小熊猫胃的解剖和组织结构研究

小熊猫的胃属单室腺型胃,它以角切迹为界,可分为胃底部和幽门部两部分。胃壁由粘膜、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜四层组成。四上皮为单层柱状上皮,具有分泌粘液的功能。胃腺有贲门腺、胃底腺、幽门腺三种,但贲门腺不发达。主细胞、壁细胞和粘液细胞的数量与分布呈现规律性变化。肌层发达,特别是内环行肌发达。并与大熊猫胃的结构作了比较。     

小熊猫胃的解剖和组织结构研究

小熊猫的胃属单室腺型胃,它以角切迹为界,可分为胃底部和幽门部两部分.胃壁由粘膜、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜四层组成.四上皮为单层柱状上皮,具有分泌粘液的功能.胃腺有贲门腺、胃底腺、幽门腺三种,但贲门腺不发达.主细胞、壁细胞和粘液细胞的数量与分布呈现规律性变化.肌层发达,特别是内环行肌发达.并与大熊猫胃的结构作了比较.     

成体雌性小熊猫卵巢组织学观察

2000 年至2009 年,12 只固定于10% 福尔马林中非生殖系统疾病死亡的小熊猫卵巢组织,按常规组织学技术制作组织切片,HE 染色,光学显微镜观察。结果:(1)不同发情时期卵巢均有原始卵泡、初级卵泡和次级卵泡分布。发情期的卵巢未观察到典型的成熟卵泡和卵母细胞; (2)原始卵泡数量较少,初级卵泡数量较多,多数初级卵泡和大多数的次级卵泡都处在闭锁状态;(3)卵泡腔出现之前,卵母细胞的直径和卵泡直径同时增长;卵泡腔出现之后,卵母细胞直径增长较慢,卵泡直径增长较快; (4)不同发情时期的小熊猫卵巢均存在大量的间质腺细胞;(5)妊娠小熊猫和发情间期无妊娠小熊猫的卵巢均有发育正常的黄体;(6)卵泡细胞发育呈低柱状至柱状时出现透明带。结论:(1) 卵泡闭锁主要发生在初级卵泡阶段,仅少数卵泡能发育至次级卵泡;(2)卵母细胞和卵泡生长呈双相生长的趋势; (3) 不同发情时期的小熊猫卵巢间质腺都发达; (4)发情排卵后,非妊娠黄体与妊娠黄体维持的时间相似,证实了小熊猫存在假孕现象。     

小熊猫肾脏和输尿管的组织学研究

小熊猫的肾脏呈蚕豆形,表面光滑不分叶,只有1个肾锥体和1个肾盏,无肾盂。肾脏皮质内可见皮质迷路和髓放线。皮质迷路内有近曲小管、远曲小管和肾小体等结构。髓放线内有近端小管直部和远端小管直部。髓质可分为外髓和内髓两个区域。外髓有较多的集合管断面,少量的远端小管直部和细段,较多的直小血管束。内髓部位有大量的细段和乳头管。各种泌尿小管之间有少量的疏松结缔组织构成的间质,间质内有丰富的毛细血管。输尿管横切面呈圆形或卵圆形,管腔呈不规则的裂隙状。管壁由粘膜、肌肉层和外膜组成。并与大熊猫肾脏和输尿管的组织结构作了比较研究。     

棕熊肾脏的解剖学及光电镜观察

本文观察了棕熊肾脏的大体解剖和光、电镜下的组织结构。棕熊的肾脏为分叶肾,每个肾叶为多面锥体形。光镜下H—E染色切片标本可见肾实质有皮质和髓质两部分。皮质可见清晰的皮质迷路和髓放线结构。肾小体可分出血管极和尿极。血管球由毛细血管缠绕形成,外包有肾小囊。近曲小管管腔面可见刷状缘。在透射电镜下可见到摅过屏障由有孔内皮、基膜及足细胞的次级突起构成。电镜下还可看到近曲小管游离面紧密排列的微绒毛和基底面的质膜内褶结构。     

白鱀豚甲状腺及甲状旁腺的初步研究

本文是8头白鱀豚(Lipotes uexillifer)的甲状腺及甲状旁腺的初步研究结果。白鱀豚甲状腺的解剖学和组织学结构与其它海豚相似。其甲状腺滤泡呈圆形或椭圆形,滤泡胶质嗜酸性,滤泡平均直径为106．4微米,滤泡上皮平均高为9．4微米,滤泡旁细胞平均直径为11．0微米。甲状旁腺分布在甲状腺的腹侧面或前、后方,其上皮细胞被结缔组织分隔成团索状。文中并讨论了白鱀豚甲状腺的一些组织形态变化。     

小熊猫的饲养管理

小熊猫 (Ａｉｌｕｒｒｕｓｆｕｌｇｅｎｓ)在动物园的饲养最早是 1 869在年英国伦敦动物园开始的。到 2 0世纪 70年代 ,世界上已有 50 0多家动物园饲养繁殖过小熊猫。国内也有 50多家动物园饲养展出过。虽然有关小熊猫饲养繁殖的文章发表了很多 (丁耀华 1 964 ,汤佛胜 1 978,熊荫芝 1 979,1 980 ,刘荣启 1 979,顾文仪 1 982 ,吕美娟 1 982 ,Ａｎｏｎ .1 960 ,ＲｏｂｅｒｔｓＭ .Ｓ .1 975,1 979,ＧｒｅｙＢ .Ｊ.1 970 ) ,但是系统阐述小熊猫饲养管理的文章在国内还未见报道。笔者从1 993年到 1 998年 ,通过对卧龙自然保护区小熊猫饲养场 2 0…     

圈养小熊猫育幼行为的初步观察

Nursing behaviors of the captive md pandas were quantitatively studied by focal sampling methods in Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from Jldy to August, 2000. The results indicated that frequencies of activity and rest were low in the first three days after birth, and became higher as time went by. The frequency of licking cub was higher in the first day after birth and deserting cub was only observed in the seventh day. Frequencies of some behaviors, such as rest, licking cub, cherishing cub,sniffing cub, returning to shed and deserting cub, differed sioaificantly in different phases of the first month after birth. Frequencies of licking cub, cherishing cub, sniffing cub and returning to shed were significantly higher in the pre-nursing period than in the midnursing and post-nursing periods. However, frequencies of rest and deserting cub were sioaificantly higher in the post-nursing period than in the per-nursing and mid-nursing periods. The degree of maternal behaviors can be inferred from degree that the mother exposes her babies to the envim~unent and the time that the mother leaves her shed.     

版纳鱼螈消化道解剖学和组织学观察

对我国特有珍稀濒危两栖动物版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanicus)的消化道进行解剖和组织学观察.结果表明,版纳鱼螈消化道呈直管状,无盘曲;胃、肠分化明显,肠可分为十二指肠、空肠、大肠和直肠;黏膜上皮食管为复层柱状纤毛上皮,胃后段为单层柱状上皮,直肠为复层扁平上皮,其余均为复层柱状上皮;口咽腔黏膜含大量巨型杯状细胞,有单泡状颌间腺;食道中下段有团泡状食道腺;胃体部含大量单管状胃腺;十二指肠和空肠有单泡状肠腺,绒毛发达;口咽腔的黏膜下层不明显,食道和直肠的黏膜下层为疏松结缔组织,其余均为细密的结缔组织;肌层除口咽腔为骨骼肌外,其余均为内环外纵两层平滑肌,其中,在十二指肠和空肠的两肌层间有细密的结缔组织连接.     

版纳鱼螈泌尿系统解剖学及组织学观察

采用常规解剖学和组织学方法对版纳鱼螈Ichthyophis bannanica的泌尿系统进行研究.结果表明,版纳鱼螈泌尿系统包括中肾、输尿管、膀胱.版纳鱼螈的中肾由肾小体和肾小管组成,无皮质、髓质之分,肾小体主要分布在肾脏背外侧缘,肾小管由颈段、第1近曲小管、第2近曲小管、间段、第1远曲小管、第2远曲小管和集合管组成;输尿管位于两肾外侧缘,其上皮由前端的单层立方上皮过渡到后端的假复层上皮;膀胱为泄殖腔膀胱,内壁具有发达的绒毛,绒毛上皮为变移上皮.     

小熊猫夏秋季的昼夜活动节律

2002年5~11月,在邛崃山系宝兴蜂桶寨自然保护区采用无线电遥测技术对6只野生小熊猫的昼夜活动节律进行了研究。结果表明,小熊猫具有晨昏活动的习性,5~11月的平均活动率为0.5286。小熊猫以白昼活动为主,兼夜间活动,白昼的活动率(0.5903±0.0538)高于夜晚活动率(0.4468±0.0413)。每昼夜有(52.86±9.8)%的时间处于活动状态,其中64.53%的活动时间在白昼,35.47%的活动时间在夜晚。每昼夜有两个活动高峰,分别出现在08∶00~10∶00和17∶30~18∶30。在休息时间的分配上,小熊猫每昼夜长休息平均2.07次,持续时间平均3.75小时;中等长度休息1.56次,持续1.59小时;短休息1.21次,持续0.84小时;长休息有44.06%在白昼,55.94%在夜晚。     

小熊猫妊娠期粪便中孕酮、雌二醇的水平变化

2000年3—8月在成都动物园和成都大熊猫繁育研究基地,用放射免疫分析法测定了6只雌性小熊猫粪样中孕酮（P）和雌二醇（E2）的水平变化,同时对其繁殖行为进行了观察。研究结果表明,交配后的雌体粪样中E2浓度下降至基础水平,P浓度在30d后上升至150ng／g以上;怀孕雌体在妊娠期粪样中P水平在200ng／g以上,P峰值可以达500ng／g以上;假妊娠者粪样中P水平一般不超过150ng／g,P峰值在200ng／g以下;雌体产前半个月孕酮迅速下降,E2缓慢上升,产后P保持在基础水平。这意味着可通过测定粪便中P水平进行早孕诊断、产期预测和真假妊娠判断。根据行为观察和粪样激素分析可知,雌兽妊娠期为123—128d（X=124,N=5）,产仔率为1．8／胎（N=5）。     

Reproduction in Red pandas, Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)

Several aspects were studied of the reproductive biology of the Red panda, Ailurus fulgens , in captivity at the National Zoological Park (NZP), Washington, D.C. over a six-year period. This species exhibits marked mating and birth seasons and produces litters averaging 1·7 with a sex ratio of 17·2 males to one female. Sexual maturity is reached in the second breeding season after birth or when animals are approximately 18 months of age. Growth, development and mortality of young are discussed. This study noted a wide range in observed gestation periods, averaging 131 days, which may be due to one or a combination of factors. Breeding behaviour is briefly noted and compared to that in other, related species. Predictions about reproductive and other life strategies of Red pandas in nature are drawn by fitting captive data into accepted ecological models.     

金雕肾脏的组织学观察

利用生物显微技术观察了金雕Aquila chrysaetos肾脏的组织结构.结果表明,金雕肾实质由许多肾小叶构成,每个肾小叶可分为皮质和髓质两部分.肾单位由一个肾小体和一条与其相连的肾小管构成.肾小体由肾小囊和肾小球组成.肾小管分为近曲小管、髓袢、远曲小管和连接小管.集合管分为小叶周集合小管和髓质集合管两部分.具有发达的极周细胞.     

Behavioral Energetics of Lactation in a Herbivorous Carnivore,the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)

In most mammals, the energetic costs of lactation significantly increase a female's daily energy requirements. Previous research indicates that such energetic costs may be met through changes in increased food consumption ranging from around 35 % to 150 %. In this paper, changes in food intake during lactation are measured in the red panda (Ailurus fulgens), a species of the order Carnivora which possesses a digestive system suited for a carnivorous diet but yet exclusively feeds on bamboo. Four feeding characteristics were studied: duration of feeding bouts, number of bamboo leaves consumed per mouthful, number of bamboo leaves consumed per minute, and interval between mouthfuls of bamboo. In three lactating females, three of four feeding behaviors significantly increased up to 200 % above the rate observed during non-lactation. Males showed no change in feeding behavior during the same reproductive months with identical available foods. Red pandas appear to suffer a more severe energetic cost during lactation (at least with respect to food consumption) than other mammals previously studied. This may relate to their inefficient digestive capacity to process a herbivorous diet of bamboo. The data presented here suggest that general discussions of the relative costs of reproduction and in turn parental investment should include a female's relative digestive efficiency during stressful reproductive periods.     

The current status and future prospects of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) studbook population

Scientifically based captive breeding programs are an essential prerequisite to the long-term preservation of exotic species in zoos. The data provided by studbooks form the foundation on which such a program can be built. In the following paper, information extracted from the International Studbook for the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) is used to provide both demographic and genetic analyses of the current captive-born population and simulations of future trends in population structure. From the results of these analyses, conclusions can be drawn which are of importance to future captive management practice.     

Anatomy and Histology of the Cephalic Arterial Coilings in Hammerhead Sharks (Genus Sphyrna)

Hammerhead sharks (genus Sphyrna) show two large arterial coilings in a posteroventral hollow of the orbitary cavity. The posterior is made up of the hyoid artery which, after giving rise to the stapedial artery, enters the chondrocranium to originate the internal carotid and the cerebral arteries. The efferent pseudobranchial artery forms the anterior coiling, gives rise to the ophthalmic artery, enters the orbitary wall and joins the internal carotid artery. The histological sections of the arterial coilings showed the scarcity of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media as well as an important collagenic and elastic component in the arterial wall. Several venous vessels percolate through the coilings. A large amount of small (mean diameter = 73 μm), spheric corpuscles were observed in the connective tissue around the coilings. These corpuscles were also present in the palate and under the skin of the head of these sharks. They are comprised of spirally-arranged cells around a bundle of collagen fibres. We hypothesize that their association with the coilings could suggest some kind of involvement in detecting pressure changes in the blood supply to the head.