虫瘿挥发物对枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂寄主选择的影响

[目的]为明确枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂Pseudotorymus jaapiellae Yang et Chen对枸杞红瘿蚊Gephyraulus lycantha Jiao&Kolesik诱导产生虫瘿挥发物的选择差异性,解析影响其寄主选择的信息化学物质.[方法]采用Y型嗅觉仪,测定枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂的孕卵雌蜂对受枸杞红瘿蚊为害的幼嫩虫瘿和成熟虫瘿挥发物的行为选择偏好;通过顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析影响该寄生蜂产卵选择的不同发育阶段虫瘿挥发物成分变化与差异.[结果]与枸杞健康花蕾相比,枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂明显趋向于选择受枸杞红瘿蚊为害的虫瘿,尤其是幼嫩虫瘿对孕卵雌蜂具有更显著的吸引作用(P＜0.01),其中有95％的寄生蜂选择幼嫩虫瘿,仅有5％的寄生蜂选择健康花蕾;不同发育阶段虫瘿与健康花蕾的挥发物种类和释放量存在明显差异,幼嫩虫瘿的挥发物种类最多,达61种,成熟虫瘿和健康花蕾分别为52种和54种;酮类和萜类化合物是枸杞花蕾受害后新出现的物质,其中萜类化合物仅存在于幼嫩虫瘿中,酮类化合物随着虫瘿的成熟,其含量逐渐升高.[结论]枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂能够通过对枸杞不同发育阶段受害虫瘿的特异性挥发物进行寄主识别,从而定位寄主,实现对害虫枸杞红瘿蚊的种群调控.     

圆柏大痣小蜂对祁连圆柏挥发物的触角电位和行为反应

圆柏大痣小蜂(Megastigmus sabinae Xu et He)是我国甘肃、青海和西藏等地祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)球果的重要害虫,其危害严重影响了祁连圆柏的种子生产和育苗。为了筛选和鉴定圆柏大痣小蜂寄主定位相关的化学活性物质,利用动态顶空采集法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS,Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer)分析了祁连圆柏不同状态的球果和枝叶共5类挥发物样品成分,采用气相色谱-触角电位联用技术(GC-EAD,Gas Chromatography-Electroantennagram Detection)测定圆柏大痣小蜂对寄主挥发物的触角电位反应,利用Y型嗅觉仪测定圆柏大痣小蜂成虫对几种化学活性物质的行为反应。研究结果表明：5类挥发物中共鉴定到117种化合物,每类样品都含特有的植物挥发性成分,但其主要成分基本相似;有15种化合物能引起圆柏大痣小蜂的触角电位反应;圆柏大痣小蜂对其中的12种挥发物具有明显的趋向行为反应。3种共有成分月桂烯、桧烯和右旋萜二烯均对圆柏大痣小蜂具有吸引作用,一年生未产卵球果挥发物特有成分α...     

枸杞红瘿蚊Jaapiella sp.幼虫

<正>枸杞红瘿蚊隶属于双翅目(Diptera)瘿蚊科(Cecidomyiidae),是危害枸杞的重要害虫,主要以幼虫在枸杞花蕾中取食危害,致使子房畸形形成虫瘿,造成花蕾不能正常开花结实,严重影响枸杞产量。枸杞红瘿蚊分布于我国宁夏、内蒙古和青海等地,以老熟幼虫在土壤中结茧越冬,春季枸     

亚洲玉米螟对玉米果穗挥发物的定向行为反应

为了明确玉米果穗挥发物对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)定向行为的影响,本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、气相色谱-触角电位(GC-EAD)技术以及行为实验测定了亚洲玉米螟对玉米果穗挥发物的电生理及行为反应。结果表明:玉米果穗气味对其未交配雄蛾、雌蛾均具有引诱作用;从中分离出35种化合物,其中(+)-环苜蓿烯含量最高,达到(2391.60±161.34)ng;6种化合物能引起亚洲玉米螟未交配成虫的GC-EAD反应,其中顺-3-己烯-1-醇、(+)-环苜蓿烯、β-石竹烯对未交配雄蛾、雌蛾定向行为具有引诱作用。     

华北大黑鳃金龟对桃树挥发物的电生理反应

【目的】华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita是一种分布范围广,寄主种类多的农业害虫。本研究鉴定了桃树顶空挥发物中对华北大黑鳃金龟雌虫具有触角电生理活性的化合物,并探索桃树挥发物活性成分的剂量对华北大黑鳃金龟雌、雄虫触角电生理反应的影响。【方法】采用顶空吸附法收集桃树枝叶挥发物,用气相色谱 触角电位联用技术(GC-EAD)和气相色谱 质谱联用技术(GC-MS)鉴定有电生理活性的桃树挥发物成分,最后用触角电位(electroantennograph, EAG)技术测试这些挥发物在0.01,0.1, 1, 10和100 μg剂量下引起的华北大黑鳃金龟雌、雄成虫EAG反应。【结果】桃树挥发物中能引起华北大黑鳃金龟雌成虫触角电生理反应的成分有7种,包括Z-β-罗勒烯、顺-3-己烯乙酸酯、顺-3-己烯醇、壬醛、水杨酸甲酯以及2种未知化合物。所测试的对华北大黑鳃金龟雌成虫触角具有电生理活性的5种桃树挥发物成分在各剂量下都能引起雌、雄成虫明显的EAG反应。雌、雄虫对同种物质的EAG反应随着剂量的增加而有增大的趋势,并且雌虫的EAG反应显著高于雄虫。【结论】桃树挥发物中,罗勒烯、顺-3-己烯乙酸酯、顺-3-己烯醇、壬醛、水杨酸甲酯均能引起华北大黑鳃金龟雌、雄成虫的剂量依赖性的触角电生理反应,而且存在显著的性别差异。可利用这些化合物开展行为反应和田间诱集试验,进一步验证其对华北大黑鳃金龟的引诱活性。     

植食性瘿蚊化学通讯中的信息化学物质

植食性瘿蚊是重要的农林害虫,其幼虫危害寄主植物,造成植物细胞分裂或异常分化而产生组织畸形,形成虫瘿。该虫具有成虫体小、寿命极短的特性,成虫羽化后可迅速求偶、交配,并随即寻找寄主植物产卵。在植食性瘿蚊短暂的生活史中要完成种群繁衍,配偶选择和寄主定位起着至关重要的作用,而植食性瘿蚊自身产生的信息素、寄主或非寄主产生的他感化学物质在调节其选择配偶和寄主植物过程中起着关键性的化学通讯作用。本文综述了国内外有关植食性瘿蚊化学通讯中信息化学物质的研究进展,包括植食性瘿蚊性信息素的释放、提取、组分鉴定、行为生测,以及寄主植物挥发物引诱活性物质的鉴定、筛选和对植食性瘿蚊定向和产卵行为的影响等方面,并对植食性瘿蚊信息化学物质的进一步研究和应用前景进行了探讨,以期为利用信息化学物质监测和防治植食性瘿蚊提供参考。     

星天牛不同为害状态下山核桃挥发物成分的GC-EAD和行为反应

【目的】为了挖掘对星天牛Anoplophora chinensis有行为反应的山核桃Juglans mandshurica挥发物。【方法】采用动态顶空套袋吸附法收集不同为害状态[健康(CK)、天牛取食、产卵和钻蛀后]山核桃释放的挥发物,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、气相色谱-触角电位测量系统(GC-EAD)及"Y"型嗅觉仪技术分析鉴定出对星天牛产生电生理及行为反应的挥发物。【结果】GC-EAD反应结果表明:星天牛成虫对不同为害状态下山核桃释放的挥发物中的蒎烯、罗勒烯、对二乙苯、萜品烯、壬醛、α-萜品醇、五甲基苯、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯、2,6-二甲基萘以及正十六烷10种挥发物产生显著的触角电位反应,对其他挥发物无反应,其中蒎烯和罗勒烯的反应较强。嗅觉反应结果表明:蒎烯仅对星天牛雄虫产生显著的引诱作用(P≤0.05),罗勒烯对星天牛雌雄虫产生极显著的引诱作用(P≤0.01);丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯对星天牛雌虫产生显著的驱避作用(P≤0.05),对二乙苯仅对星天牛雄虫产生显极著的驱避作用(P≤0.01),壬醛对星天牛雄虫产生显著的驱避作用(P≤0.05)。【结论】本研究结果表明,罗勒烯对星天牛雌成虫产生较强的引诱作用,而丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯对其雌成虫产生较好的驱避作用;蒎烯和罗勒烯对星天牛雄成虫产生较强的引诱作用,而对二乙苯和壬醛则对其雄成虫产生较好的驱避作用。     

白星花金龟对寄主植物挥发物的电生理反应

[目的]白星花金龟Protaetia brevitarsis是我国经济上重要的农业害虫.本研究拟鉴定苹果、葡萄和玉米3种果实在两种状态(健康与受白星花金龟成虫为害)下的挥发物中能引起白星花金龟雌成虫触角电生理反应的挥发物成分.[方法]采用动态顶空吸附法收集苹果、葡萄和玉米3种果实的挥发物,用气相色谱-触角电位联用技术(...     

亚洲玉米螟雌蛾产卵偏好寄主植物的筛选及对葎草挥发性化学成分的电生理反应

【目的】鉴定亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis雌蛾在寻找产卵寄主时起重要作用的植物挥发性化学物质,以探索亚洲玉米螟和寄主之间的化学通讯机制。【方法】首先利用田间产卵和风洞行为试验,从酸模叶蓼Polygonum lapathifolium、苘麻Abutilon theophrasti、葎草Humulus scandens、玉米Zea mays和稗草Echinochloa crusgalli 5种寄主植物中筛选出亚洲玉米螟雌蛾的产卵偏好寄主;并结合顶空吸附采样法,收集该寄主植物挥发性化学物质;再应用全二维气相色谱与飞行时间质谱联用系统(GC×GC-TOFMS)鉴定植物挥发性物质的化学成分及含量;最后利用气相色谱-触角电位联用仪(GC-EAD)测定亚洲玉米螟雌蛾对提取物中化学成分的触角电位反应。【结果】田间产卵试验结果表明,亚洲玉米螟雌蛾在不同寄主植物上的落卵量依次为玉米酸模叶蓼葎草稗草苘麻。风洞行为试验结果表明,亚洲玉米螟雌蛾对葎草的产卵趋性显著高于其他寄主植物。GC×GCTOFMS结果表明,葎草的植物挥发性化学物质主要成分有45种,其中,萜烯类相对含量高达86.29%,醛类、酮类和酯类相对含量合计仅占15.83%。GC-EAD结果显示,芳樟醇、α-葎草烯、桧烯、月桂烯、2-正戊基呋喃、壬醛、α-法呢烯、反式-罗勒烯和苯甲醛等9种挥发性物质能引起亚洲玉米螟雌蛾明显的电生理反应。【结论】亚洲玉米螟雌蛾对不同产卵寄主的选择具有显著差异性,寄主植物的理化因素是造成选择差异性的主要因素,葎草的植物挥发性化学物质对亚洲玉米螟有较强的吸引作用;芳樟醇、α-葎草烯、桧烯、月桂烯、2-正戊基呋喃、壬醛、α-法呢烯、反式-罗勒烯和苯甲醛9种挥发性化学物质对亚洲玉米螟产卵寄主的选择有重要作用。     

不同危害状态下寄主山核桃挥发物成分的比较及桑天牛对其组分的GC-EAD和行为反应

【目的】挖掘能影响桑天牛Apriona germari行为反应的山核桃Juglans mandshurica挥发物,为筛选桑天牛的植物源引诱剂或驱避剂提供理论依据。【方法】采用动态顶空套袋法收集不同危害状态[健康(CK)以及桑天牛取食、产卵和钻蛀危害]下山核桃释放的挥发物,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、气相色谱-触角电位测量系统(GC-EAD)及Y型嗅觉仪分析鉴定出桑天牛成虫对其产生电生理及行为反应的挥发物。【结果】不同危害状态下山核桃释放的挥发物皆以萜烯类和芳香族化合物居多,且有多种成分相对含量存在显著性差异,其中每种危害状态下山核桃释放的挥发物都有一种或几种特有的成分。桑天牛成虫仅对不同危害状态下山核桃释放的蒎烯、乙酸叶醇酯、壬醛、α-萜品醇、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯及正十六烷6种挥发物产生显著的电生理反应,对其他挥发物无反应,其中雌成虫对壬醛的电生理反应最强,而雄成虫对乙酸叶醇酯的电生理反应最强。嗅觉反应结果显示,丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯仅对桑天牛雌成虫有显著的引诱作用(P0.05),而乙酸叶醇酯则仅对雄成虫有极显著的引诱作用(P0.01);壬醛对桑天牛雌雄成虫均有显著的引诱作用(P0.05),而α-萜品醇则对其有显著的驱避作用(P0.05)。【结论】本研究结果表明,乙酸叶醇酯、壬醛和丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯对桑天牛成虫有较强的引诱作用,而α-萜品醇则对其有较好的驱避作用。     

Pea plant volatiles guide host location behaviour in the pea moth

Identification of plant volatiles that attract mated insect females for oviposition can provide important information about plant–insect relationships that can be used to develop pest control strategies involving manipulation of the female host search. Our study represents a first step towards identifying volatiles that affect the host location behaviour of the pea moth Cydia nigricana. The behaviours of virgin and mated males and females were analysed in cage experiments testing a two-choice situation at close range and in wind tunnel experiments evaluating upwind orientation over a distance. In both experimental setups, flowering pea plants constituted the most attractive phenological stage for mated females, with 58 % landing on such plants in the wind tunnel. Testing headspace extracts of different phenological stages of pea and of detached pea buds and flowers in the wind tunnel, mated females showed the highest landing responses to volatiles during flower development (budding 42 % and flowering 56 %) and from detached buds (46 %) and flowers (66 %). Volatile compounds collected from the various phenological stages of pea were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the antennal responses to these headspace collections were evaluated by gas chromatography–electroantennography. Ten antennally active compounds were identified, nine of which were present in the headspace extracts of the whole pea plants at all tested phenological stages and in detached buds and flowers. Overall, our results demonstrate a clear link between host plant phenology, the corresponding plant odour, and the behaviour of mated C. nigricana females.     

宁夏枸杞对枸杞瘿螨为害的内源激素响应及外源水杨酸对枸杞瘿螨的影响

为探索宁夏枸杞对枸杞瘿螨致瘿过程诱导的激素响应及外源水杨酸对枸杞瘿螨的影响,利用LC-MS/MS技术对枸杞瘿螨为害后宁夏枸杞叶片中水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)、生长素(Auxin)和脱落酸(ABA)4种内源激素进行测定,并通过浸叶法研究外源SA对枸杞瘿螨侵染过程、虫瘿生长和种群增长的影响。结果表明: 枸杞瘿螨的致瘿行为可引发枸杞叶片中多种内源激素产生变化,其中SA和JA的变化最显著,分别是对照组含量的4.0和13.0倍,而Auxin和ABA的变化不显著;外源SA对枸杞瘿螨虫瘿生长有显著抑制作用,且随时间的延长,抑制作用增强,同时虫瘿内瘿螨种群数量受到显著抑制。枸杞瘿螨能够同时诱导枸杞产生SA和JA抗性,外源SA对枸杞瘿螨虫瘿生长和瘿螨种群数量均具有显著抑制作用,利用外源SA防治枸杞瘿螨具有一定的应用前景。     

宁夏枸杞根际土壤线虫群落特征

宁夏枸杞具有很高的药用价值和营养价值,在宁夏大面积种植,带来了巨大的经济效益.研究不同条件下宁夏枸杞根际土壤线虫群落特征,对防止枸杞园土壤退化具有重要意义.以宁夏枸杞之乡——中宁为研究区,系统分析了季节、树龄和土层对枸杞根际土壤线虫数量和生态指数的影响.结果表明: 夏季宁夏枸杞根际土壤线虫数量最多,小杆属和拟丽突属为优势属;春季线虫数量最少,小杆属、针属和盘旋属为优势属;从春季到秋季,线虫稀有属种类和个体密度逐渐减少.随着树龄的增加,夏季根际土壤线虫总数逐渐减少;春季和秋季枸杞根际线虫总数先增加后减少,其中9年树龄根际土壤线虫总数最多.各树龄根际均为食细菌线虫所占比例最大,食真菌线虫和捕食-杂食类线虫比例很小,树龄<3年和>9年时植物寄生线虫比例相对较大.夏季枸杞根际20～40 cm比0～20 cm土壤线虫数量增加49.4%.随着树龄的增加,枸杞根际土壤线虫多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数均呈减小-增大-减小的趋势,而优势度指数先减小后增大.土壤pH值与土壤线虫优势度指数呈显著正相关;土壤有机质和速效磷与植物寄生线虫分别呈显著正相关和负相关;土壤碱解氮与线虫总数呈显著正相关;速效钾与线虫多个生态指数均呈显著负相关.整体上,随着树龄的增加,春季和秋季土壤线虫数量先增加后减少,夏季土壤线虫数量呈逐渐减少的趋势;线虫多样性下降,土壤逐渐退化.此外,在幼林和树龄>9年后需要抑制土壤植物寄生线虫的繁殖,以减少后期因线虫引起的病害.     

Identification of Components of the Oviposition Aggregation Pheromone of the Gregarious Desert Locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal)

Acetophenone and veratrole have been identified as two major behaviourally active components of the oviposition aggregation pheromone of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. These compounds were identified from the volatiles of egg pod froth using gas chromatography-electroantennographic (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Both compounds were shown to elicit aggregation of gravid females in oviposition bioassays; however, they do not act synergistically. Both acetophenone and veratrole individually at optimum doses induced about 70% egg laying, a value similar to that evoked with froth volatiles.     

Volatiles released from foliar extract of host plant enhance landing rates of gravid Polygonia c‐album females,but do not stimulate oviposition

The role of olfactory cues for host search is much less investigated in day‐active butterflies than in their relatives, the nocturnal moths. The goal of this study was to investigate whether host‐plant volatiles from foliar extracts of hop, Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae), evoke electroantennographic (EAG) responses, increase landing rates, and stimulate egg‐laying behavior of gravid Polygonia c‐album L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) females. Eighty‐nine volatile compounds were detected in a non‐concentrated methanol extract of hop by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, 11 of which elicited an EAG response. Concentration of the crude extract significantly reduced landing rates on artificial leaves treated with the sample due to loss of volatile compounds, but after landing the oviposition response of gravid females was not affected. A mixture of eight commercially available EAG‐active volatiles increased the landing rate of gravid females to their source but did not act as oviposition stimulants. Dividing the volatile compounds into two groups – consisting of (1) hexanal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, octanal, nonanal, and decanal, and (2) sulcatone, humulene, and benzyl alcohol – obliterated effectiveness, revealing synergism between compounds. Although volatiles did not stimulate oviposition, they significantly contributed to the distribution of eggs by increasing the landing rates on treated artificial leaves.     

Comparison between a native and exotic adelgid as hosts for Laricobius rubidus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)

Laricobius rubidus LeConte, native to eastern North America whose primary host is Pineus strobi Hartig, has been observed in association with Adelges tsugae, an exotic and lethal pest of hemlock trees in eastern North America. Pineus strobi and A. tsugae were used to evaluate host preference and suitability of this predatory beetle to determine in part its suitability as a potential biological control agent of A. tsugae. In a paired-choice oviposition test, L. rubidus preferred to oviposit in P. strobi ovisacs over those of A. tsugae. However, in the no-choice oviposition test, there was no significant difference in the mean number of eggs laid by L. rubidus females in P. strobi or A. tsugae ovisacs. There were no significant differences in larval developmental time or survivorship for L. rubidus reared on a diet of either P. strobi or A. tsugae. Laricobius rubidus completed development to the adult stage on A. tsugae indicating that it is a suitable host and therefore has the potential to contribute to biological control of A. tsugae in the eastern United States. The introduction of a congener, Laricobius nigrinus to eastern North America may result in competition with L. rubidus on A. tsugae, but the inability of L. nigrinus to complete development on P. strobi suggests that the two congeners will not compete on the primary host of L. rubidus.     

“秕谷草-伪褐飞虱-中华淡翅盲蝽”载体植物系统的可行性

为明确用于防治稻飞虱的“秕谷草-伪褐飞虱-中华淡翅盲蝽”载体植物系统的可行性,本文开展了靶标作物水稻、载体植物秕谷草和靶标害虫褐飞虱、替代猎物伪褐飞虱组合对中华淡翅盲蝽成虫形态、种群增长参数、产卵选择性和取食选择性的影响研究.结果表明: 中华淡翅盲蝽水稻种群(取食褐飞虱卵)的雌雄成虫个体均显著大于秕谷草种群(取食伪褐飞虱卵).取食褐飞虱卵的中华淡翅盲蝽种群增长参数单雌产卵量、净增长率、内禀增长率、周限增长率明显高于取食伪褐飞虱卵的种群,但取食伪褐飞虱卵也有较高的种群增长能力,足以扩繁种群.对于靶标作物水稻和载体植物秕谷草,无论是水稻种群还是秕谷草种群均偏好在水稻上产卵.同时,2个种群的雌虫、雄虫和若虫对褐飞虱卵和伪褐飞虱卵捕食量没有显著性差异.在上述研究基础上,讨论了在田间建立“秕谷草-伪褐飞虱-中华淡翅盲蝽”载体植物系统的可行性.     

Development of a synthetic plant volatile-based attracticide for female noctuid moths. I. Potential sources of volatiles attractive to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

This paper is the first of a series which will describe the development of a synthetic plant volatile-based attracticide for noctuid moths. It discusses potential sources of volatiles attractive to the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), and an approach to the combination of these volatiles in synthetic blends. We screened a number of known host and non-host (for larval development) plants for attractiveness to unmated male and female moths of this species, using a two-choice olfactometer system. Out of 38 plants tested, 33 were significantly attractive to both sexes. There was a strong correlation between attractiveness of plants to males and females. The Australian natives, Angophora floribunda and several Eucalyptu s species were the most attractive plants. These plants have not been recorded either as larval or oviposition hosts of Helicoverpa spp., suggesting that attraction in the olfactometer might have been as nectar foraging rather than as oviposition sources. To identify potential compounds that might be useful in developing moth attractants, especially for females, collections of volatiles were made from plants that were attractive to moths in the olfactometer. Green leaf volatiles, floral volatiles, aromatic compounds, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were found. We propose an approach to developing synthetic attractants, here termed 'super-blending', in which compounds from all these classes, which are in common between attractive plants, might be combined in blends which do not mimic any particular attractive plant.     

蚊虫搜寻吸血寄主和产卵行为的调节因子及相关嗅觉机理

嗅觉在蚊虫的吸血寄主搜寻、产卵和糖源搜寻行为中起决定作用,而在交配行为中的作用并不清楚。本文系统全面地综述了近20年来蚊虫化学生态学和嗅觉识别的分子机理的研究。蚊虫的触角、下颚须和口喙上的嗅觉感器感觉环境中释放的各种挥发性化合物。气味分子与嗅觉气味结合蛋白和气味受体的结合所启动的一系列生化反应产生神经动作电位。蚊虫嗅觉神经元编码气味中化合物的组成、浓度及其暂时瞬间的浓度变化和空间分布。吸血前后神经元的活性在数量和质量上有变化,反映了蚊虫在搜寻吸血寄主和产卵行为上的调节。在吸血寄主搜寻中,人体和动物释放的二氧化碳、乳酸以及其他气味协同引诱蚊虫向目标气味源定向飞行,最后找到吸血寄主。而成熟产卵雌蚊是利用产卵场所释放的腐烂气味寻找适宜的产卵场所,一些蚊虫卵、幼虫或蛹分泌的产卵信息素引诱和刺激雌蚊产卵,并与产卵生境气味起协同作用。植物气味尤其是花香味引诱蚊虫找到蜜源。驱避剂也是直接或间接通过嗅觉起作用,一些驱蚊剂由于阻断嗅觉反应而抑制蚊虫的定向飞行。从植物、动物或人体以及产卵场所释放的气味中有望找到有效的引诱和驱避化合物。对蚊虫嗅觉识别机理的认识将使我们开发出有效的蚊虫诱捕技术,进而应用于种群监测和控制。     

盐胁迫下解钾菌对枸杞幼苗的促生效应

以‘宁杞1号’枸杞为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,研究不添加NaCl和菌剂(CK)、100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫(NaCl)、100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下添加解钾菌KSBGY01单菌液(NaCl-M1)、KSBGY02单菌液(NaCl-M2)及其混合菌液(NaCl-M3)对枸杞幼苗叶片叶绿素、多酚、超氧阴离子(O₂^-·)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和可溶性糖含量、抗氧化物酶和蔗糖代谢酶活性的影响,以探索解钾菌对盐胁迫下枸杞生理生化特性的影响。结果表明: 盐胁迫下解钾菌能够提高枸杞叶片类黄酮(FLAV)、荧光激发比花青素相对指数(FERARI)、花青素(ANTH-RB)和氮素平衡指数(NBI-G),降低O₂^-·和H₂O₂含量,增加可溶性糖含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和转化酶(INV)活性。不同处理间比较,NaCl-M2处理中枸杞叶片ANTH-RB值、NBI-G值、可溶性糖含量及CAT、SPS、SS和INV活性最高;NaCl-M3处理中枸杞叶片叶绿素含量、FLAV和FERARI值最高;NaCl-M1处理中枸杞叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性最高;不添加解钾菌的NaCl处理中枸杞叶片谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性最高;CK处理中枸杞叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性最高。对枸杞幼苗14项生理生化指标进行灰色系统关联度分析表明,盐胁迫条件下添加解钾菌处理的枸杞生理生化指标加权关联度均高于CK和NaCl处理,其中NaCl-M2处理的加权关联度最高。因此,添加KSBGY02单菌液更有利于缓解盐胁迫对枸杞幼苗的影响。