几种人体气味物质对淡色库蚊雌成虫的引诱和驱避作用

该文采用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了丙酮、氨水、癸二酸、正庚酸、环己烷羧酸和肉豆蔻酸等 6种人体气味物质对淡色库蚊雌成虫的引诱和驱避作用。试验结果表明 ,与对照相比 ,6种人体气味物质中 ,仅0 1mg L正庚酸和 1 0mg L丙酮 +1 0mg L氨水对淡色库蚊雌成虫具明显的引诱作用。而 1 0mg L丙酮+1 0 0 0 0mg L氨水和 1 0mg L丙酮 +1 0 0 0mg L氨水则对淡色库蚊雌成虫有明显的驱避作用。其它化合物或处理浓度则对淡色库蚊雌成虫无明显的引诱或驱避作用。     

蚊虫的吸血行为

蚊虫属于双翅目、蚊科。其中按蚊亚科和库蚊亚科中的吸血种类,因骚扰、叮咬吸血,传播疾病,与人类健康有密切关系。蚊虫的吸血行为是复杂的,是在中枢神经系统统一支配和内分泌系统参与调节下共同完成的,是一种对寄主刺激产生反应的结果。其过程包括: 1.发觉寄主(detecting host)发觉并通过飞行和爬行趋向寄主是吸血行为的第一步。蚊虫对靶目标的准确发觉、定向,一方面凭借视觉讯号的引导或依靠寄主体向上蒸腾的暖湿气流的引导,另一方面,由远距离寄主散发的嗅觉刺激物所诱导。白天活动的蚊虫,对某些颜色或     

桔小实蝇雌成虫对寄主挥发物β-石竹烯的行为反应

寄主植物挥发性化合物往往对昆虫产卵场所的选择具有重要的影响,为了明确桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis众多寄主中是否存在特定的挥发物能够引诱桔小实蝇雌成虫产卵,本研究对桔小实蝇3种寄主(番石榴、橙子和芒果)果实的挥发物进行了鉴定,并测试了相关挥发物对桔小实蝇产卵行为的影响.研究结果表明3种寄主果实均能引诱桔小实蝇产卵并且β-石竹烯是3种寄主果实中共有的挥发物;Y型嗅觉仪和四臂嗅觉仪测试均表明低浓度β-石竹烯(9 μg/mL)对桔小实蝇雌成虫具有引诱作用,但高浓度β-石竹烯对桔小实蝇没有引诱作用;增加寄主番石榴果实中β-石竹烯的含量也会显著降低果实对雌虫产卵的诱集效果.本研究证实了特定浓度的β-石竹烯在桔小实蝇产卵行为中的作用,为开发该虫防治中的推拉策略提供了一种思路.     

几种驱避化合物对白纹伊蚊寄主搜寻能力的影响

研究了白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus在含不同浓度的驱避化合物的空间内停留不同时间后,对其寄主搜寻能力的影响。结果显示：在密闭空间中, 分别以0.013～0.500 μg/cm³浓度的柠檬醛、丁香酚、芳樟醇、香叶醇、茴香醛处理白纹伊蚊24～96 h后,试蚊均出现不同程度的定向寄主抑制,其中以茴香醛及香叶醇抑制效果最佳,但香茅醛各处理组试蚊均未受到影响。白纹伊蚊搜寻定向寄主能力受到抑制的个体,在实验室正常饲养后,可逐渐恢复;但茴香醛0.250 μg/cm³处理试虫96 h后,一直未能恢复正常的吸血行为。研究结果提示,茴香醛与香叶醇作为优良的空间驱避剂,在白纹伊蚊防控技术领域可发挥重要作用。     

蚊虫嗅觉识别的神经机制

蚊虫主要依赖嗅觉系统与外界环境进行化学信息交流。蚊虫通过嗅觉感受系统寻找食物、 配偶和产卵场所, 进而做出相应的行为反应。本文综述了近年来蚊虫嗅觉系统对气味信号神经传导机制的研究进展。蚊虫的嗅觉感器主要位于触角和下颚须, 触角上的毛形感器和锥形感器感受氨水、 乳酸、 羧酸类化合物等人体和其他动物释放的微量气味物质, 下颚须上的锥形感器则感受呼出的二氧化碳以及一些其他的挥发性物质; 蚊虫嗅觉感器内部有受体神经细胞, 其上分布有嗅觉受体蛋白, 蚊虫对外界环境的化学感受就是通过气味物质与这些受体蛋白互作而得以实现; 根据对不同气味物质的反应谱差异, 嗅觉神经细胞被分为不同的功能类型; 来自嗅觉神经细胞的神经信号进一步从外周传导至中枢神经中脑触角叶内的神经小球, 在此对信息进行初步的处理, 通过评估嗅觉神经细胞的反应和触角叶内的神经小球相应被激活的区域, 不同小球被分别命名; 最后, 神经信号继续整合, 由投射神经传向前脑, 最终引发一系列昆虫行为反应。这些研究从理论上剖析了气味信号在蚊虫嗅觉系统中的神经转导通路, 对于我们深刻理解蚊虫的嗅觉系统具有重要意义, 同时也有助于进一步理解其他昆虫甚至人类的气味识别机制及进行更深层次神经科学的探索。     

β-石竹烯对斑翅果蝇雌成虫行为的影响

斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii是浆果类植物的主要害虫,为了明确β-石竹烯对斑翅果蝇定向和产卵行为中的作用,本研究测定了雌虫对β-石竹烯的触角电位(EAG)反应、嗅觉行为反应及产卵选择反应。结果表明,斑翅果蝇雌虫对不同剂量的β-石竹烯(0.01,0.1,1,10,100μg)均有EAG反应,已交配雌成虫的EAG反应值随β-石竹烯剂量升高而升高(P0.05),但是各剂量间未交配雌成虫EAG反应值不存在显著差异(P0.05)。斑翅果蝇在Y型嗅觉仪中对不同剂量的β-石竹烯(0.01,0.1,1,10,100μg)选择结果表明:低剂量的β-石竹烯对雌成虫具有引诱效果,高剂量的β-石竹烯具有驱避效果。斑翅果蝇对不同剂量β-石竹烯(0.1,1,10μg)的产卵选择反应表明:β-石竹烯在低剂量(0.1μg和1μg)下,对雌成虫产卵行为表现为引诱效果,高剂量(10μg)下对其表现为产卵驱避效果,且随剂量升高,单雌累积产卵量呈下降趋势。总之,β-石竹烯可用来调控斑翅果蝇的定向和产卵行为。     

挥发性信息化合物对玉米螟赤眼蜂寄主选择行为的影响

在实验室条件下,利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了源于寄主亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) 鳞片、卵表以及不同生理阶段的雌蛾附腺的不同浓度的提取物对玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen寄主选择行为的影响,并对其引诱作用大小进行了比较。结果表明： 亚洲玉米螟鳞片的正己烷提取物在0.5 mg/mL和 1 mg/mL浓度时对玉米螟赤眼蜂有明显的引诱作用; 寄主卵的正己烷提取物在5块卵/mL和10块卵/mL浓度时对玉米螟赤眼蜂有显著的引诱作用,而在40块卵/mL浓度时对玉米螟赤眼蜂有极显著的驱避作用; 玉米螟赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟交配未产卵和产卵后前期的雌蛾附腺提取液有反应,而对处女蛾和产卵后期的附腺提取液没反应。卵表提取物和附腺提取物比鳞片提取液对赤眼蜂引诱作用强,两者对赤眼蜂的引诱作用没有明显差异。     

定量计算萜类蚊虫驱避化合物与羧酸缔合作用对其驱避活性的影响

【目的】驱避剂是防止蚊虫叮咬的良好个人防护用品,但其作用机理一直未被解释清楚。本研究利用化学计算手段对4种重要的人体引诱物（乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸）与22个萜类驱避化合物的缔合作用以及该作用对驱避活性的影响进行了研究,以期为蚊虫驱避机理研究提供新思路。【方法】利用GAUSS View软件构建引诱化合物分子、驱避化合物分子以及二者可能形成的缔合体结构,再利用GAUSSIAN软件优化所有结构,并计算它们的能量和各类参数;借助AMPAC和CODESSA软件计算出所有结构的描述符;以萜类驱避化合物对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus校正驱避率的对数值（logCRR）为活性数据,利用CODESSA软件建立描述符与驱避活性的定量构效关系模型。【结果】4种羧酸与萜类驱避化合物相互缔合的缔合能量大多在18~20 kJ/mol之间,缔合距离和角度分别在2.0~2.5 Å 和110°~180°内波动,符合氢键相互作用的特征。4个最优定量构效关系模型的R²值均大于0.9,模型中的参数都包含缔合体的描述符,表明引诱物 驱避物缔合作用与校正驱避率的对数值显著相关。【结论】4种羧酸与萜类驱避化合物之间存在中等强度的氢键缔合作用,该缔合作用对驱避活性具有重要影响。研究初步揭示了引诱物 驱避物缔合作用的存在,也为从新的角度研究蚊虫驱避机理提供了前期研究基础。     

卵表化合物对桔小实蝇产卵行为的影响

多种实蝇科害虫产卵后可释放寄主标记信息素来表明寄主果实已经被占据，从而调节自身或同种个体间的对寄主果实的产卵选择行为。为探明桔小实蝇卵表化合物的寄主标记作用，本文测定了桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇的产卵驱避活性，并观察了甲醇提取物处理对桔小实蝇产卵行为过程的影响。结果表明：桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇有明显的产卵驱避活性，且活性随浓度的增加而增强，当提取物浓度为100 mg/mL（虫卵与溶剂质量体积比，m/v）时，在选择性条件下的产卵驱避率为55-45%；非选择性条件下的产卵驱避率达到64%-79%。经卵表提取物处理后，桔小实蝇在寄主果实上的访问次数、试探产卵时间、试探产卵次数、实际产卵次数和产卵量均显著少于对照。证实了桔小实蝇卵表化合物具有明显的产卵寄主标记作用。     

小菜蛾成虫对健康和机械损伤薄荷的嗅觉反应

【目的】比较健康和机械损伤的薄荷Mentha spicata对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella成虫嗅觉反应的影响,为筛选小菜蛾植物源驱避剂提供科学依据。【方法】利用触角电位(EAG)仪和Y型嗅觉仪分别测定小菜蛾雌、雄成虫对健康和机械损伤薄荷的触角电位和嗅觉行为反应,通过田间试验测定雌蛾产卵选择的忌避反应。【结果】健康薄荷和机械损伤薄荷均能引起小菜蛾雌、雄成虫触角电位反应,但损伤薄荷引起的触角电位反应值显著高于健康薄荷(P0.05);室内行为选择试验结果显示,损伤薄荷对小菜蛾雄性成虫有显著驱避作用(P0.05),驱避指数为53.33%,对雌性成虫有极显著驱避作用(P0.01),驱避指数达到80%;田间产卵选择试验发现,损伤薄荷对小菜蛾雌成虫产卵有极显著驱避作用(P0.01),产卵忌避指数达到71.32%。但是健康薄荷对小菜蛾雌、雄成虫的行为选择和雌性成虫的产卵选择均无显著驱避作用(P0.05)。【结论】机械损伤薄荷对小菜蛾成虫有较强的驱避效果,可以对其进行驱避活性挥发物质的筛选或作为驱避源来防治小菜蛾的危害。     

苜蓿盲蝽气味分子结合蛋白AlinOBP2结合特性初步分析

昆虫具有灵敏的嗅觉系统,能够特异性地识别性信息素和寄主挥发物来进行寻找配偶、定位寄主植物和产卵位点.气味分子结合蛋白在昆虫嗅觉识别过程中发挥关键作用.本研究表达和纯化了一个新的苜蓿盲蝽气味分子结合蛋白AlinOBP2,采用qRT-PCR方法解析了AlinOBP2基因的表达谱,结果表明AlinOBP2绝大部分在触角中表达,且在雌雄触角中的表达量相当,在头部也有少量的表达.以N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine（1-NPN）为荧光探针,采用荧光竞争结合实验研究了5种性信息素类似物和13种棉花挥发物与AlinOBP2蛋白的结合能力.结果显示,5种性信息素类似物均不能和AlinOBP2有效结合,暗示AlinOBP2在苜蓿盲蝽寻找配偶过程中不发挥作用.在13种棉花挥发物中,庚酸乙酯和AlinOBP2的结合能力最强,结合常数为9.22μmol/L.二甲基萘、3-己酮、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸壬酯、香芹醇5种化合物和AlinOBP2结合能力一般,结合常数分别为15.49,17.31,21.53,18.86和13.47μmol/L.据此推测,AlinOBP2可能为普通气味结合蛋白,能够选择性地结合某些棉花挥发物并参与苜蓿盲蝽识别普通气味过程.     

Variation in flight response of the specialist parasitoidMacrocentrus grandii goidanich to odours from food plants of its European corn borer host

The specialist parasitoidMacrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) appears to parasitize its polyphagous host, European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in only certain habitats. To determine whether it differed in its olfactory response to host-habitat odours, volatiles from four plants were isolated using Tenax. Wind tunnel bioassays of the extracts revealed that, besides corn which was tested in an earlier study, olfactory stimuli for attraction ofM. grandii females were present in potato and snap bean but not in pepper or soybean. To further characterize the response to pepper and soybean, these extracts were bioassayed in combination with an attractive extract. The results indicated that pepper volatiles evoked a neutral response inM. grandii while response to soybean volatiles appeared to be neutral or slightly negative. The innate response to soybean volatiles was altered to one of attraction after oviposition experience on soybean. Seven days after oviposition, experienced females continued to respond positively to soybean volatiles. Components of soybean volatiles responsible for the change in flight behaviour resulting from oviposition experience were eluted by nonpolar and slightly polar solvents. These results support the idea that plant odour may be a factor determining the range of plants on whichM. grandii parasitizes its host. The study indicates the occurrence of associative learning of plant-related volatiles during oviposition inM. grandii, and suggests the involvement of diverse plant compounds in the learning process.     

Genomics spawns novel approaches to mosquito control

In spite of advances in medicine and public health, malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases are on the rise worldwide. Although vaccines, genetically modified mosquitoes and safer insecticides are under development, herein we examine a promising new approach to malaria control through better repellents. Current repellents, usually based on DEET, inhibit host finding by impeding insect olfaction, but have significant drawbacks. We discuss how comparative genomics, using data from the Anopheles genome project, allows the rapid identification of members of three protein classes critical to insect olfaction: odorant-binding proteins, G-protein-coupled receptors, and odorant-degrading enzymes. A rational design approach similar to that used by the pharmaceutical industry for drug development can then be applied to the development of products that interfere with mosquito olfaction. Such products have the potential to provide more complete, safer and longer lasting protection than conventional repellents, preventing disease transmission by interrupting the parasite life cycle.     

橘小实蝇化学通讯机制与引诱剂开发策略

实蝇是全球重大的果蔬虫害,对世界年均造成的经济损失高达20亿美元。橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis是该类害虫的代表之一,每年对我国柑橘产业造成严重损失。以雄性引诱剂和蛋白饵剂为核心的诱杀技术已用于害虫监测和绿色防控,但是田间防控效果有待进一步提高。随着高通量测序技术成本的降低以及现代分子生物学技术的发展,科学家们提出先解析害虫化学感受的分子机制,鉴定关键的化学感受分子靶标,并以鉴定的新靶标设计和筛选更为稳定和高效引诱剂和食诱剂。为促进以关键化学感受分子为靶标的橘小实蝇行为调控技术的发展,本文综述了调控橘小实蝇行为的重要化学物质及其化学感受识别机制的研究现状。调控橘小实蝇行为的重要挥发物主要包括性信息素、植物挥发物和食物源蛋白气味。前两者中鉴定获得的特异性化合物质与橘小实蝇成虫的行为关系较为明确,例如性信息素中得到吡嗪类物质能够引诱雌虫,植物挥发物中的甲基丁香酚引诱雄虫,γ-辛内酯能够诱发雌虫产卵等;而后者食物源蛋白气味则由于成分复杂,在田间虽有一定效果,但缺乏特定化合物在雌雄虫具体行为中的功能验证。嗅觉感受机制中,外周神经感器与中枢触角叶仅有形态描述,不同类型嗅觉神经元的...     

Olfactory Responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anaphes iole</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) to Volatile Signals Derived from Host Habitats

Anaphes iole Girault is a frequent parasitoid of Lygus spp. eggs in the United States, and has potential as a biological control agent against Lygus hesperus Knight in different crops. Feeding and oviposition by L. hesperus induce emission of plant volatiles, but studies to date do not address the role of plant volatiles in the host-searching behavior of A. iole. In this study, a four-arm olfactometer was used to test the responses of female parasitoids to odors emanating from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., Malvaceae) plants damaged by L. hesperus females, L. hesperus males, larvae of the nonhost Spodoptera exigua Hubner, or mechanically, or to odors from L. hesperus females alone. In addition, various plants damaged by L. hesperus females were evaluated in the olfactometer: cotton, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., Fabaceae), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L., Asteraceae), annual ragweed (Ambrosia artemisifolia L., Asteraceae), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthaceae). In all olfactometry bioassays, treatment odors were compared against three controls (humidified air). Results showed that A. iole females were consistently attracted to odors derived from different plant–L. hesperus complexes, while odors from plants subjected to nonhost (S. exigua) or mechanical damage and L. hesperus females alone were not attractive or only variably attractive. These findings suggest that while searching for hosts A. iole females use specific volatiles induced by L. hesperus feeding and oviposition to locate hosts inhabiting a wide variety of plants, including annual and perennial species from four plant families. It was suggested that future research should seek to identify the chemical elicitors involved in the release of plant volatiles attractive to A. iole females.     

Diverse Host-Seeking Behaviors of Skin-Penetrating Nematodes

Skin-penetrating parasitic nematodes infect approximately one billion people worldwide and are responsible for some of the most common neglected tropical diseases. The infective larvae of skin-penetrating nematodes are thought to search for hosts using sensory cues, yet their host-seeking behavior is poorly understood. We conducted an in-depth analysis of host seeking in the skin-penetrating human parasite Strongyloides stercoralis, and compared its behavior to that of other parasitic nematodes. We found that Str. stercoralis is highly mobile relative to other parasitic nematodes and uses a cruising strategy for finding hosts. Str. stercoralis shows robust attraction to a diverse array of human skin and sweat odorants, most of which are known mosquito attractants. Olfactory preferences of Str. stercoralis vary across life stages, suggesting a mechanism by which host seeking is limited to infective larvae. A comparison of odor-driven behavior in Str. stercoralis and six other nematode species revealed that parasite olfactory preferences reflect host specificity rather than phylogeny, suggesting an important role for olfaction in host selection. Our results may enable the development of new strategies for combating harmful nematode infections.     

Effect of Adult Experience on in-Flight Orientation to Plant and Plant–Host Complex Volatiles inAphidius erviHaliday (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)

The effect of adult experience on in-flight orientation to plant–host complex volatiles byAphidius erviHaliday was studied in a wind tunnel bioassay, usingAcyrthosiphon pisum(Harris), maintained on broad bean plants (Vicia faba) as host. A short oviposition experience (15 s) on the plant–host complex (PHC) was sufficient to induce a drastic decrease of flight propensity and stimulated a foraging behavior characterized by intense walking activity. However, flight activity resumed to normal levels 1 h after the oviposition experience on the PHC occurred. For parasitoids conditioned on the PHC for at least 1 min the recorded proportion making oriented flights to the PHC was significantly higher than that for naive females. In contrast, oviposition experience in the absence of plant material did not influence theA. erviflight response. Oviposition attempts on aphid dummies without egg release did not reduce flight activity. WhenA. ervifemales were exposed to glass beads coated withAc. pisumcornicle secretion, a priming effect was observed, resulting, compared with naive females, in a significantly higher rate of oriented flights to the PHC. In contrast, oviposition attempts visually induced by colored aphid dummies did not influence flight behavior. A strong reaction to volatile cues from uninfested plants was induced by oviposition experience on newly infested broad bean plants. This appears to be a case of associative learning. In fact, uninfested broad bean plants are basically unattractive to naiveA. ervifemales. The results demonstrate that adult experience has a considerable influence onA. ervibehavior and may have important implications for biological control of natural pest aphid populations.     

Antennal expression pattern of two olfactory receptors and an odorant binding protein implicated in host odor detection by the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

Odor-detection in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae involves large families of diverse proteins, including multiple odorant binding proteins (AgOBPs) and olfactory receptors (AgORs). The receptors AgOR1 and AgOR2, as well as the binding protein AgOBP1, have been implicated in the recognition of human host odors. In this study, we have explored the expression of these olfactory proteins, as well as the ubiquitous odorant receptor heteromerization partner AgOR7, in the thirteen flagellomeres (segments) of female and male antenna. Expressing cells were visualized by adapting a whole mount fluorescence in situ hybridization method. In female mosquitoes, AgOR1-expressing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) were almost exclusively segregated in segments 3 to 9, whereas AgOR2-expressing ORNs were distributed over flagellomeres 2 to 13. Different individuals comprised a similar number of cells expressing a distinct AgOR type, although their antennal topography and number per flagellomere varied. AgOBP1-expressing support cells were present in segments 3 to 13 of the female antenna, with increasing numbers towards the distal end. In male mosquitoes, total numbers of AgOR- and AgOBP1-expressing cells were much lower. While AgOR2-expressing cells were found on both terminal flagellomeres, AgOR1 cells were restricted to the most distal segment. High densities of AgOBP1-expressing cells were identified in segment 13, whereas segment 12 comprised very few. Altogether, the results demonstrate that both sexes express the two olfactory receptor types as well as the binding protein AgOBP1 but there is a significant sexual dimorphism concerning the number and distribution of these cells. This may suggest gender-specific differences in the ability to detect distinct odorants, specifically human host-derived volatiles.     

The Role of Olfactory Cues for the Search Behavior of a Specialist and Generalist Butterfly

Searching for resources is often a challenging task, especially for small organisms such as insects. Complex stimuli have to be extracted from the environment and translated into a relevant behavioral output. A first step in this process is to investigate the relative roles of the different senses during search for various resources. While the role of olfaction is well documented in nocturnal moths, the olfactory abilities of the closely related diurnal butterflies are poorly explored. Here we investigated how olfactory information is used in the search for host plants and asked if these abilities varied with levels of stimulus complexity. Thus, we tested two nymphalid butterfly species with divergent host plant range in a two-choice olfactometer testing different combinations of host and non-host plants. The experiments show both the monophagous Aglais urticae and the polyphagous Polygonia c-album could navigate towards an odor source, but this ability varied with context. While mated females exhibited a preference for their host plant, unmated females of both species did not show a preference for host plant cues. Furthermore, both species showed inabilities to make fine-tuned decisions between hosts. We conclude that olfactory cues are important for butterflies to navigate towards targets. We argue that there are limitations on how much information can be extracted from host volatiles. These results are discussed in the light of neural processing limitations and degree of host plant specialization, suggesting the necessity of other sensory modalities to sharpen the decision process and facilitate the final oviposition event.