大气低温胁迫对中国褐飞虱年内初始迁入的影响

为了揭示大气低温胁迫对中国褐飞虱年内初始迁入的影响,更好地预警来自境外的褐飞虱早期迁入,通过统计2000-2017年中国华南、西南两个稻区褐飞虱年内的始见期和首次迁入峰日,逆推其迁飞轨迹和虫源区,分析大气温度场对迁飞过程产生的作用,比较了褐飞虱在我国不同稻区、不同年内初始迁入期受大气低温胁迫产生的作用差异。结果表明：（1）近年来褐飞虱初始迁入中国的时间提前,初始迁入华南稻区的时间比西南稻区早,华南稻区始见期提早可能与褐飞虱种群越冬北界北移有关。（2）西南稻区褐飞虱年内初始迁入的境外虫源主要来自缅甸,华南稻区年内初始迁入的境外虫源主要来自越南和老挝的中北部。（3）对盛行迁飞层的温场分布研究表明,在褐飞虱年内初始迁入过程中低温屏障发生的概率约为54.4%,迁入当晚降虫地的平均低温强度为13.45℃,平均降温幅度为1.88℃。其中低温胁迫在华南稻区表现更为显著（发生概率为58.3%,平均强度为13.18℃）,在始见期表现得更明显（发生概率为70.6%,平均强度为12.53℃）。     

上海地区2007年褐飞虱的后期迁入和虫源地的个例分析

褐飞虱后期迁入是指在8月下旬到9月上旬水稻生育后期出现的异常迁入。分析了2007年上海地区褐飞虱后期迁入种群的虫源性质、迁飞降落过程、大气背景场以及虫源地情况,结果表明:(1)2007年8月下旬到9月初上海地区出现的褐飞虱灯诱高峰为外地迁入峰,迁飞峰次分别为8月2223日,8月2731日。(2)8月2223日降虫主要受台风"圣帕"外围倒槽气流的影响;8月2731日褐飞虱的迁入主要受降雨过程的影响。(3)回推轨迹分析表明:2007年8月下旬到9月初上海地区后期迁入的虫源地主要分布在浙江东南沿海稻区(8月2223日),浙江中、北部(8月2731日),江南稻区北部包括皖南、赣北(8月29日)。(4)以怀宁为代表的皖南虫源地的顺推轨迹分析表明:8月下旬该区早中稻进入生育后期,食料条件恶化,褐飞虱长翅型成虫大量外迁,皖南稻区存在为上海提供虫源的对应关系。(5)虫源地的种植制度、虫源基数和合适的气象条件是导致后期迁入的重要因素。     

云南省褐飞虱早期迁入虫源及其发生大气背景分析

为了探明我国西南稻区褐飞虱早期迁入种群的虫源地,为后期预测和防治提供依据,通过对2007—2016年云南植保站4—5月份褐飞虱虫情进行分析,选取出云南省勐海、芒市、江城、师宗、麻栗坡、广南6个代表性站点,利用WRF-FlexPart耦合模式对2013年、2015年和2016年这些站点的早期迁入峰进行了数值模拟,得到近年来云南省褐飞虱早期迁入虫源的虫源地。选取了2013年褐飞虱早期迁入量较大的迁入峰进行了大气背景分析,结合峰期影响褐飞虱迁飞的大气动力场、温度场和相对湿度场,探讨了影响云南省褐飞虱早期迁入的大气背景。研究结果表明:(1)近年来云南省褐飞虱迁入的虫源主要来自缅甸,部分来自老挝和泰国,少数来自越南,还有极少量来自孟加拉国。(2)这一时期,当释放高度分别为1500、2000 m时,褐飞虱的迁飞高度分别集中在2216 m和2489 m,平均迁飞高度分别是2167、2454 m,从不同释放高度回推的褐飞虱迁飞高度的起伏趋势具有较好的一致性,表明模式能较好地反映系统性垂直气流和下垫面起伏对其上层三维流场和种群迁飞的影响。(3)选取2013年5月22—26日发生在云南勐海、麻栗坡和广南的一次典型褐飞虱迁入过程,分析了大气背景场对褐飞虱迁飞的影响,结果显示:受印缅低压控制或影响,高空从境外虫源区至云南降虫区有西南水平气流作为种群输送动力;温场在降虫区东北侧有"低温屏障墙"存在,阻止了种群的继续北迁;垂直速度场上虫源区有上升气流促使种群起飞迁出,降虫区有下沉气流促使种群降落;弱降水形成的拖曳下沉气流对降虫也十分有利;相对湿度场对此次迁飞过程不形成任何胁迫。     

2007年广西早稻田褐飞虱发生动态及虫源分析

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)是我国水稻上的重要害虫,近年来在全国连续大暴发,给我国水稻生产造成严重的损失。广西是境外虫源迁入我国的第一站,分析其早稻田褐飞虱的种群动态和迁飞规律,对全国褐飞虱的预测预报和防治工作意义重大。采用田间系统调查与雌虫卵巢系统解剖的方法研究了2007年南宁地区早稻田的褐飞虱发生动态和世代种群特征,分析全区灯诱数据确定迁入高峰期,并运用美国NOAA网站的HYSPLIT平台对2007年广西褐飞虱早期的6段迁入高峰期进行了数值模拟和虫源地分析。结果表明:(1)2007年广西南宁地区褐飞虱在晚熟品种田的发生虫量明显高于早熟品种田,发生、危害期明显延长,为我国北方其他稻区的褐飞虱的迁入积累了充足的虫源基数。(2)确定了南宁地区的早稻田褐飞虱各发生世代的虫源性质。第2代属于大部迁入型;第3代前期属于本地繁殖,部分迁入型,后期属部分迁出型;第4代属于大部分迁出型。(3)4月下旬-5月上旬,虫源地主要分布在越南、老挝中部的地区(18°-20°N);5月中下旬,虫源地主要分布在越南、老挝较北的地区(20°-22°N),部分来自我国海南省和雷州半岛;而6月上旬桂北地区大规模迁入的虫源地主要分布在越南东北部、广西西南部;低空急流为广西褐飞虱大规模迁入提供了运载气流,而当时的降雨是迫使褐飞虱集中降落的主要原因。     

粤北晚稻褐飞虱发生动态

【目的】粤北地区是褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)(BPJ)后期回迁重点区域。阐释后期褐飞虱回迁对粤北稻区的影响,可为其预测预报提供依据。【方法】利用轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT对2006—2012年粤北地区秋季回迁的褐飞虱主要峰次进行轨迹模拟,用气象制图工具Gr ADS分析2011年粤北褐飞虱回迁的降落机制,解析粤北地区后期回迁褐飞虱虫源地及其降落机制。【结论】(1)粤西北地区主要虫源地分布于湖南南部、福建南部和江西,粤东北地区虫源地主要分布于江西南部、福建南部以及广东东南沿海稻区。其中,地形因素是造成两地虫源差异的主要原因。(2)通过粤北地区2011年秋季几个迁入高峰日各气象要素分析结果显示,低空急流能为主降区输入褐飞虱虫源;低层切变线和强降雨过程是造成粤西北褐飞虱大规模降落的主要因素。(3)2011年粤北晚稻褐飞虱出现两个回迁高峰(8月下旬至9月上旬、9月下旬至10月上旬),随着晚稻进入分蘖抽穗期,良好的食料条件加之两次较大的回迁峰加重了褐飞虱对晚稻的危害。(4)8—9月份虫源地适宜的温度以及降水条件造成褐飞虱增殖暴发重要气候因素。     

粤北晚稻褐飞虱发生动态

【目的】粤北地区是褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)(BPJ)后期回迁重点区域。阐释后期褐飞虱回迁对粤北稻区的影响,可为其预测预报提供依据。【方法】利用轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT对2006—2012年粤北地区秋季回迁的褐飞虱主要峰次进行轨迹模拟,用气象制图工具Gr ADS分析2011年粤北褐飞虱回迁的降落机制,解析粤北地区后期回迁褐飞虱虫源地及其降落机制。【结论】(1)粤西北地区主要虫源地分布于湖南南部、福建南部和江西,粤东北地区虫源地主要分布于江西南部、福建南部以及广东东南沿海稻区。其中,地形因素是造成两地虫源差异的主要原因。(2)通过粤北地区2011年秋季几个迁入高峰日各气象要素分析结果显示,低空急流能为主降区输入褐飞虱虫源;低层切变线和强降雨过程是造成粤西北褐飞虱大规模降落的主要因素。(3)2011年粤北晚稻褐飞虱出现两个回迁高峰(8月下旬至9月上旬、9月下旬至10月上旬),随着晚稻进入分蘖抽穗期,良好的食料条件加之两次较大的回迁峰加重了褐飞虱对晚稻的危害。(4)8—9月份虫源地适宜的温度以及降水条件造成褐飞虱增殖暴发重要气候因素。     

褐飞虱、白背飞虱的标记回收试验

近年来,我国经越冬调查,高山、飞机、海面捕捉以及发生季节中虫源性质的解剖和气象资料分析,表明褐飞虱,白背飞虱具有随气流远距离迁飞的习性。每年春、夏季节,褐飞虱、白背飞虱随偏南气流向北迁移,秋季又随偏北气流向南回迁。     

基于WRF-Flexpart的一次褐飞虱回迁过程模拟研究

褐飞虱是影响亚洲地区水稻生产的迁飞性害虫,其远距离迁飞与种群分布会受到大气环流和局地天气条件的影响。采用WRF-Flexpart耦合模式、GIS空间分析和Vincenty方位角/距离估计等方法,选取2009年9月30日—10月7日发生在中国15个植保站的褐飞虱迁入过程,并根据模式输出、GIS分析和轨迹计算结果探讨了多种大气物理胁迫共存下大气动力场、降水、温度场和湿度场对褐飞虱秋季回迁过程及其降落虫量分布的影响。研究结果表明:(1)此次重大迁飞过程中,大气动力场、降水、温度场和湿度场在不同地区、不同时间段对褐飞虱种群的迁入和降落起了不同的作用,因而造成了迁入虫量分布的时空差异。(2)从各虫源地迁出的褐飞虱种群是向着温暖而湿润的地方迁飞的,迁飞方向主要受所经区域盛行风向的影响,迁飞距离由途径区的风速所决定。(3)当迁飞种群途径局地降水较多的区域时,初期迁入量并不多,经过短暂的一段时间后降虫量会突然增加。(4)在一定的温度范围内,大气湿度条件会影响褐飞虱的迁入虫量:褐飞虱迁入虫量在近地面温度高于26℃、相对湿度(925 hPa)大于70%且下沉气流较强的地区分布最多,而在近地面温度低于24℃、相对湿度(925 hPa)小于50%、无明显下沉气流的地区未发现有褐飞虱的迁入。     

复杂地形下褐飞虱迁飞的数值模拟:个例研究

褐飞虱是影响我国水稻生产的重要迁飞性害虫之一,它的爆发严重影响水稻的生长,并诱发水稻病害,导致水稻减产。研究复杂地形条件下褐飞虱的迁出虫源地、空中迁飞轨迹、降落区,探明复杂地形对褐飞虱迁飞的影响机制,对害虫测报与防治、农业防灾减灾和保障我国粮食安全具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。为了分析覆盖复杂地形的大气动力场、温度场、湿度场对褐飞虱迁入及降落分布的影响,采用WRF-Flexpart耦合轨迹计算模式和GIS空间分析等方法,对2008年9月30日—10月3日发生在广东曲江、肇庆、梅县三站和湖北宜昌、安徽东至、江西吉安三站的褐飞虱迁入和降落过程进行了数值模拟,以揭示复杂地形条件下褐飞虱种群降落和密度分布的时空变化结构。(1)广东曲江、肇庆、梅县三站的后向轨迹模拟结果显示,迁入三站的虫源均来自该站点的西北方向。地形较高且复杂多变时,褐飞虱难以穿越且迁飞距离较短、方向多变。(2)湖北宜昌、安徽东至、江西吉安三站的前向轨迹模拟结果显示,当站点附近的山脉较低且有山谷通道,褐飞虱沿山脉顺风方向迁飞,且迁飞距离较远。当山脉地势较高且没有明显的山谷,则褐飞虱遇到山脉阻挡而转向造成种群滞留。(3)褐飞虱迁飞种群的密度沿山脉走向呈带状分布,山坡较为陡峭、断崖显著时,向远离山体的方向迁飞。若山脉由多个山岭构成,则褐飞虱可从其峡谷穿越,密度分布较为分散。(4)强水平气流有利于褐飞虱的远距离迁飞,下沉气流对褐飞虱降落起着重要的作用,当有强下沉气流且气温较高时,有利于褐飞虱种群的降落,并聚集形成高密度迁入区。(5)垂直方向上,在一定的温度范围内,褐飞虱趋向于在暖层中迁飞。褐飞虱密度沿河谷地带呈带状分布且密度高值区多分布在较温暖的地区。秋季,褐飞虱降落区多分布在相对湿度50%左右的区域。模拟的褐飞虱迁飞轨迹、迁飞方位角和迁飞距离等与实际发生的褐飞虱迁飞路径和降虫区之间偏差较小,该模拟方法较大程度地提高了我国迁飞性害虫的业务预报水平。未来拟提高测报褐飞虱虫情数据的时空分辨率,以为得到较高准度和精度的模拟结果。     

安徽江淮地区灰飞虱的春季迁飞与扩散

通过2009,2010年春季对江淮地区安徽凤台麦田及灯诱灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)种群的系统调查和雌虫卵巢的系统解剖,明确了本地越冬后灰飞虱的种群性质,作为灰飞虱能否迁飞的判据;运用美国NOAA网站的HYSPLIT平台对本地的迁入高峰做了数值模拟和虫源分析。结果表明:(1)江淮稻区灰飞虱麦田种群的迁移动态为远距离迁飞与本地扩散相结合;(2)在本地范围内,灰飞虱的本地繁殖型长翅成虫于麦收前可从麦田向秧田迁移扩散,在不利于长翅成虫起飞进行远距离迁飞的天气条件,如降雨、大风等的影响下,麦田迁飞型种群可向附近的秧田扩散;(3)灯诱与田间长翅雌虫卵巢解剖表明本地2010年6月5日和12日出现迁入虫群;虫源轨迹分析显示2010年6月5日迁入虫峰来自苏中的扬州地区,6月12日迁入虫源来自鲁南济宁地区。     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Study of types of some species of "Filaria" (Nematoda) parasites of small mammals described by Von Linstow and Molin

Parasitic nematodes from the Berlin (ZMB) and Vienna (NMW) Museum collections referred to the genus Filaria Mueller, 1787 by von Linstow or Molin were studied. Three samples were in good condition and the specimens redescribed. Litomosa hepatica (von Linstow, 1897) n. comb., sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 3368, from the megachiropteran Pteropus neohibernicus, Bismarck Archipelago, resembles L. maki Tibayrenc, Bain & Ramanchandran, 1979, from Pteropus vampyrus, in Malaysia, but the buccal capsule differs. Both species display particular morphological characters which differ from species of Litomosa parasitic in microchiropterans. The remaining material originates from Brazil. The spicule morphology of Litomosoides circularis (von Linstow, 1899) Chandler, 1931, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 1059 from Hesperomys spec. (= Holochilus brasiliensis), Porto Alegre, confirms that it belongs to the sigmodontis group; the microfilaria presents characters of the genus Litomosoides, e.g. body attenuated at both extremities and salient cephalic hook. Taxonomic discussions by others confirm that species of Litomosoides belonging to the sigmodontis group and described subsequently are distinct from L. circularis. Litomosoides serpicula (Molin, 1858) Guerrero, Martin, Gardner & Bain, 2002, is redescribed, sample NMW 6323 from the bat Phyllostoma spiculatum (= Sturnira lilium), Ypanema. It is very close to L. brasiliensis Almeida, 1936, type host Moytis sp., but distinguished by a single ring in the buccal capsule, rather than two, supporting previous conclusions that the taxon L. brasiliensis, as generally regarded, may represent a complex of species. Samples NMW 6322 and NMW 6324, from other bats and also identified by Molin (1858) as Filaria serpicula, contain unidentifiable fragments of Litomosoides incertae sedis. Filaria hyalina von Linstow, 1890, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3905 from Sorer vulgaris (= Sorex araneus), is incertae sedis because it contains two unidentifiable posterior parts of male, which might be an acuarid, Stammerinema sp. Filaria vesperuginis von Linstow, 1885, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3929, from the bat Vesperugo serotinus (= Eptesicus serotinus), contains encysted nematode larvae and is a nomen dubium.     

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D using different fungi gave 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin-C, zaluzanin-C, 4,16,11,13 - tetrahydro zaluzanin-C, estafiatone, dihydroestafiatol and dihydroestafiatone.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Fate map of the distal portion of Drosophila proboscis as inferred from the expression and mutations of basic patterning genes

The late-third-instar labial disc is comprised of two disc-proper cell layers, one representing mainly the ventral half of the anterior compartment (L-layer) and the other, the dorsal half of the anterior compartment and most, if not all, of the posterior compartment (M-layer). In the L-layer, Distal-less represses homothorax whereas no Distal-less-dependent homothorax repression occurs in the M-layer where Distal-less is coexpressed with homothorax. In wild-type labial discs, clawless, one of the two homeobox genes expressed in distal cells receiving maximum (Decapentaplegic+Wingless) signaling activity in leg and antennal discs, is specifically repressed by proboscipedia. A fate map, inferred from data on basic patterning gene expression in larval and pupal stages and mutant phenotypes, indicates the inner surface of the labial palpus, which includes the pseudotracheal region, to be a derivative of the distal portion of the M-layer expressing wingless, patched, Distal-less and homothorax. The outer surface of the labial palpus with more than 30 taste bristles derives from an L-layer area consisting of dorsal portions of the anterior and posterior compartments, each expressing Distal-less. Our analysis also indicates that, in adults and pupae, the anterior-posterior boundary, dividing roughly equally the outer surface of the distiproboscis, runs along the outer circumference of the inner surface of distiproboscis.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex

The present generic concept of Phoma is broadly defined, with nine sections being recognised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of Phoma have been described in the genera Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, indicating that Phoma anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, representative strains of the various Phoma sections and allied coelomycetous genera were included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of 18 Phoma strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 allied anamorph genera, including Ascochyta, Coniothyrium, Deuterophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Pleurophoma, Pyrenochaeta, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the Phoma sections Phoma, Phyllostictoides, Sclerophomella, Macrospora and Peyronellaea grouped in a subclade in the Pleosporales with the type species of Ascochyta and Microsphaeropsis. The new family Didymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these Phoma sections and related anamorph genera. The present study demonstrated that Phoma radicina, the type species of Phoma sect. Paraphoma and Phoma heteromorphospora, the type species of Phoma sect. Heterospora can be assigned to the Phaeosphaeriaceae and Leptosphaeriaceae respectively.     

Spatial and temporal regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia is required for the establishment of leg identity in Drosophila

Antennapedia is one of the homeotic selector genes required for specification of segment identity in Drosophila. Dominant mutations that ectopically express Antennapedia cause transformation of antenna to leg. Loss-of-function mutations cause partial transformation of leg to antenna. Here we examine the role of Antennapedia in the establishment of leg identity in light of recent advances in our understanding of antennal development. In Antennapedia mutant clones in the leg disc, Homothorax and Distal-less are coexpressed and act via spineless to transform proximal femur to antenna. Antennapedia is negatively regulated during leg development by Distal-less, spineless, and dachshund and this reduced Antennapedia expression is needed for the proper development of distal leg elements. These findings suggest that the temporal and spatial regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia in the leg disc is necessary for normal leg development in Drosophila.