植物生活史型的划分及其相互转化

基于环境条件的变化,分析了植物在完成生活史过程中,营养生长、克隆生殖和有性生殖过程的权衡的结果直接导致的植物生活史型形成以及相互转化过程。根据胁迫和扰动程度将植物的生境划分为基本生境型、特殊过渡型和过渡型,其中过渡型(EDF)在自然界中具有普遍意义;与生境过渡型(EDF)相对应,植物形成的生活史型也为过渡生活史型(VCS),其基本型V、C和S以及特殊过渡型VC、VS和CS是其特例。植物的生活史型过渡型(VCS)具有普适性意义,在生境调控下的任一种植物生活史型均可表示为Vx1Cx2Sx3。植物生活史型的相互转化与其生境类型的相互转变是完全对应的,这种相互转化的过程和途径是复杂的,且具有可逆性的特点。     

植物种群分布格局研究概况

植物种群分布格局研究概况李海涛（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００４４）ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴＯＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＰＡＴＴＥＲＮＯＦＰＬＡＮＴＰＯＰＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＬｉＨａｉ－ｔａｏ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎ...     

植被类型图的绘制——以西藏植被图为例

植被类型图的绘制———以西藏植被图为例田新智（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）ＭＥＴＨＯＤＳＩＮＤＲＡＷＩＮＧＭＡＰＯＦＶＥＧＥＴＡＴＩＯＮＴＹＰＥＴｉａｎＸｉｎｚｈｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳ...     

RT－cDNA克隆－PCR法获取犬瘟热病毒融合蛋白基因（F）

纯化鸡胚成纤维细胞培养的犬瘟热病毒（ＣａｎｉｎｅＤｉｓｔｅｍｐｅｒＶｉｒｕｓ,ＣＤＶ）,获得病毒基因组ＲＮＡ后,反转录合成双链病毒Ｆ基因ｃＤＮＡ。将此双链ｃＤＮＡ平端插入ＰＵＣ１９质粒ＳａｍⅠ位点构建重组质粒,进行ｃＤＮＡ克隆。以重组克隆质粒为模板ＰＣＲ扩增,获得ＣＤＶ全长Ｆ基因。将此Ｆ基因插入表达载体ＰＢＶ２２０,在大肠杆菌中表达,通过对表达产物的最终鉴定,可确认所获片段为ＣＤＶ全长Ｆ基因．     

斜纹夜蛾多角体病毒包埋型病毒受体的鉴定

蔗糖密度梯度离心法提纯斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（＄Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｔｅｒａ　ｌｉｔｕｒａ　　ｍｕｌｔｉｎｕｃｌｅｏｃａｐｓｉｄ　ｎｕｃｌｅｏｐｏｌｙｈｄｒｏｖｉｒｕｓ,　ＳｐｌｔＭＮＰＶ）包埋型病毒粒子（ｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒａ－ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ　ｖｉｒｕｓ,ＰＤＶ）,以此病毒粒子作抗原,免疫家兔获得抗血清;用ＳＤＳ裂解缓冲液提取斜纹夜蛾幼虫中肠组织细胞总蛋白。采用病毒铺覆蛋白印迹技术（ＶＯＰＢＡ）,利用抗ＰＶＤ抗血清对病毒受体进行检测,结果表明斜纹夜蛾中肠细胞总蛋白中４０ｋＤ、７３ｋＤ、８５ｋＤ的三种蛋白能够结合ＰＤＶ。     

在长江沙洲上搁浅的中华白海豚

在长江沙洲上搁浅的中华白海豚ＳＴＲＡＮＤＩＮＧＯＦＡＮＩＮＤＯ┐ＰＡＣＩＦＩＣＨＵＭＰ┐ＢＡＣＫＥＤＤＯＬＰ┐ＨＩＮＯＮＡＳＡＮＤＢＡＮＫＩＮＴＨＥＹＡＮＧＴＺＥＲＩＶＥＲ中华白海豚（Ｓｏｕｓａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｏｓｂｅｃｋ）分布在西太平洋和印度...     

高效价甘薯羽状斑驳病毒抗血清的制备

用嫁接方法将甘薯羽状斑驳病毒（ＳＰＦＭＶ）接种到Ｉ．ｓｅｔｏｓａ上扩繁,以０．２ｍｏｌ／ＬｐＨ７．２ＰＢＫ缓冲液、垫层差速离心、蔗糖密度梯度离心提取纯化ＳＰＦＭＶ。纯化的ＳＰＦＭＶＯＤ２６０／２８０的比值为１．２５。将纯化的ＳＰＦＭＶ免疫家兔制备抗血清,在环状沉淀和微量沉淀试验中,用提纯病毒测定抗血清的效价均为１：４０９６;以ＳＰＦＭＶ－ＩｇＧ为第一抗体,应用Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ对甘薯和Ｉ．ｓｅｌｏｓａ叶片中的ＳＰＦＭＶ分别作了测定。     

四川55种鱼生活史型的研究

四川５５种鱼生活史型的研究刁晓明,罗一兵李波（西南农业大学水产系,重庆６３０７１６）（重庆大学计算机系,６３００００）ＬｉｆｅＨｉｓｔｏｒｙＰａｔｔｅｒｎｓｏｆ５５ＦｉｓｈＳｐｅｃｉｅｓｉｎＳｉｃｈｕａｎ￥ＤｉａｏＸｉａｏｍｉｎｇ;ＬｕｏＹｉｂｉｎｇ...     

草坪主要杂草普通蓼的危害及防除

草坪主要杂草普通蓼的危害及防除周兴文（沈阳大学师范学院,沈阳１１００１５）ＩＮＶＡＳＩＯＮＡＮＤＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＦＭＡＩＮＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＬＡＷＮＷＥＥＤＳＰＯＬＹＧＯＮＵＭＨＵＭＩＦＵＳＵＭＺｈｏｕＸｉｎｇｗｅｎ（Ｔｅａｃｈｅｒｓｃｏｌｅｇｅｏ...     

常绿阔叶林中种群在群落中地位测度指标的探讨

常绿阔叶林中种群在群落中地位测度指标的探讨方炜,彭少麟（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州,５１０６５０）ＡＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＩＮＤＩＣＥＳＯＦＰＵＰＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＰＯＳＩＴＩＯＮＩＮＣＯＭＭＵＮＩＴＹＯＦＥＶＥＲＧＲＥＥＮＢＲＯＡＤＬＥＡＶＥＤＦＯＲＥＳＴ...     

Classification of life cycle form spectrum of artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica

The plant life cycle form and its spectrum features of different plants in the artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica at the botanical garden of Northeast Forestry University were classified by PCA method. For canopy layer plants, the vegetative growth (V) accounted for 46%, the sexual growth (S) accounted for 35%, and the clonal growth (C) accounted for the rest 19%. For succession layer plants, V accounted for more than 50%, and C accounted for a little higher than S did. For herbaceous layer plants, V accounted for nearly 47%, which was only 4% higher than that of S, and C only accounted for 11%. These findings indicate that the plant life cycle forms of canopy layer plants and herbaceous layer plants were VS transition form with V form as the main form, while the succession layer plants were V form. At the viewpoint of artificial community, the life cycle form can be described as V_0.49S_0.33C_0.18, a typical VS transition form, indicating that most of the species studied in this community are in a healthy status with the V form. Moreover, the relatively high (33%) percentage in the S form indicates that the community also tends to sexual growth for offspring, although it will be steady within a period of time for the vegetative growth of bodies.     

Classification of life cycle form spectrum of artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica

The plant life cycle form and its spectrum features of different plants in the artificial community of Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica at the botanical garden of Northeast Forestry University were classified by PCA method. For canopy layer plants, the vegetative growth (V) accounted for 46%, the sexual growth (S) accounted for 35%, and the clonal growth (C) accounted for the rest 19%. For succession layer plants, V accounted for more than 50%, and C accounted for a little higher than S did. For herbaceous layer plants, V accounted for nearly 47%, which was only 4% higher than that of S, and C only accounted for 11%. These findings indicate that the plant life cycle forms of canopy layer plants and herbaceous layer plants were VS transition form with V form as the main form, while the succession layer plants were V form. At the viewpoint of artificial community, the life cycle form can be described as V_0.49S_0.33C_0.18, a typical VS transition form, indicating that most of the species studied in this community are in a healthy status with the V form. Moreover, the relatively high (33%) percentage in the S form indicates that the community also tends to sexual growth for offspring, although it will be steady within a period of time for the vegetative growth of bodies.     

樟子松（Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica）人工群落生活史型谱

以东北林业大学植物园内的樟子松人工群落为研究对象,应用主成分分析方法在对群落内不同种的生活史型进行划分的基础上,对松科樟子松和白扦、槭树科糖槭、豆科紫穗槐、木犀科暴马丁香、蔷薇科毛果绣线菊和托盘、红豆杉科东北红豆杉、菊科飞廉和线叶旋覆花、禾本科扁穗草、罂粟科白屈菜、唇形科夏至草、十字花科荠菜14种植物生活史型及谱特征进行了定量化分析,以此为依据对群落演替和健康水平进行评价的可行性进行了探讨。结果发现此群落中主林层植物(樟子松和白扦)营养生长(Vegetationgrowth,V)达到46%,有性生长(Sexualgrowth,S)在35%,无性生长(Clonegrowth,C)约为19%;演替层植物(糖槭、紫穗槐、暴马丁香、毛果绣线菊、托盘和东北红豆杉)营养生长超过50%,无性生长略高于有性生长;草本层植物(飞廉、扁穗草、线叶旋覆花、白屈菜、夏至草和荠菜)营养生长接近于47%,有性生长只比营养生长少了4%,无性生长只占到11%。这些发现说明了主林层的生活史型是以营养生长为主的VS过渡生活史型,演替层植物应为V生活史型而草本植物为VS过渡类型。群落的生活史型是V0.49S0.33C0.18,属于VS过渡生活史型,在样地调查的14种植物中,生活史型大部分以营养为主,综合评价此群落处于以营养生长为主(49%)的健康群落水平,此群落中有性生长占总生活史型得分的33%,有向有性生长发展的趋势,但在一段时间内该群落应为稳定群落。     

The role of vegetative spread and seed dispersal for optimal life histories of clonal plants: a simulation study

Sexual and vegetative reproduction of clonal plants phenotypically differ in dispersal distance, in the phenology of offspring production and establishment, and in the success of establishment. We applied a combination of analytical and of spatially explicit individual-based simulation modelling to calculate long-term fitness. We predicted optimal clonal plant life histories in a parameter space spanned by stolon number, stolon internode length, and relative allocation to sexual and vegetative reproduction. For a given allocation to sexual reproduction and number of stolons, fitness was optimised for rather short internode lengths under small disturbances, and for the longest possible internodes under larger disturbances. A trade-off between length and number of vegetative spacers drew parameters away from their unrestricted optima. Now, intermediate length and number of spacers led to maximum fitness under large disturbances. Simultaneous trade-offs between sexual and vegetative reproduction and between the length and number of spacers could also lead to fitness optima at intermediate parameter values, depending on the success of seedling establishment. We demonstrated that spatial habitat structure (1) selects for an efficient use of available space either by optimum internode length or by investment into seeds, which disperse farther than vegetative spacers, and (2) leads to an interaction between trade-offs. We conclude, that dispersal distance, i.e. a spatial life-history component, and trade-offs must be included in considerations on adaptive evolution of clonal life histories.     

草地植物种群繁殖对策研究

植物的繁殖包括有性繁殖和无性繁殖两大类型,克隆繁殖是一种较为特殊的营养繁殖方式。本文综述了草地种子植物的生殖分配及生殖投资,克隆生长以及放牧对草地植物种群繁殖的影响。植物种群生物量、能量和养分生殖分配是植物种群生殖分配的重要内容,不同植物在结实期营养元素及能量的配置上有着显著的区别,这可能是植物在长期进化过程中形成的生殖对策,是适应环境的结果。在种群水平上,中等强度以上的放牧干扰有利于植物的克隆生长,但有性生殖减弱。草原植物发达的营养繁殖或克隆生长方式是对放牧的适应性对策。     

刈割对栽培长春花(Catharanthus roseus)生活史型转变的影响

为了提高栽培长春花（Catharanthus roseus）的生物碱产量,应用植物生活史型的理论和方法,研究了刈割对栽培长春花生活史型转变及其生物碱代谢的影响。运用主成分分析法（Principal Component Analysis, PCA）对刈割后的长春花后生活史型变化进行定量和定性划分,发现在对照栽培环境下生长的长春花处于DE生境,定性划分结果为SV生活史型,定量划分结果为V_0.3638S_0.6174C_0.0187,属于SV型。刈割使长春花的生活史型转变为V0.2847S0.6684C0.0469,属于SC型。同时,对两种生活史型的长春花中长春碱及其前体文朵灵和长春质碱的含量进行了检测分析,发现刈割后的SC型长春花不同叶位叶片中的生物碱含量均显著提高（p<0.05）,可以为提高栽培长春花生物碱含量提供科学指导,也进一步验证了生活史型理论。     

甘草生活史型的划分

探讨了甘草生活史型的定性和定量划分方法并对其结果进行了对比,结果如下:生活史型定性划分法基于生态幅与扰动程度对甘草生活的生境进行划分,将野生甘草、半野生甘草和栽培甘草分别划分为C、CVS和S生活史型。生活史型定量划分法是将生长于不同生境中甘草的营养生长、克隆生殖和有性生殖形态性状参数进行主成分分析,根据主成分得分比例划分生活史型。野生甘草定量划分结果为C0.4552S0.3150V0.2297型,总体上趋于C型生活史型;半野生甘草划分结果为C0.3540V0.3534S0.2926型,其营养生长、无性生殖和有性生殖发育比较均衡,属于CVS过渡生活史型;栽培甘草划分结果为V0.8931S0.0569C0.0500型,为比较典型的V生活史型。栽培甘草的定性、定量划分结果不一致的原因主要在于生长年限太少,克隆生殖和有性生殖均不发达。对植物生活史型的定量划分方法比定性划分法更为可靠、客观。     

刈割对栽培长春花(Catharanthus roseus)生活史型转变的影响

为了提高栽培长春花（Catharanthus roseus）的生物碱产量,应用植物生活史型的理论和方法,研究了刈割对栽培长春花生活史型转变及其生物碱代谢的影响。运用主成分分析法（Principal Component Analysis,PCA）对刈割后的长春花后生活史型变化进行定量和定性划分,发现在对照栽培环境下生长的长春花处于DE生境,定性划分结果为SV生活史型,定量划分结果为V0.3638,S0.6174C0.0187,属于SV型。刈割使长春花的生活史型转变为V0．2847S0.6544C0.0469,属于SC型。同时,对两种生活史型的长春花中长春碱及其前体文朵灵和长春质碱的含量进行了检测分析,发现刈割后的SC型长春花不同叶位叶片中的生物碱含量均显著提高（P〈O．05）,可以为提高栽培长春花生物碱含量提供科学指导,也进一步验证了生活史型理论。     

不同生境白屈菜(Chelidonium majus)生活史型特征及其与不同器官单宁、黄酮、生物碱含量的关系

运用主成分分析法,对不同生境条件下白屈菜植物生活史型相关的营养生长（vegetative growth,V）、有性生长（sexual growth,S）和克隆生长（clonal growth,C）的主成分得分及比例进行定量计算,并以此为基础研究了生活史型特征参数及次生代谢产物单宁含量、黄酮含量与生物碱含量的相关关系,目的是为植物活性成分环境定向诱导培育提供实验依据。研究结果表明：（1）对于不同光照状况的全光照（空地）、70%光照（榆树林内）和40%光照下（白扦林内）的9个样地白屈菜生活史型划分发现,全光照下白屈菜种群生活史型为V0.34S0.41C0.25,为SV生活史型,空地为DE（Disturbed but still Excellent）生境;榆树林下和白扦林下的白屈菜生活史型分别可表示为V0.28S0.38C0.34和V0.27S0.40C0.33,均为SC生活史型,榆树林下和白扦林下为DF（Disturbed and Fragile）生境。（2）白屈菜植株次生代谢产物（单宁、黄酮和生物碱）含量,空地均低于榆树林下和白扦林下生境。各样地白屈菜不同器官单宁含量：叶片（种（根（茎;黄酮含量：种（叶片（根（茎;生物碱含量：叶片（根（茎,各样地白屈菜茎和根的生物碱含量无明显差异,空地白屈菜叶片中生物碱含量低于榆树林下和白扦林下白屈菜植株59%～56.7%。（3）白屈菜生活史型与次生代谢产物（单宁、黄酮和生物碱）含量相关性分析结果中,显著的线性关系显示,白屈菜次生代谢产物（单宁、黄酮和生物碱）含量与营养生长和有性生长成负相关,与克隆生长成正相关。实验结果表明,较于空地的DE生境,林（榆树和白扦）下的DF生境条件差,使白屈菜向C型转变,同时也促进了次生代谢产物（单宁、黄酮和生物碱）的积累。结果可以为野生植物的人工定向培育中生境选择和目的活性成分定向累积提供基于形态学的评价方法和理论。     

Genetic Allee effects on performance, plasticity and developmental stability in a clonal plant

Negative effects of small population size on fitness, so-called Allee effects, may threaten population persistence even in intact habitat remnants. We studied genotypes of 14 isolated populations of the clonal plant Ranunculus reptans, for which molecular genetic (RAPD-) variability is higher for large than for small populations. In a competition-free greenhouse environment vegetative offspring of genotypes from large populations produced more rosettes and flowers, indicating higher fitness. Within-genotype coefficients of variation in performance traits, indicating developmental instability, were lower for genotypes from populations with higher RAPD-variability. In competition with a taller grass, we found relative reduction in leaf length less pronounced for plants from large populations, suggesting higher adaptive plasticity. Our experimental study of a plant with predominantly vegetative reproduction suggests, that negative genetic effects of recent habitat fragmentation, which so far rather were expected in plants with frequent sexual reproduction, are more severe and more common than previously acknowledged.