外源茉莉酸及枸杞瘿螨危害诱导的枸杞防御反应

利用植物的诱导抗性防治病虫害越来越受重视, 为寻求枸杞害虫防治的新方法, 探索外源茉莉酸对枸杞的诱导反应及机制, 本研究测定了外源茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA)及枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Keifer危害对枸杞叶蛋白酶抑制剂(protease inhibitors, PIs)、 超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）、 苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL）活性及多糖（polysaccharide）、 木质素（xylogen）含量的变化。结果表明： 外源JA处理或枸杞瘿螨危害均使枸杞叶PIs, SOD和PAL活性及木质素含量显著提高, 却使多糖含量显著降低。胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂（chymotrypsin inhibitors, CI)和胰蛋白酶抑制剂(trypsin inhibitor, TI)在喷洒JA或枸杞瘿螨危害的第5 天增幅最大, 且在JA浓度、 瘿螨危害间差异显著(P<0.05), 其中, 0.1 mmol/L JA处理使CI增加了96%, TI增加了128%, 枸杞瘿螨危害使CI增加了94%, TI增加了122%。枸杞叶多糖含量在JA处理或瘿螨危害后显著降低(P<0.05), 且与JA浓度有关, 浓度越高, 降低越明显。 JA或瘿螨危害使枸杞叶木质素增加的最大值出现在处理后的第5 天, 高浓度JA、 瘿螨危害及低浓度JA分别使其增加了70%, 41%和36%, 三者之间差异显著(P<0.05), 第10 天增加幅度减低。 3种处理同样使SOD和PAL活性显著增加(P<0.05), 第5天时增幅最大, 高浓度JA 处理使枸杞叶SOD活性由对照的70.77 U增加到128.98 U, PAL活性由10.91 U增加到20.59 U, 第10天时呈现下降趋势。这些与抗性有关物质的变化及其变化趋势, 说明外源茉莉酸及枸杞瘿螨均可诱导枸杞产生防御反应, 而且反应的程度与茉莉酸浓度及处理后的时间有关。     

枸杞瘿螨Aceri macrodonis Keifer虫瘿及若螨

<正>枸杞瘿螨隶属于蜱螨目(Acarina)瘿螨科(Eriophyidae),是危害枸杞的重要害虫,主要取食叶片、花蕾等,在叶面形成虫瘿、造成落叶或不能正常开花结果,严重影响树木生长和枸杞产量。枸杞瘿螨在我国宁夏、内蒙古、甘肃、青海、新疆、陕西、山西等地均有分布,以成螨在树皮缝和芽缝内越冬,春季出蛰后钻入叶片内取食、形成虫瘿并在其中产卵;若螨在虫瘿内危害,虫瘿从初期的绿色逐渐变为褐色或黑痣状,影响叶片光合作用。     

水杨酸对高温胁迫下半夏幼苗内源激素含量的影响

以半夏37℃高温倒苗过程中的叶片和块茎为材料,考察了不同浓度外源水杨酸(SA)处理的倒苗率,采用ELISA方法研究了0.5 mmol/L外源SA对半夏叶片和块茎中内源激素GA3、IAA、ABA、ZR和JA含量的影响.结果表明:随着高温胁迫时间的延长,半夏出现倒苗现象,并以0.5 mmol/L的SA处理后半夏倒苗率最低.倒苗过程中叶片和块茎中GA3、IAA、ZR含量逐渐下降.而ABA和JA含量显著上升.0.5 mmol/L SA处理条件下叶片中生长促进类激素GA3、IAA、ZR含量高于同期对照,生长抑制类激素ABA和JA含量低于同期对照;块茎中ABA、IAA和JA的含量低于同期对照.GA变化不明显,而ZR处理前期低于对照,后期高于对照.可见,一定浓度的外源SA可通过改变高温胁迫下半夏内源激素水平来促进其生长,延缓其倒苗.     

枸杞木虱成虫携带瘿螨越冬

多年来一直认为枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Kefer以成螨在树皮缝和芽缝内越冬,我们在宁夏中宁最新调查发现,大量瘿螨若螨潜伏于枸杞木虱越冬成虫体壁缝隙,尤其以后足基节与腹部缝隙最多。初步调查结果显示,越冬枸杞木虱Poratrioza sinica Yang et Li成虫雌性和雄性成虫均携带瘿螨成螨和若螨,平均2~3头,最多的可达30头。如果枸杞瘿螨随枸杞木虱越冬成虫越冬成为主要途径,那么对枸杞木虱越冬成虫的防治将成为控制枸杞瘿螨危害的重要防治策略和技术手段。     

枸杞瘿螨姬小蜂的生物学特性

枸杞瘿螨姬小蜂Cirrospilus eniophyesiYang(新种)是枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallidaKeifer的重要天敌,以幼虫在虫瘿内取食枸杞瘿螨的成虫和若虫。在(25±1)℃下,该蜂完成1个世代需16~21d。成虫寿命及产卵量与补充营养有关,取食10%蜂蜜水的雌虫寿命为(6.94±0.67)d,雄虫为(5.14±0.49)d。不进行补充营养的雌雄成虫寿命分别为(1.96±0.27)d和(1.06±0.29)d;补充10%蜂蜜水和水可显著提高产卵量,每雌平均产卵量分别为(29.13±6.12)粒和(23.14±3.16)粒,产卵高峰期在羽化后的第2天。成虫羽化时间多集中在6:00~8:00am和4:00~6:00pm,羽化当天即可交尾。枸杞瘿螨姬小蜂自然种群消长与寄主虫口密度相关,在6月底7月初寄生率达到83.3%。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导抗性与敏感稗草对二氯喹啉酸抗性的差异及机理

以遗传背景一致的抗二氯喹啉酸型和敏感型稗草为供试材料,分析了经外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)预处理后,稗草种群间应对二氯喹啉酸胁迫的抗性水平及4种内源激素含量的变化。结果表明: 外源MeJA处理可显著提高抗性稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性,而对敏感稗草的抗性影响不显著。供试稗草间植株体内生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)的含量及其变化幅度存在显著差异。二氯喹啉酸处理显著增加了稗草ABA、SA和JA的含量,且敏感稗草ABA和JA含量升高幅度明显高于抗性稗草;外源MeJA预处理能显著增强二氯喹啉酸对稗草ABA和JA含量的诱导,且敏感稗草变化幅度较大。表明敏感稗草较快的激素变化不利于其应对除草剂胁迫,抗性稗草相对平缓的激素变化赋予了其对除草剂的适应性,且MeJA处理增强了其对二氯喹啉酸的抗性。稗草植株体内ABA和JA激素信号在其抵抗二氯喹啉酸胁迫过程中可能发挥重要的生物学功能。     

虫瘿挥发物对枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂寄主选择的影响

[目的]为明确枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂Pseudotorymus jaapiellae Yang et Chen对枸杞红瘿蚊Gephyraulus lycantha Jiao&Kolesik诱导产生虫瘿挥发物的选择差异性,解析影响其寄主选择的信息化学物质.[方法]采用Y型嗅觉仪,测定枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂的孕卵雌蜂对受枸杞红瘿蚊为害的幼嫩虫瘿和成熟虫瘿挥发物的行为选择偏好;通过顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析影响该寄生蜂产卵选择的不同发育阶段虫瘿挥发物成分变化与差异.[结果]与枸杞健康花蕾相比,枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂明显趋向于选择受枸杞红瘿蚊为害的虫瘿,尤其是幼嫩虫瘿对孕卵雌蜂具有更显著的吸引作用(P＜0.01),其中有95％的寄生蜂选择幼嫩虫瘿,仅有5％的寄生蜂选择健康花蕾;不同发育阶段虫瘿与健康花蕾的挥发物种类和释放量存在明显差异,幼嫩虫瘿的挥发物种类最多,达61种,成熟虫瘿和健康花蕾分别为52种和54种;酮类和萜类化合物是枸杞花蕾受害后新出现的物质,其中萜类化合物仅存在于幼嫩虫瘿中,酮类化合物随着虫瘿的成熟,其含量逐渐升高.[结论]枸杞红瘿蚊拟长尾小蜂能够通过对枸杞不同发育阶段受害虫瘿的特异性挥发物进行寄主识别,从而定位寄主,实现对害虫枸杞红瘿蚊的种群调控.     

巴氏新小绥螨对同一栖息地枸杞瘿螨的捕食功能反应

枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Keifer（Acari: Eriophyoidae）是枸杞上为害最严重的有害生物之一。近期在内蒙古地区发现植绥螨巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes（Acari: Phytoseiidae）与枸杞瘿螨可同时发生在野生枸杞上。为评价巴氏新小绥螨对枸杞瘿螨的捕食潜力,本研究在室内25±1℃、RH 65%±10%、16 L∶8 D的条件下,研究了巴氏新小绥螨对不同密度枸杞瘿螨成螨（30、50、70、90、110、130、150、170头）的捕食功能反应及搜寻效应。结果表明,巴氏新小绥螨的雌、雄成螨对枸杞瘿螨成螨的捕食功能反应均为Holling-II型,即巴氏新小绥螨雌、雄成螨的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增加,一直到猎物密度较高时趋于稳定;而巴氏新小绥螨雌、雄成螨的搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对相同密度下的枸杞瘿螨成螨的捕食量均高于雄成螨,而且雌成螨的搜寻效应也强于雄成螨。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨的攻击率（α=4.4121）高于雄成螨（α=2.4403）,而雌成螨的处理时间（Th =0.0094 d）短于雄成螨（Th=0.0196 d）;雌、雄成螨的理论最大日捕食量（T/Th）分别为106.61头和51.02头。研究结果显示巴氏新小绥螨对枸杞瘿螨有较好的捕食潜力,性别对巴氏新小绥螨捕食枸杞瘿螨的功能反应有显著影响。     

致瘿昆虫对寄主植物生理和代谢的影响

虫瘿是致瘿昆虫刺激植物后诱导形成的畸形结构,是研究植物与昆虫协同进化的理想材料,同时致瘿昆虫通常还是重要的农林害虫。因此,研究致瘿昆虫对寄主植物的影响,一方面可进一步揭示致瘿昆虫与植物的关系,有助于揭示成瘿植物生长的一般过程;另一方面,了解成瘿植物对致瘿昆虫的响应有助于筛选植物抗性指标、抗性基因、敏感基因等,为抗性育种提供理论基础。本文主要围绕致瘿昆虫对寄主植物光合作用、生理和代谢活动的影响等进行了综述。致瘿昆虫普遍引起寄主植物光合色素减少、光合速率降低,虫瘿内部组织中糖类、氨基酸类等初生代谢物质含量增加,虫瘿外部组织中酚类、黄酮类等非挥发性和萜类为主的挥发性次生代谢物质含量增加,寄主植物POD和SOD等保护酶活性增强,以及IAA, SA和JA等植物激素含量提高。现有研究资料显示,致瘿昆虫对寄主植物生理和代谢影响的研究仍处于初级阶段,其影响机制还需要进一步研究。     

枸杞刺皮瘿螨两种型的识别

<正> 宁夏枸杞是我国驰名中外的珍贵中药材,现栽培面积仍在继续扩大。近年来枸杞刺皮瘿螨Aculops lycii Kuang猖獗发生,被害叶片轻者呈现不同程度的锈色,叶质变脆;严重的会出     

Gibberellic acid is selectively downregulated in response to aphid-induced gall formation

The fluid-feeding aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell) induces horned galls on its primary host, the Chinese Sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill). Horned galls are harvested for their high content of tannins, and used in a range of medical and chemical applications. Gall development is a complex and highly controlled physiological process, where the growing insect population manipulates the plant developmental programs that allow the transformation of plant tissue into a gall. In this study, we examine whether Schlechtendalia alters the balance of plant hormones in the host tree as a means to achieve gall formation. For this, we measured concentrations for a series of endogenous hormones, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ETH). Specifically, we conducted a time course (namely, 30, 85, 100, 115, 125, 140, 155, and 170 days from gall initiation) analysis, where we measured both gall and leaf samples representing different developmental stages that spanned an entire growing season. To correlate these hormone data with developmental parameters during gall growth, we determined gall volume, tannin content, and aphid population size for the same time points. Interestingly, tannin production rose steeply in the early stages of gall development, while the aphid population size grew little. After this single peak (day 100), tannin concentrations declined moderately and aphid population size increased from then on. This switch in population growth was accompanied by notable changes in plant hormone titers. In general, all hormones but GA were elevated in all sample types isolated from the host tree (gall, leaves near and distant from gall) when compared with samples from an uninfected tree. Most of the elevated hormones showed similar changes over time; however, GA appeared to display the opposite behavior in all samples, suggesting that GA is a key target for controlling gall growth. When tannin concentrations spiked, GA levels peaked as well, while the remaining plant hormones exhibited a decline at that time. Principle component analysis revealed distinct functional groups in our hormone cohort. This yielded three groups comprising (1) CTK, ABA, ETH, and JA, (2) IAA and SA, (3) GA. The fact that GA comprised its own group and exhibited a unique profile during gall development prompted us to examine whether exogenous GA would alter the rate of gall growth. Indeed, we found that ectopic GA significantly accelerated gall growth, and more strongly than all other hormones, consistent with the notion that controlling GA levels within the gall is crucial for stimulating gall development. We propose a model, whereby the host plant downregulates GA concentrations in an attempt to throttle gall growth, while the gall-inducing aphid population counters these attempts.     

枸杞红瘿蚊对寄主植物挥发物的电生理和行为反应

植物挥发物是植食性昆虫定位寄主的重要信息物质。枸杞红瘿蚊是宁夏枸杞的主要成灾害虫,野外发现其雌虫对枸杞幼嫩花蕾具有更强的产卵趋性。为明确枸杞红瘿蚊对枸杞不同阶段花蕾挥发物的选择差异性,解析吸引其选择产卵的关键信息化学物质,采用顶空固相微萃取法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),系统研究枸杞幼嫩花蕾和成熟花蕾挥发物的成分差异,选择幼嫩花蕾挥发物中的特有成分及其与成熟花蕾挥发物共有成分共8种作为候选挥发物;通过气相色谱-触角电位联用仪(GC-EAD)和Y型嗅觉仪,测定枸杞红瘿蚊对上述挥发物的电生理和行为反应,筛选关键活性挥发物。结果显示: 枸杞幼嫩花蕾和成熟花蕾挥发物的种类和释放量存在明显差异;8种化合物能激发枸杞红瘿蚊产生持续触角电生理反应,其中,有5种[3-蒈烯、莰烯、萜品油烯、d-柠檬烯和(+)-α-蒎烯]能刺激枸杞红瘿蚊产生显著趋向或躲避行为。利用枸杞挥发物设计枸杞红瘿蚊引诱剂或忌避剂,可为田间安全防控红瘿蚊提供新的途径。     

Plant-mediated competition facilitates a phoretic association between a gall mite and a psyllid vector

Phoretic associations between mites and insects commonly occur in patchy and ephemeral habitats. As plants provide stable habitats for herbivores, herbivorous mites are rarely dependent on other animals for phoretic dispersal. However, a phoretic gall mite, Aceria pallida, which is found on plants, seasonally attaches to a herbivorous insect, Bactericera gobica, for overwintering survival. After detachment, the gall mite shares a habitat with its vector and is likely to compete with this vector for plant resources. However, excessive competition works against the sustainability of the seasonal phoretic association. How the gall mite, as an obligate phoretic mite, balances this relationship with its vector during the growing season to achieve phoresy is unknown. Here, the plant-mediated interspecific interaction between the gall mite and the psyllid after detachment was studied in the laboratory and field. The laboratory results showed that infestation by the gall mite had detrimental effects on the survival and development of psyllid nymphs. Meanwhile, the mite population and the gall size were also adversely affected. The results from the field showed that the mean densities of the mite galls and psyllids were lower in the mixed-species infestation treatment than in the single-species infestation treatment across the investigation period. However, the interspecific interaction between the gall mite and the psyllid decreased rather than accelerated leaf abscission caused by the psyllid, which promoted the persistence of the psyllid population and then indirectly contributed to phoretic association. Our results suggest that the plant-mediated competition between the phoretic gall mite and its vector after detachment facilitates the maintenance of the phoretic association.     

Biochemical characterization of enoyl reductase involved in Type II fatty acid synthesis in the intestinal coccidium Eimeria tenella (Phylum Apicomplexa)

Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causative agent of witches' broom disease in Theobroma cacao. Exogenously provided abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) promoted mycelial growth, suggesting the ability of the pathogen to metabolize plant hormones. ABA, IAA, JA, and SA were found endogenously in the mycelium and in the fruiting body of the pathogen. The pathogen contained high amounts of SA in the mycelium (0.5+/-0.04 microg g(-1) DW) and IAA (2+/-0.6 microg g(-1) DW) in the basidiocarps. Growth of the mycelium in the presence of host leaves for 10 days did not affect ABA or JA content of the leaves but IAA and SA increased 2.5- and 11-fold, respectively. The amounts of IAA and SA in infected leaves increased beyond the levels of the uninfected leaves and suggest a synergistic response to host-pathogen interaction. The ability of M. perniciosa to produce and sustain growth in the presence of elevated endogenous IAA and SA levels during colonization indicates that these phytohormones contribute to its pathogenicity.     

朱砂叶螨刺吸胁迫对玉米防御信号分子的诱导作用

【目的】探明朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus持续为害对玉米Zea mays叶片内茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)、水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)、乙烯(ethylene,ET)、一氧化氮(nitricoxide,NO)、脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)和过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)6个防御信号分子的诱导作用。【方法】室内人工接螨(10,20和30头/叶),采用分光光度法(SP)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和酶联免疫法(ELISA),测定了朱砂叶螨持续为害0,24,48,72和96 h后,玉米幼苗叶片内6个信号分子的含量。【结果】朱砂叶螨持续刺吸为害玉米幼苗叶片后,JA,ABA和H2O23个信号分子含量在叶螨刺吸为害24 h内迅速上升,在24 h时达高峰值,叶螨密度为30头/叶时其含量分别为同期未接螨对照的4.13,3.84和3.20倍,24-48 h内迅速下降;此后,ABA和H2O2含量维持在较低水平,而JA含量在48-96 h内又上升至次高峰值。NO含量则在24-48 h内上升较快,48 h时达最高,叶螨密度为30头/叶时其含量为同期未接螨对照的5.09倍。SA和ET含量在96 h内均随刺吸时间的延长而增大,96 h时最高,叶螨密度为30头/叶时其含量分别为同期未接螨对照的5.17和2.99倍。叶螨密度为30头/叶时,6个信号分子含量均显著高于同期未接螨对照(P0.05)。【结论】朱砂叶螨为害对玉米叶片内JA,SA,ET,NO,ABA和H2O2均具有诱导作用,且6个信号分子在叶螨持续为害玉米叶片后循序被诱导。     

Herbivore and phytohormone induced defensive response in kale against cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linn

The constitutive and induced resistance were studied in two varieties (Khanyari and Kawdari) of kale, Brassica oleracea var. acephala in response to cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae infestation and exogenous application of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Phenols, condensed tannins, flavonoids and proteins were measured at six days after JA (1?mM) and SA (1?mM) application and/or insect infestation. Plant damage and larval weights were also recorded. Khanyari variety showed highest amounts of phenols (208.23?μg/g FW), condensed tannin (347.76?μg/g FW), flavonoids (175.61?μg/g FW) and proteins (0.71?mg/g FW) in plants pre-treated with JA and infested with insects. The PAL activity was high in response to JA application followed by insect infestation. Insects reared on Khanyari and Kawdari plants pre-treated with JA prior showed significantly reduced larval weights (97.88 and 102.46?mg, respectively). Damage was low in plants pre-treated with JA in Khanyari at 3, 6 and 9?days after treatment (10.52%, 8.52%, and 5.30%, respectively). Thus, JA can play an important role in plant defense in kale against P. brassicae.