马源马链球菌兽疫亚种3株新疆分离株基因型的鉴定及MLST分析

[背景] 马链球菌兽疫亚种（Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus,SeZ）是引起马腺疫的主要病原,还可引起猪链球菌病,加强该菌的地方株分子流行病学监测对有效防控相关疫病十分必要。[目的] 对新疆地区2个马场SeZ分离株进行鉴定和药敏特性分析,并分析3株新疆分离株的分子流行与菌株的遗传进化特征。[方法] 对分离纯化的3株病原菌（ZHZ113、ZHZ211和ZHZ523）进行染色观察、生化及药敏特性检测,对16S rRNA和SeM基因进行遗传进化分析,以链球菌7个管家基因arcC、nrdE、proS、spi、tdk、tpi和yqiL为目的基因对3株分离菌进行多位点序列分型（Multilocus Sequence Typing,MLST）研究。[结果] 3株SeZ的药敏结果显示这3株分离菌对不同抗生素的耐药程度不同,但均对头孢西丁、庆大霉素、链霉素、红霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、土霉素等11种药物敏感。16S rRNA基因序列分析显示这3株分离菌均属于Ⅱ群（兽疫链球菌）。3株菌的MLST分型结果分别为ST39、ST419、ST421型,其中ST419和ST421型为SeZ目前尚未见报道的新ST型。SeM基因分析结果显示马源SeZ在不同国家、不同动物和不同时间段上的流行分布存在差异和动态变化的特点。[结论] 3株SeZ分离菌分别与美国犬源及马源菌株亲缘关系较近,反映部分SeZ株在新疆地区的基因型分布及分子流行特点。     

苯唑西林敏感、mecA基因阳性的猪源金黄色葡萄球菌的流行、分子分型及耐药性研究

[目的] 为了解我国猪源苯唑西林敏感-mecA阳性金黄色葡萄球菌（Oxacillin-susceptible,mecA-positive Staphylococcus aureus,OS-MRSA）的流行情况、菌株分子特征及耐药性,本研究对我国中西部4个省份（甘肃、陕西、河南和广西）的9个规模化养猪场进行鼻腔拭子样本采集。[方法] 运用PCR扩增nuc和mecA基因及苯唑西林耐药性检测对OS-MRSA菌株进行分离鉴定。然后对分离所得的OS-MRSA菌株进行26种毒素编码基因、16种抗生素耐药性以及spa、MLST和SCCmec分型检测。[结果] 结果表明,采集的884份样本中,67份样本7.6%（67/884）分离到金黄色葡萄球菌,包括50株甲氧西林敏感菌株（Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus,MSSA）、8株苯唑西林耐受-mecA阳性金黄色葡萄球菌（Oxacillin-resistant mecA-positive,OR-MRSA）和9株OS-MRSA菌株。26种被检毒素编码基因中有9种毒素编码基因被检出,其中hla基因检出率最高,其次为hld、hlb、hlg、sei、sem、seg、sen和seo。此外,67株分离株中仅有16株携带肠毒素编码基因,其中OR-MRSA和OS-MRSA菌株分别占37.5%（6/16）和50.0%（8/16）,且携带毒素编码基因的菌株克隆型均为ST9-t899。16种所测试抗生素中,菌株对12种抗生素表现为耐药,其中MSSA、OR-MRSA和OS-MRSA分离株分别主要对1-8、10-12和7-11种抗生素耐药。所有分离株共有4种克隆型ST398-t571、ST9-t899、ST398-t034和t11241,其中ST9-t899为MRSA菌株唯一克隆型和ST398-t571为MSSA优势克隆型。除4株分离株未检测到SCCmec分型外,IV_b（76.5%,13/17）是MRSA分离株的唯一分型。[结论] 结果表明,我国猪源MRSA分离株对苯唑西林药物敏感性发生了改变,出现了较多的苯唑西林敏感菌株。此外,MSSA和MRSA分离株优势克隆型分别为ST398-t571和ST9-IVb-t899。研究还发现,克隆型与毒素编码基因有显著相关性,携带毒素编码基因的菌株克隆型均为ST9-t899。通过了解我国猪源MSSA、OR-MRSA和OS-MRSA的流行、分子特征和耐药性,可以为我国猪源金黄色葡萄球菌的防控提供数据支持。     

肠炎沙门氏菌基因工程减毒株的免疫效果及安全性评价

[背景] 相较于灭活疫苗和弱毒疫苗,沙门氏菌（Salmonella）基因工程减毒活疫苗具有的优越性逐渐显现,研究也不断深入。[目的] 探究肠炎沙门氏菌G9菌株的4株基因缺失株G9（ΔhilA）、G9（ΔhilD）、G9（ΔssrABhilA）和G9（ΔssrABhilAhilD）的免疫效果及生物安全性。[方法] 以肠炎沙门氏菌基因缺失菌株G9（ΔhilA）、G9（ΔhilD）、G9（ΔssrABhilA）、G9（ΔssrABhilAhilD）及其亲本菌株G9的最佳免疫剂量接种小鼠后,利用间接ELISA法、流式细胞术、MTT法、小鼠攻毒试验及倾注平板法等对各缺失株的免疫效果和安全性进行评价。[结果] G9（ΔhilD）诱导血清IgG抗体效价最高,G9（ΔhilD）和G9（ΔssrABhilAhilD）产生肠黏膜IgA抗体效价最高,4株缺失菌诱导IL-4、IL-10、IFN-γ、TNF-β、MCP-1细胞因子的能力与亲本株G9差异不显著（P>0.05）,产生的CD4⁺/CD3⁺、CD8⁺/CD3⁺ T细胞比率呈上升趋势,而且G9（ΔssrABhilA）和G9（ΔssrABhilAhilD）最高;G9（ΔssrABhilAhilD）诱发的脾淋巴细胞增殖指数最高;免疫小鼠后4株缺失株对G9攻毒提供的保护率为80%-100%,而且小鼠肝脏、脾脏及小肠绒毛无明显病理变化,对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌攻毒提供的保护率为50%-80%;接种后12 d,小鼠肝脏、脾脏及小肠中定殖的菌株能基本清除,而且在体外能连续稳定传代30代。[结论] G9（ΔhilA）、G9（ΔhilD）、G9（ΔssrABhilA）和G9（ΔssrABhilAhilD）对小鼠的免疫效果和生物安全性均良好,有成为肠炎沙门氏菌基因工程减毒活疫苗的可能。     

圈养林麝粪样类固醇激素水平与麝香分泌的关系

基于非损伤取样和放射免疫法（RIA）,于2018年9月1日-10月15日期间对四川马尔康林麝繁育场的36头雄性圈养林麝（Moschus berezovskii）的粪样类固醇激素水平进行了检测,结合麝香分泌数据采集,探究了林麝的粪样睾酮和皮质醇水平与其麝香分泌的关系,结果表明：四川马尔康圈养林麝的麝香分泌（12.53±0.76）g（n=36）与粪样睾酮水平（106.03±12.34）ng/g（n=36）呈显著正相关（r=0.436,P < 0.01）,泌香较多雄麝（16.50±0.61）g（n=17）的睾酮水平（141.51±21.86）ng/g（n=17）显著地高于泌香较少（8.98±0.59）g（n=19）雄麝（74.27±7.93）ng/g（n=19）（t=-3.252,df=34, P < 0.01）,方程y=0.021x+10.270（R²=0.120,P < 0.05）可较好地拟合二者间关系。麝香分泌与皮质醇浓度（47.49±1.53）ng/g（n=36）相关不显著（r=0.078,P > 0.05）,泌香较多雄麝的皮质醇浓度（48.98±2.28）ng/g（n=17）略高于泌香较少雄麝（46.17±2.14）ng/g（n=19）,差异不显著（P > 0.05）,方程y=0.038x+10.730（R²=0.023,P > 0.05）可近似拟合皮质醇与泌香量间的关系。此外,雄麝睾酮水平对泌香量有显著影响（P < 0.05）,睾酮水平较高林麝泌香量（14.97±1.17）g（n=12）显著高于睾酮水平较低个体的泌香量（11.32±0.90）g（n=24）（F=4.79,P < 0.05）,而睾酮、皮质醇和年龄对麝香分泌的综合效应及变量间的交互作用均不显著（P > 0.05）。研究确定了圈养林麝粪样睾酮和皮质醇水平与麝香分泌量间的关系,可用于麝类驯养实践的麝香产量预测及品系选育。     

谷物蛋白对白酒发酵过程中微生物群落及其代谢多样性的调控

[背景] 在白酒发酵过程中,原料中的谷物蛋白可为微生物的生长提供氮源等营养物质,进而形成多种代谢产物。谷物蛋白可分为清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白。然而,谷物蛋白对微生物多样性及其代谢产物多样性的调控尚不明确。[目的] 揭示白酒发酵过程中与微生物多样性及其代谢产物多样性显著相关的关键谷物蛋白种类及其调控作用。[方法] 通过Osborne法测定不同品种高粱中谷物蛋白的组成;采用多组学联用技术解析4种高粱在发酵过程中的微生物菌群多样性及代谢产物多样性;通过模拟发酵揭示原料中影响微生物群落及其代谢多样性的关键蛋白。[结果] 4种高粱中的谷物蛋白组成存在显著差异（ANOSIM：R=0.85,P=0.001）;4种高粱在发酵第5天时,S4高粱的细菌多样性显著（P<0.05）高于其他3种高粱,S3高粱中微生物的代谢产物多样性显著（P<0.05）高于其他3种高粱;清蛋白和球蛋白含量与发酵第5天的优势细菌多样性（R²=0.34,P<0.05;R²=0.58,P<0.05）和代谢产物多样性呈显著正相关（R²=0.58,P<0.05;R²=0.36,P<0.05）,被定义为关键蛋白;模拟发酵实验验证了优势细菌多样性和代谢产物多样性可随着2种关键蛋白即清蛋白和球蛋白含量的升高而升高。当清蛋白含量在3.0 g/L时,优势细菌多样性及代谢产物多样性可分别达到0.72和0.65;当球蛋白含量在3.0 g/L时,优势细菌多样性及代谢产物多样性可分别达到0.66和0.81。[结论] 研究揭示了酿造原料中的清蛋白和球蛋白对发酵过程中细菌多样性及代谢产物多样性的调控作用,为提高白酒发酵的可控性及质量提供了依据。     

腺相关病毒载体工程毒株精细化纯化

[背景] 大量制备高纯度的重组腺相关病毒（Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus,rAAV）,是以腺相关病毒（AAV）为投递载体的基因靶向治疗或基因工程药物研发过程中需要解决的重要问题。[目的] 利用层析柱法大量纯化质粒和rAAV细胞培养液,以获得高纯度的rAAV颗粒。[方法] 对组装rAAV的3种质粒用HiPrep^TM10 Sepharose 6FF和HiTrap PlasmidSelect Xtra凝胶层析柱纯化,目的是得到组装AAV的超螺旋质粒DNA,然后对组装rAAV过程中的AAV-293细胞培养方法进行优化,组装成功病毒后,再对收集到的细胞提取液用HiLoad^TM10Q和HiLoad^TM10SP阴阳离子交换层析柱纯化,最后用纯化浓缩后的rAAV感染HT1080细胞,通过流式细胞仪检测荧光表达细胞数,计算浓缩后活病毒感染滴度。[结果] HiPrep和HiTrap层析柱纯化后得到大量高纯度的超螺旋质粒DNA,组装病毒后,用HiLoad柱纯化获得大量高纯度的rAAV颗粒,通过测定,rAAV基因组滴度达到（2.46±0.37）×10¹² TCID₅₀/mL （MOI=1.0×10⁴）。[结论] 通过一系列精细化组装纯化制备出高纯度、高滴度rAAV病毒颗粒。     

鸡源大肠杆菌毒力基因检测及分子流行特征

[目的] 本试验旨在阐明鸡源大肠杆菌致病性及分子流行特性,为探索大肠杆菌流行途径制定合理的防控策略提供新思路。[方法] 2018–2019年在河北省采集病死鸡肝脏样品,通过选择培养基筛选、生化鉴定、血清凝集试验对分离菌株进行系统鉴定,应用PCR方法检测分离株中毒力基因流行情况。参考系统发育群分类方法对大肠杆菌进行分群分析,并参照McMLST网站数据库提供的7对管家基因序列进行多位点序列分型（multilocus sequence typing,MLST）分析。[结果] 结果显示,56株分离株符合大肠杆菌生化特征,分为8个生化表型,B4（30.36%）、B5（25%）和B2（23.21%）为主要生化表型。56株分离株大肠杆菌血清凝集试验均呈阳性,分为11种血清型,O₇₈（26.79%）、O₂（23.21%）、O₁₅₇（17.86%）和O₁（14.29%）为主要流行血清型。56株大肠杆菌共检测出15种肠外大肠杆菌毒力基因,未检出papC、ibeA和ibeB基因。黏附相关基因fimC和抗血清存活因子相关基因ompA携带率为100%。aatA、yijP、irp2、mat、iss,检出率分别为98.21%、98.21%、98.21%、96.43%、92.86%。同时,大肠杆菌与铁转运相关基因iroN、fyuA、iucD、irp2检出率均在80%以上。56株大肠杆菌中有20株属于肠出血型大肠杆菌（enterohemorrhagic E.coli,EHEC）,其次是肠聚集型大肠杆菌（enteroaggregative E.coli,EAEC）（n=4）、肠产毒素型大肠杆菌（Enterotoxigenic E.coli,ETEC）（n=2）。这些菌株D群分离株较多,其次是B2群。通过MLST分型分析,共分为22个ST型,其中ST88（n=7）、ST85（n=6）、ST243（n=6）型为主要流行型。[结论] 结果显示大肠杆菌血清型多样,毒力因子种类繁多,致病性大肠杆菌同时携带多种毒力基因,表明动物源大肠杆菌具有较强的毒力基础。     

一株高效甘蔗内生固氮细菌GXS16的鉴定及其对甘蔗的促生长作用

[背景] 我国甘蔗生产中氮肥过量施用严重,导致生产成本居高不下,充分发挥甘蔗与内生固氮菌的联合固氮作用,减少氮肥施用量,对促进我国甘蔗产业可持续发展具有重要意义。[目的] 筛选优势甘蔗内生固氮菌,对其基本特性、联合固氮效率及促生长功能进行评价。[方法] 从甘蔗根系分离到一株内生固氮菌GXS16,利用乙炔还原法测定固氮酶活性,通过PCR扩增nifH基因确定菌株为固氮菌;通过形态观察、Biolog检测和16S rRNA基因序列分析等对菌株进行分类;通过接种盆栽甘蔗检测菌株的促生长作用,采用¹⁵N同位素稀释法检测菌株相对固氮效率。[结果] 菌株GXS16固氮酶活性为2.42μmol-C₂H₄/（h·mL）,根据菌株培养性状和菌体形态观察、Biolog检测、16S rRNA、nifH、acdS基因序列分析结果,菌株GXS16属于伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）;菌株GXS16还具有1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶（1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase,ACC）活性及合成生长素吲哚乙酸（Indoleacetic Acid,IAA）、降解无机磷的功能;接种GXS16处理甘蔗植株的株高比对照增长15%以上,干重增长20%以上,¹⁵N同位素测定显示甘蔗根、茎、叶从空气中获得氮的百分比分别为7.69%、15.64%和8.72%,效率显著优于模式菌株G.diazotrophicus PAL5。[结论] Burkholderia sp.GXS16是一株高效甘蔗内生固氮菌,具有良好应用前景。     

新疆野果林木霉分离鉴定、抑菌作用及固态发酵配方优化

[背景] 新疆野苹果病害发生严重,而木霉（Trichoderma spp.）是重要的植物病害生防菌,因此可利用其对新疆野苹果病害进行防治。[目的] 分离鉴定新疆野果林木霉菌株,分析其对新疆野苹果2种病原菌的抑菌能力,为新疆野苹果专用木霉菌肥的制备提供菌种资源。[方法] 利用平板稀释法对新疆野果林4种草本植物根围木霉菌进行分离,通过形态学与分子生物学方法进行菌种鉴定,平板对峙试验检测其抑菌能力并优化木霉菌株的固态发酵配方。[结果] 共分离得到2种木霉菌共42株,分别为34株棘孢木霉（T. asperellum）和8株深绿木霉（T. atroviride）;棘孢木霉TasT01对苹果炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,Cgl）和苹果斑点落叶病病原菌（Alternaria alternaria f.sp.mali,Aal）的抑菌率分别为58.60%和57.14%;深绿木霉TatT35对Cgl和Aal的抑菌率分别为43.86%和36.90%。进一步显微镜观察发现,TasT01可通过菌丝缠绕的方式抑制2种病原菌的生长。TatT35菌株固态发酵配方为稻壳90%、麦麸10%、（NH₄）₂SO₄ 0.5%时,孢子浓度达1.0×10⁸个/g。[结论] TasT01和TatT35对新疆野苹果2种病原菌都有很好的抑制效果,固态发酵配方优化后可以提高孢子浓度,该研究结果为新疆野苹果真菌病害的生物防治提供了可借鉴的方法。     

西藏双须叶须鱼年龄与生长特点研究

双须叶须鱼（Ptychobarbus dipogon Regan）隶属裂腹鱼亚科（Schizothoracinae）叶须鱼属（Ptychobarbus）,是西藏特有经济鱼类,2016年被列入中国脊椎动物红色名录,必须加快推动该鱼的养护工作。2013年2~3月份及2014年2~6月份,在雅鲁藏布江谢通门段与支流拉萨河上游段采集1 030尾双须叶须鱼样本,以脊椎骨作为年龄鉴定材料进行年龄与生长特点研究,以期分析和评价该类群鱼类资源情况。研究结果如下：双须叶须鱼样本中最大年龄为49龄,最小年龄为4龄;体重与体长关系是样本总体W=4.4×10^-5?SL^2.7688、雌鱼W_♀=5.0×10^-4?SL^2.3474、雄鱼W_♂=2.8×10^-5?SL^2.8414;体长生长方程为雌鱼L_t（♀）=431.8［1-e^-0.19（t+1.19）］,渐进体长L∞_（♀）=431.8 mm,拐点年龄为3.3龄,雄鱼L_t（♂）=367.6［1-e^-0.42（t+3.37）］,渐进体长L∞_（♂）=367.7 mm;体重生长方程为雌鱼W_t（♀）=767.40［1-e^-0.19（t+1.19）］^2.3474,雄鱼W_t（♂）=545.02［1-e^-0.42（t+3.37）］^2.8414;群体异速生长指数b=2.768 8与匀速生长指数3存在显著性差异,即P<0.05。研究表明双须叶须鱼体趋向低龄化,应当予以充分关注。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。