral and dorsal lobes of the prostate in the young adult Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus

The normal ventral and dorsal prostatic lobes of the young adult Syrian hamster were examined at the light and electron microscopic levels. Each lobe is composed of branched tubular secretory units separated from each other by loose interacinar connective tissue and draining into the urethra. The lumen of each acinus is lined by a simple epithelium composed of columnar secretory cells with occasional small basal cells. The epithelial layer, with the thin underlying lamina propria, forms a mucosa that is often highly folded. The whole acinus is bounded by a thick muscular stroma. In each of the ventral lobes, there are three main ducts, each one formed of tubular branched tributary secretory units. The walls of the secretory acini are moderately folded. Microvilli dominate the lumenal surface of the secretory epithelial cells. The Golgi complex is very extensive and shows dilated cisternae and secretory vesicles and vacuoles of various sizes. Membrane-bounded secretory granules populate the Golgi and apical areas and are released into the acinar lumen by exocytosis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, except in the region of the Golgi apparatus. In each of the dorsal lobes, there are several main tubular ducts that open into the urethra. Both proximal (ductal) and distal portions of the glandular tree are secretory in nature. Microvilli and cytoplasmic bulges and blebs dominate the lumenal surface of the secretory cells. The cells are also characterized by highly dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The secretory cells show heterogeneity in the degree of dilation and distribution of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and this heterogeneity may reflect location in the glandular tree.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Peculiar salivary glands in a silk‐producing mite Bakericheyla chanayi (Cheyletidae)

This is the first ultrastructural investigation of salivary glands in the family Cheyletidae. In both sexes of Bakericheyla chanayi, paired acinous salivary glands and tubular coxal glands were shown to be united into the common podocephalic system. The secretory portion of the salivary gland includes medial and lateral lobes composed of the five and two cells, respectively, with clearly distinct ultrastructure. The cytoplasm of the cells is occupied by the secretory granules containing fine fibrous material. The fine structure of both cell types suggest a proteinaceous nature of their secretions. A single central process extending from the apical face of each secretory cell passes through the common acinar cavity to enter the conducting duct. A pair of intercalary cells at the base of the conducting duct links it with the secretory portion of the gland. Extending towards the acinar cavity, protrusions of intercalary cells alternate the apical regions of the secretory cells and form with them highly‐specialized contacts characterized by the apical network of microtubules and microfilaments. Two possible ways of secretion are suggested: 1) exocytosis into the acinar cavity and 2) direct passage via the central processes. The detection of axon profiles in the gland body suggests a neural control for the glandular cell function. In tritonymphs, neither secretion nor large lateral lobe cells were observed up to the pharate stage when the lateral lobe undergoes rapid differentiation. The arrangement of the acinous gland is compared to that of other arthropods. Its composition appears to be close to the class three of insect glands. The involvement of the lateral lobe cells in silk production is discussed. J. Morphol. 276:772–786, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

管氏肿腿蜂毒液器官超微结构观察

应用透射电镜技术,观察了管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani毒液器官的超微结构.毒腺由基膜层、分泌细胞层、导管细胞层和内膜层构成,分泌细胞内含内质网、末端附器、分泌囊泡、分泌颗粒、液泡等细胞器,其内合成的毒液由末端附器输送至毒腺的腔体.毒囊由肌肉鞘层、上皮细胞层和内膜层组成,肌肉鞘内的肌纤丝规则排列不交错,上皮细胞层内细胞器稀少,内膜层呈波浪状均匀加厚.     

Cytodifferentiation of the adenohypophysis of the domestic fowl

Summary In the chick embryo the first membrane-bound secretory granules occur in the cytoplasm of occasional cells in the cephalic lobe of pars distalis at the 7th day of incubation. On the 8th day most of the cells in both the cephalic and caudal lobes contain secretory granules that are variable in size, form and density.On the 9th day at least two types of glandular cells are distinguishable in the cephalic and in the caudal lobes; however, these cells are not comparable with those of the adult gland. Differentiation of acidophils and basophils occurs, apparently simultaneously, in 11-day embryos.The cells of the cephalic and caudal lobes are morphologically distinct from their first appearance. Thus it is concluded that these two lobes develop independently and differently from an early stage of ontogenesis.The secretory granules are formed in the Golgi area of the hypophysial cells after the 8th day of incubation. However, secretory material may be synthesized also by a process not involving the Golgi apparatus.Nerve fibers containing granules first appear in the superficial layer of the median eminence on the 8th embryonic day and by the 12th day three types of granules and two types of clear vesicles are identifiable.The investigation reported herein was supported by grant from Japan-U.S. Cooperative Science Program of Japan Association for Science Promotion to Professor Mikami and by U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program Grant No. GF-33334 to Professor Farner.     

Immunochemical localization of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cryofixed glandular trichomes of Cannabis (Cannabaceae)

Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) localization in glandular trichomes and bracteal tissues of Cannabis, prepared by high pressure cryofixation-cryosubstitution, was examined with a monoclonal antibody-colloidal gold probe by electron microscopy (EM). The antibody detected THC in the outer wall of disc cells during the presecretory cavity phase of gland development. Upon formation of the secretory cavity, the immunolabel detected THC in the disc cell wall facing the cavity as well as the subcuticular wall and cuticle throughout development of the secretory cavity. THC was detected in the fibrillar matrix associated with the disc cell and with this matrix in the secretory cavity. The antibody identified THC on the surface of secretory vesicles, but not in the secretory vesicles. Gold label also was localized in the anticlinal walls between adjacent disc cells and in the wall of dermal and mesophyll cells of the bract. Grains were absent or detected only occasionally in the cytoplasm of disc or other cells of the bract. No THC was detected in controls. These results indicate THC to be a natural product secreted particularly from disc cells and accumulated in the cell wall, the fibrillar matrix and surface feature of vesicles in the secretory cavity, the subcuticular wall, and the cuticle of glandular trichomes. THC, among other chemicals, accumulated in the cuticle may serve as a plant recognition signal to other organisms in the environment.