南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒介体昆虫白背飞虱的传毒特性

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)为传播南方水稻黑条矮缩病病毒(SRBSDV)的媒介昆虫,阐明其传毒特性将有助于了解南方水稻黑条矮缩病的发生流行规律和建立相应的防治方法。本研究通过RT-PCR技术测定了白背飞虱的传毒参数。结果表明,白背飞虱初孵若虫、3龄若虫、5龄若虫、长翅型成虫和短翅型成虫的最短获毒时间分别是11、6、3、2和2min,最长获毒时间分别是19、12、9、8和8min。在26℃时,SRBSDV在不同虫态(初孵若虫、3龄若虫、5龄若虫、长翅型成虫和短翅型成虫)的白背飞虱体内的循回期分别是7～11、5～8、3～7、4～8和3～6d。5龄若虫、长翅型和短翅型成虫在三叶一心稻苗的最短接毒时间为4、5和6min,最长接毒时间为8、10和11min;它们在分蘖初期稻苗上的最短接毒时间分别是5、7和7min,最长接毒时间分别是10、12和12min。白背飞虱获毒后可终身传毒,但不能经白背飞虱卵传毒,单虫最多传毒株数为87株,平均传毒48.3±0.8株。可见,该虫具有较强的获毒能力和传毒能力,秧苗易感染SRBSDV。因此,在防治上应尽量清除田间SRBSDV毒源植物,减少白背飞虱获毒的机会,在秧田期和移栽初期应重点防治飞虱。     

稻飞虱灾变机理及可持续治理的基础研究

稻飞虱(褐飞虱、白背飞虱和褐飞虱)是威胁我国粮食安全最大的生物灾害。本文基于稻飞虱致害能力的高度变异性、对农药的高适应性、传播病毒病和具有远距离迁飞能力等特点,以及研究中存在的稻飞虱迁飞动态、致害性变异和种间互作关系等灾变机理机制不清楚,提出了稻飞虱迁飞时空动态、致害性变异、稻飞虱传播的病毒病、农药对稻飞虱及其天敌的生态毒理效应、稻飞虱基因组数据分析和稻田生态系统对稻飞虱种群数量调控功能6个研究发展方向以阐明稻飞虱灾变的内在机理,为稻飞虱可持续治理体系建设提供理论依据。     

水稻黑条矮缩病传毒昆虫的防治实践与研究

水稻黑条矮缩病 (RBSDV)是由传毒媒介灰飞虱Laodelphaxstriatellus (Fall n)传播所致 ,治虫防病是目前防治水稻黑条矮缩病的重要手段。生产实践证明 ,防治该病应以控制灰飞虱种群数量增长为首选目标 ,把带毒灰飞虱尽可能地扑灭在迁移到水稻秧苗进行传毒侵染之前。因此掌握防治适期 ,选用高效低毒农药 ,切断初次侵染来源 ,才能达到控制该病发生的目的。     

浙江武义2009年南方水稻黑条矮缩病的毒源地分析

2009年, 浙江省境内首次出现南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Southern rice black streaked dwarf virus, SRBSDV), 且仅武义县有发病现象。因为该病毒病是一种虫媒病毒, 且白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)是主要传毒介体, 所以本文通过白背飞虱灯下诱虫情况调查、 迁飞轨迹模拟、 天气学背景分析以及毒源地分析, 阐释了2009年浙江省武义县发现的南方水稻黑条矮缩病的供毒源地分布情况, 以及白背飞虱携毒的传递路径, 并讨论了轨迹模拟中各生物学参数的设定方法, 从而为剖析该病毒的宏观流行规律奠定科学基础。结果显示：(1) 通过对白背飞虱迁入武义的主要虫源地与经鉴定的南方水稻黑条矮缩病发病区域的叠加分析, 明确了浙江武义的可能毒源地分布于两广、 闽南、 赣南四省区境内; (2) 西南低空急流及偏南气流是白背飞虱将我国南方的病毒远距离传送到武义县境内的动力源; (3) 白背飞虱随下沉气流和降雨在武义境内的集中降落是南方水稻黑条矮缩病在当地暴发的触发条件。     

复杂地形下褐飞虱迁飞的数值模拟:个例研究

褐飞虱是影响我国水稻生产的重要迁飞性害虫之一,它的爆发严重影响水稻的生长,并诱发水稻病害,导致水稻减产。研究复杂地形条件下褐飞虱的迁出虫源地、空中迁飞轨迹、降落区,探明复杂地形对褐飞虱迁飞的影响机制,对害虫测报与防治、农业防灾减灾和保障我国粮食安全具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。为了分析覆盖复杂地形的大气动力场、温度场、湿度场对褐飞虱迁入及降落分布的影响,采用WRF-Flexpart耦合轨迹计算模式和GIS空间分析等方法,对2008年9月30日—10月3日发生在广东曲江、肇庆、梅县三站和湖北宜昌、安徽东至、江西吉安三站的褐飞虱迁入和降落过程进行了数值模拟,以揭示复杂地形条件下褐飞虱种群降落和密度分布的时空变化结构。(1)广东曲江、肇庆、梅县三站的后向轨迹模拟结果显示,迁入三站的虫源均来自该站点的西北方向。地形较高且复杂多变时,褐飞虱难以穿越且迁飞距离较短、方向多变。(2)湖北宜昌、安徽东至、江西吉安三站的前向轨迹模拟结果显示,当站点附近的山脉较低且有山谷通道,褐飞虱沿山脉顺风方向迁飞,且迁飞距离较远。当山脉地势较高且没有明显的山谷,则褐飞虱遇到山脉阻挡而转向造成种群滞留。(3)褐飞虱迁飞种群的密度沿山脉走向呈带状分布,山坡较为陡峭、断崖显著时,向远离山体的方向迁飞。若山脉由多个山岭构成,则褐飞虱可从其峡谷穿越,密度分布较为分散。(4)强水平气流有利于褐飞虱的远距离迁飞,下沉气流对褐飞虱降落起着重要的作用,当有强下沉气流且气温较高时,有利于褐飞虱种群的降落,并聚集形成高密度迁入区。(5)垂直方向上,在一定的温度范围内,褐飞虱趋向于在暖层中迁飞。褐飞虱密度沿河谷地带呈带状分布且密度高值区多分布在较温暖的地区。秋季,褐飞虱降落区多分布在相对湿度50%左右的区域。模拟的褐飞虱迁飞轨迹、迁飞方位角和迁飞距离等与实际发生的褐飞虱迁飞路径和降虫区之间偏差较小,该模拟方法较大程度地提高了我国迁飞性害虫的业务预报水平。未来拟提高测报褐飞虱虫情数据的时空分辨率,以为得到较高准度和精度的模拟结果。     

饲食感染SRBSDV的水稻病株对传毒介体白背飞虱相关能源物质含量的影响

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus, SRBSDV)近年对我国南方稻区水稻生产造成了极大危害。为探讨SRBSDV发生流行的原因,研究了饲食感染SRBSDV水稻病株对其介体昆虫白背飞虱体内能源物质含量的影响。结果表明,饲食感染SRBSDV水稻病株对白背飞虱若虫体内能源物质含量没有明显的影响,但是对雌成虫有明显的影响;饲食感染SRBSDV水稻病株使白背飞虱3日龄和5日龄雌成虫体内可溶性糖及游离氨基酸含量显著升高;此外,饲食感染SRBSDV水稻病株使5日龄雌成虫体内甘油酯含量和可溶性蛋白含量含量明显升高。上述结果证明饲食感染SRBSDV水稻病株会促进白背飞虱雌成虫体内糖类、脂类、氨基酸等物质的积累,有可能会导致其迁飞能力的提升,增加SRBSDV暴发流行的可能性。     

桂东北稻区第七代褐飞虱迁飞规律及虫源分析

褐飞虱是我国水稻上的一种重要迁飞性害虫,在桂东北稻区不能越冬。近年来,作为次害代的第7代褐飞虱在桂东北稻区频繁暴发,桂东北稻区作为褐飞虱南北往返迁飞的重要通道,研究阐明该稻区第7代褐飞虱的迁飞规律及虫源分布,对第7代褐飞虱的早期预警和有效防控意义重大。利用灯光诱捕的方法研究了2007—2010年桂东北稻区褐飞虱的迁飞动态,并运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)和气象图形处理软件GrADS(Grid Analysis and Display System)对褐飞虱迁入、迁出峰次进行轨迹分析和气象背景分析。结果表明:(1)桂东北稻区第7代褐飞虱每年都会出现2—3次迁飞高峰,虫量高峰期主要集中在9月底至10月上旬。(2)迁入虫源主要来自江西中西部和湖南中东部稻区,从本地起飞的部分褐飞虱飞行24 h或36 h后能到达广西南部沿海、越南北部和海南等越冬区。(3)925 hPa的温度高则褐飞虱虫量高;盛行东北气流较多的年份,褐飞虱发生严重;微弱的下沉气流和无雨天气有利于褐飞虱的迁飞。     

上海地区2007年褐飞虱的后期迁入和虫源地的个例分析

褐飞虱后期迁入是指在8月下旬到9月上旬水稻生育后期出现的异常迁入。分析了2007年上海地区褐飞虱后期迁入种群的虫源性质、迁飞降落过程、大气背景场以及虫源地情况,结果表明:(1)2007年8月下旬到9月初上海地区出现的褐飞虱灯诱高峰为外地迁入峰,迁飞峰次分别为8月2223日,8月2731日。(2)8月2223日降虫主要受台风"圣帕"外围倒槽气流的影响;8月2731日褐飞虱的迁入主要受降雨过程的影响。(3)回推轨迹分析表明:2007年8月下旬到9月初上海地区后期迁入的虫源地主要分布在浙江东南沿海稻区(8月2223日),浙江中、北部(8月2731日),江南稻区北部包括皖南、赣北(8月29日)。(4)以怀宁为代表的皖南虫源地的顺推轨迹分析表明:8月下旬该区早中稻进入生育后期,食料条件恶化,褐飞虱长翅型成虫大量外迁,皖南稻区存在为上海提供虫源的对应关系。(5)虫源地的种植制度、虫源基数和合适的气象条件是导致后期迁入的重要因素。     

FLEXPART模式模拟褐飞虱回迁的适用性

褐飞虱是威胁我国水稻生产安全的主要害虫之一,已经严重地威胁到我国南方地区水稻的安全生产。褐飞虱作为一种风媒迁飞性昆虫,与大气气溶胶粒子的运动相似。采用褐飞虱迁飞相关参数,利用WRF-FLEXPART模式模拟分析两次褐飞虱秋季回迁过程。通过模拟2013年9月20—24日褐飞虱迁入兴安县的迁飞过程,发现褐飞虱虫量的模拟结果与实验观测到的褐飞虱高空灯诱数据相近、变化趋势一致,相关性达到0.49(P0.01)。褐飞虱迁飞峰的模拟值平均早于观测值1.5h,这可能与褐飞虱起飞迁飞的主动性及其生理特性等有关。模拟2008年10月5—7日一次冷锋无降水天气过程中的褐飞虱迁飞过程,发现此次冷锋南下和降温过程对褐飞虱的回迁影响显著,主要表现在:(1)在迁飞轨迹上,受热带气旋影响,广西、贵州、湖南和广东西部地区以东北风为主,有利于褐飞虱向西南方向的迁飞;(2)在虫量密度分布上,广东中部地区同时具备了较好的动力和温湿条件,促使大量褐飞虱向着该地区(较温暖)迁入,而湖北地区虽以西北—东北风为主,但地面气温较低(低于广东地区),不利于褐飞虱的大量迁入。综上所述,WRF-FLEXPART模式适用于褐飞虱的迁飞模拟且有较好的模拟能力,该研究对我国褐飞虱灾变的准确预警、病虫测报水平的提高具有重要的参考价值。     

安徽江淮地区灰飞虱的春季迁飞与扩散

通过2009,2010年春季对江淮地区安徽凤台麦田及灯诱灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)种群的系统调查和雌虫卵巢的系统解剖,明确了本地越冬后灰飞虱的种群性质,作为灰飞虱能否迁飞的判据;运用美国NOAA网站的HYSPLIT平台对本地的迁入高峰做了数值模拟和虫源分析。结果表明:(1)江淮稻区灰飞虱麦田种群的迁移动态为远距离迁飞与本地扩散相结合;(2)在本地范围内,灰飞虱的本地繁殖型长翅成虫于麦收前可从麦田向秧田迁移扩散,在不利于长翅成虫起飞进行远距离迁飞的天气条件,如降雨、大风等的影响下,麦田迁飞型种群可向附近的秧田扩散;(3)灯诱与田间长翅雌虫卵巢解剖表明本地2010年6月5日和12日出现迁入虫群;虫源轨迹分析显示2010年6月5日迁入虫峰来自苏中的扬州地区,6月12日迁入虫源来自鲁南济宁地区。     

江西上犹2009、2010年南方水稻黑条矮缩病的毒源地分析

通过灯下诱虫情况调查、毒源地分析、轨迹模拟、ArcGIS技术以及天气学背景分析,阐释了2009、2010年江西省上犹县发现的南方水稻黑条矮缩病(SRBSDV)的供毒源地情况,以及白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)携毒的传递路径。结果显示:(1)通过对白背飞虱迁入上犹的虫源地与经鉴定的南方水稻黑条矮缩病发病区域的叠加分析,明确了传入上犹的毒源地分布于广东、广西、海南3省区境内。(2)西南低空急流及偏南气流是白背飞虱将我国南方的病毒远距离传送到上犹县境内的动力源。(3)白背飞虱随下沉气流和降雨在上犹境内的集中降落是SRBSDV在当地暴发的触发条件。     

Virus-Mediated Chemical Changes in Rice Plants Impact the Relationship between Non-Vector Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens St?l and Its Egg Parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang

In order to clarify the impacts of southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) infection on rice plants, rice planthoppers and natural enemies, differences in nutrients and volatile secondary metabolites between infected and healthy rice plants were examined. Furthermore, the impacts of virus-mediated changes in plants on the population growth of non-vector brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, and the selectivity and parasitic capability of planthopper egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae were studied. The results showed that rice plants had no significant changes in amino acid and soluble sugar contents after SRBSDV infection, and SRBSDV-infected plants had no significant effect on population growth of non-vector BPH. A. nilaparvatae preferred BPH eggs both in infected and healthy rice plants, and tended to parasitize eggs on infected plants, but it had no significant preference for infected plants or healthy plants. GC-MS analysis showed that tridecylic aldehyde occurred only in rice plants infected with SRBSDV, whereas octanal, undecane, methyl salicylate and hexadecane occurred only in healthy rice plants. However, in tests of behavioral responses to these five volatile substances using a Y-tube olfactometer, A. nilaparvatae did not show obvious selectivity between single volatile substances at different concentrations and liquid paraffin in the control group. The parasitic capability of A. nilaparvatae did not differ between SRBSDV-infected plants and healthy plant seedlings. The results suggested that SRBSDV-infected plants have no significant impacts on the non-vector planthopper and its egg parasitoid, A. nilaparvatae.     

稻飞虱种群发生的调查与取样技术

稻飞虱是中国和许多国家水稻生产上的主要害虫,属r对策暴发危害类型。其中,褐飞虱和白背飞虱是典型的远距离迁飞性害虫,具有大区域同期"突增"和"突减"的灾变特性;灰飞虱则主要以本地越冬为主,远距离迁飞对种群结构的影响较小,但其传播的病毒病对水稻生产的影响更甚。针对3种稻飞虱的生物学特性,本文发展了稻飞虱田间种群发生与危害等的调查与取样技术,为其种群发生及其监测预警提供技术支撑。     

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus hijacks SNARE complex of its insect vector for its effective transmission to rice

Vesicular trafficking is an important dynamic process that facilitates intracellular transport of biological macromolecules and their release into the extracellular environment. However, little is known about whether or how plant viruses utilize intracellular vesicles to their advantage. Here, we report that southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) enters intracellular vesicles in epithelial cells of its insect vector by engaging VAMP7 and Vti1a proteins in the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex. The major outer capsid protein P10 of SRBSDV was shown to interact with VAMP7 and Vti1a of the white-backed planthopper and promote the fusion of vesicles into a large vesicle, which finally fused with the plasma membrane to release virions from midgut epithelial cells. Downregulation of the expression of either VAMP7 or Vti1a did not affect viral entry and accumulation in the gut, but significantly reduced viral accumulation in the haemolymph. It also did not affect virus acquisition, but significantly reduced the virus transmission efficiency to rice. Our data reveal a critical mechanism by which a plant reovirus hijacks the vesicle transport system to overcome the midgut escape barrier in vector insects and provide new insights into the role of the SNARE complex in viral transmission and the potential for developing novel strategies of viral disease control.     

Characteristics of resistance in rice to rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) and its vector, Tagosodes orizicolus (Muir)

This paper characterises resistance to rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) which is transmitted by the planthopper Tagosodes orizicolus (Muir). Resistance is expressed as decreased proportion of plants infected compared to susceptible lines, although severity of symptom expression is similar in both types. This resistance is not due to differences in vector feeding behaviour. Vectors reared eight generations on resistant plants showed no increased ability to transmit to resistant lines or decreased ability to transmit to susceptible ones. Longevity of vectors was similar when reared either on virus-resistant or susceptible plants. Incubation period of the virus in resistant plants are significantly longer than in susceptible plants. Resistance increased with plant age in resistant and susceptible cultivars. Increased virus dosage, as determined by increased number of viru-liferous vectors per inoculated plant, caused an increase in transmission to both resistant and susceptible cultivars. However, the ranking of resistant and susceptible remained the same across the experimental range of dosage and plant age. It is concluded that the resistance studied is to virus infection and there is little risk of “breakdown” occurring as a result of genetic or behavioural changes in the vector population. This will permit the use of economic thresholds to planthopper feeding damage with little risk of RHBV epidemic outbreak.     

A plant reovirus hijacks the DNAJB12–Hsc70 chaperone complex to promote viral spread in its planthopper vector

Many viruses usurp the functions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for virus-encoded membrane proteins proper functional folding or assembly to promote virus spread. Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a plant reovirus, exploits virus-containing tubules composed of nonstructural membrane protein P7-1 to spread in its planthopper vector Sogatella furcifera. Here, we report that two factors of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery, the ER chaperone DNAJB12 and its cytosolic co-chaperone Hsc70, are activated by SRBSDV to facilitate ER-to-cytosol export of P7-1 tubules in S. furcifera. Both P7-1 of SRBSDV and Hsc70 directly bind to the J-domain of DNAJB12. DNAJB12 overexpression induces ER retention of P7-1, but Hsc70 overexpression promotes the transport of P7-1 from the ER to the cytosol to initiate tubule assembly. Thus, P7-1 is initially retained in the ER by interaction with DNAJB12 and then delivered to Hsc70. Furthermore, the inhibitors of the ATPase activity of Hsc70 reduce P7-1 tubule assembly, suggesting that the proper folding and assembly of P7-1 tubules is dependent on the ATPase activity of Hsc70. The DNAJB12–Hsc70 chaperone complex is recruited to P7-1 tubules in virus-infected midgut epithelial cells in S. furcifera. The knockdown of DNAJB12 or Hsc70 strongly inhibits P7-1 tubule assembly in vivo, finally suppressing effective viral spread in S. furcifera. Taken together, our results indicate that the DNAJB12–Hsc70 chaperone complex in the ERAD machinery facilitates the ER-to-cytosol transport of P7-1 for proper assembly of tubules, enabling viral spread in insect vectors in a manner dependent on ATPase activity of Hsc70.