千岛湖岛屿小型兽类群落的多样性

2007 年秋季和2008 年春季,选取千岛湖地区14 个岛屿和2 个半岛作为样地,采用夹夜法进行小型兽类群落组成调查。两季度共布夹20 400 个,捕获小型兽类1 141 只,隶属2 目3 科9 属13 种,啮齿目(Rodentia)鼠科(Muridae)10 种和仓鼠科(Cricetidae)1 种,食虫目(Insectivora)鼩鼱科(Soricidae)2 种。利用以上结果分析其群落多样性,结果显示:14 个岛屿小型兽类群落春、秋两季的多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均呈现极显著差异且优势种发生变化;对可能影响岛屿小型兽类群落多样性的岛屿面积、距最近陆地距离、距最近大岛距离和植物丰富度等因素进行逐步回归分析,发现只有植物丰富度对小型兽类群落的物种丰富度有显著影响;对16 个样地按照物种组成比进行聚类,许源半岛样地与14 个岛屿聚为一类,姚家半岛样地单独归为一类,相似性指数比较结果亦显示姚家半岛样地与其它样地的相似性指数偏低。结论:景观破碎化导致千岛湖岛屿小型兽类群落的稳定性下降,物种多样性季节变化强烈;随岛屿面积的增加,小型兽类物种丰富度并非总是增加的,而是出现反复,呈现明显的小岛效应;14 个岛屿的物种与许源半岛样地物种构成比接近,推断在水库未形成前属同一生境。     

会飞翔的哺乳动物——蝙蝠

正熟悉动物的人们知道,哺乳动物的行为多以陆地或水域环境为依托,进行觅食、运动或迁移,可以在空中飞翔的哺乳动物实为少数。在现生哺乳动物中,包含皮翼目、翼手目以及啮齿目中鳞尾鼯鼠科的动物具有飞行能力。在皮翼目中有1科1属2种,菲律宾鼯猴和马来亚鼯猴;在翼手目中有19科178属1001种;在鳞尾鼯鼠科中有4属6种。在这些动物中,具有真正意义飞翔能力的只有翼手目动物,比如大家所熟悉的蝙蝠。     

四川雪宝顶自然保护区的兽类

2002年8月和9月,对四川雪宝顶自然保护区的兽类进行了调查,并结合历史文献,确认保护区有兽类90种,分属7目27科。区系分析表明：该保护区的兽类属东洋界的有66种,占73．3％;属古北界的有21种,占23．3％;广布种有3种,占3．4％。该保护区有国家Ⅰ级重点保护兽类7种,国家Ⅱ级保护兽类17种。     

四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区兽类资源调查

1997年7～8月和2006年10月,对若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区兽类资源进行了野外调查.结合历史文献确认保护区有兽类39种,东洋界种类10种,古北界26种,广布种3种;有国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护动物9种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护动物1种;有我国特有或主要分布于我国的特有兽类15种.总体上看,保护区兽类资源比较贫乏、种类少.大型兽类藏原羚、藏狐和鼬科动物常见;小型兽类黑唇鼠兔、鼢鼠等种群数量大,已对高寒湿地生态系统造成一定的危害,建议进行控制.     

四川小寨子沟自然保护区兽类区系初报

2002年7月在小寨子沟自然保护区进行本底调查,结合前人有关资料,对该地兽类区系进行初步报道。该保护区迄今发现兽类共110种,属一类保护的5种,属二类保护的19种,属四川省重点保护的8种,另有我国特产的兽类达36种。区系组成以东洋界为主,并出现了南北混杂的现象。     

四川海子山自然保护区兽类资源调查初报

2003~2005年对四川海子山自然保护区兽类资源进行了3次野外调查,结合历史文献确认保护区有兽类64种。其中东洋界种类有32种,古北界种类30种,广布种2种。保护区兽类有11种分布型,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物6种,Ⅱ级保护动物20种。有我国特有或主要分布于我国的兽类31种。保护区兽类的特点是大型兽类如白唇鹿、水鹿、林麝、马麝、黑熊、马熊等资源非常丰富,种群数量大、密度高,具有很高的保护价值;小型兽类资源丰富,有较多的珍稀物种。     

陕西马家山自然保护区大中型兽类的资源及区系与生态分布

马家山自然保护区(105°28′~105°40′E,32°50′~32°56′N)属秦岭西段的南坡山地。采用样线调查法和访问调查法,于2004年10~11月,对该保护区大中型兽类(包括灵长类、食肉动物和偶蹄动物)的资源、区系和生态分布进行了研究。该保护区共有23种大中型兽类,其中属我国Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级重点保护动物的兽类分别有5种和9种。它是秦岭物种多样性保护的关键地区之一。金丝猴和猕猴在此同域分布,大熊猫和羚牛四川亚种也分布于此地,该保护区是这4个珍稀濒危物种的一个新分布区。区内的23种兽类中没有古北界的区系成分,而属于东洋界成分的兽类有17种,占73.9%;其余6种为广布种,占26.1%。分析该区域23种兽类的生态分布发现,常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中分别有16种、20种和12种动物活动。这些物种的垂直分布幅度有很大的差异。垂直分布幅度在海拔高差1000 m以上、500~1000 m、500 m以下的物种分别有5种、13种和5种。区内不同海拔带的兽类物种数随海拔升高的变化比较平稳,没有表现出明显上升或下降的规律性变化。     

江苏盐城自然保护区陆生兽类资源调查研究

2005年3月～2007年9月期间,在查阅相关文献的基础上,采用实地涮查与访问调查相结合的方法,对盐城自然保护区的陆,七兽类资源进行了初步调查.报道兽类共31种,分属6日13科.其中有国家重点保护兽类3种:I级1种,Ⅱ级2种;国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆牛兽类10种;有4种兽类被列入<中国濒危动物红皮书>,1种兽类被列入世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)<濒危物种红色名录>,2种兽类被列入<濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约>(CITES)附录.对盐城自然保护区陆牛兽类资源的生态分布和保护现状等进行了研究,并分析了该区陆牛兽类资源数量减少的原因,提出了保护和管理对策.     

四川九寨沟自然保护区兽类调查

2002 年至2003 年, 对九寨沟自然保护区兽类进行了6 次野外考察。调查确认, 保护区有兽类78 种, 其中东洋界种类50 种, 古北界种类25 种, 广布种3 种; 有10 种分布型。保护区兽类物种分布体现了较高的南北类群渗透性和残遗性; 有20 种国家I、II 级保护动物, 其中I 级6 种, 珍稀性较明显; 有四川林跳鼠、四川毛尾睡鼠、沟牙田鼠等稀有小型种类; 随着海拔增加, 兽类分布呈现古北界种类增多, 东洋界种类减少的趋势, 但在海拔3 200～3 600 m , 古北界和东洋界种类都仍然丰富, 仍然表现出区系的过渡性特征。     

湖北万朝山自然保护区兽类调查报告及保护

2005年8月对湖北万朝山兽类物种多样性、兽类特点、兽类生存环境等做了调查,为万朝山拟建立国家级自然保护区提出兽类物种多样性保护性建议。万朝山有兽类62种,隶属于7目、23科,其中国家Ⅰ级保护兽类3种,国家Ⅱ级保护兽类11种;与湖北省其它保护区相比,万朝山兽类生存环境小气候特征显著。     

A fine-scale gap analysis of the existing protected area system in Hong Kong, China

As well as being one of the most densely populated areas on Earth, Hong Kong also has the highest percentage of protected areas (38% of the 1098 km² land area) of any administrative region in the Asia Pacific. Overlay of field records from a biodiversity survey of eight taxa (amphibians, reptiles, mammals, breeding birds, ants, butterflies, dragonflies and rare vascular plants) in 1 km grid squares with protected areas indicated that over half of the 623 species of conservation concern (globally, regionally, or locally restricted species) were under-represented. Ants, butterflies and reptiles were most poorly represented. The hotspots of different taxa also received differing levels of protection. Hong Kong's protected areas are biased towards high-altitude habitats, so the under-represented species are mostly associated with the lowland habitats (freshwater wetlands, abandoned agriculture and feng shui woods). Since the restricted species are scattered and the hotspots of different taxa do not overlap, a large protected area network will be required to represent all species. This indicates the challenge that will be encountered in the conservation of many other parts of Asia that support burgeoning human populations, and where landscapes are increasingly human-dominated.     

香港的植物区系

通过两年多的野外考察,对收集到的３５００号标本进行分类鉴定和根据前人的研究资料,概述了香港植物区系的研究历史、自然条件与植被。对香港种子植物的区系组成、特点、属的分布区类型、特有现象作了分析并进行了区系比较,并对香港的濒危植物和最近两年多发现的新记录植物作了介绍。     

香港索罟群岛植被与植物物种多样性研究

索罟群岛植被的次生性很强,以常绿灌丛为主,兼有次生性常绿阔叶林、滨海沙生灌草丛及少量半红树植物,其中灌木、草本植物种类丰富。群岛共有维管植物259种,隶属于85科207属,其中本土野生植物70科193属245种,包括2种受国家或地方保护的植物。其植物区系热带性质明显,56.47%的科属于泛热带分布,94.69%的属为热带分布类型,83.40%的种为热带分布,与邻近的广东内伶仃岛植物区系具有较高的相似性。受岛屿面积、海拔、隔离程度及人类活动等因素影响,群岛各岛屿的植物物种多样性各有特点,其中大鸦洲、小鸦洲植物种类最丰富。     

香港大埔滘天然次生林鸟类群落结构变化

观察了香港最大的大埔滘天然次生林内鸟类群落结构在10a间的变化。用t檢验比较了1993~1995年和2003~2005年间的10种数量最高的鸟类的密度变化。所有的泛生境留鸟种类的密度均呈显著减少。两种树林种类的密度有显著増加,其中一种是本土种,另一种是外来种。香港树林鸟类群落的变化趋势主要受到两个因素的影响,包括缺少有树林种类鸟居住的树林,和外来种的入侵。     

Socio-economic and ecological impacts of global protected area expansion plans

Several global strategies for protected area (PA) expansion have been proposed to achieve the Convention on Biological Diversity''s Aichi target 11 as a means to stem biodiversity loss, as required by the Aichi target 12. However, habitat loss outside PAs will continue to affect habitats and species, and PAs may displace human activities into areas that might be even more important for species persistence. Here we measure the expected contribution of PA expansion strategies to Aichi target 12 by estimating the extent of suitable habitat available for all terrestrial mammals, with and without additional protection (the latter giving the counterfactual outcome), under different socio-economic scenarios and consequent land-use change to 2020. We found that expanding PAs to achieve representation targets for ecoregions under a Business-as-usual socio-economic scenario will result in a worse prognosis than doing nothing for more than 50% of the world''s terrestrial mammals. By contrast, targeting protection towards threatened species can increase the suitable habitat available to over 60% of terrestrial mammals. Even in the absence of additional protection, an alternative socio-economic scenario, adopting progressive changes in human consumption, leads to positive outcomes for mammals globally and to the largest improvements for wide-ranging species.     

Human CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte memory to influenza A viruses of swine and avian species.

Recently, an avian influenza A virus (A/Hong Kong/156/97, H5N1) was isolated from a young child who had a fatal influenza illness. All eight RNA segments were of avian origin. The H5 hemagglutinin is not recognized by neutralizing Abs present in humans as a result of infection with the human H1, H2, or H3 subtypes of influenza A viruses. Subsequently, five other deaths and several more human infections in Hong Kong were associated with this avian-derived virus. We investigated whether influenza A-specific human CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes would recognize epitopes on influenza A virus strains derived from swine or avian species, including the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong virus strains. Our results demonstrate that adults living in an urban area of the U.S. possess influenza A cross-serotype reactive CD8+ and CD4+ CTL that recognize multiple epitopes on influenza A viruses of other species. Bulk culture cytotoxicity was demonstrated against avian and human influenza A viruses. Enzyme-linked immunospot assays detected precursor CTL specific for both human CTL epitopes and the corresponding A/HK/97 viral sequences. We hypothesize that these cross-reactive CTL might provide partial protection to humans against novel influenza A virus strains introduced into humans from other species.     

香港的两栖和爬行动物

香港及其附近水域已有纪录的两栖和爬行动物共4目23科70属107种。本文着重分析陆地与淡水产种类,计有4目21科63属98种,其中目前仅见于香港的特有种4种,物种密度高达897．4／104km2,东洋界种类占绝对优势,其中主要为南中国成分,其次为印度支那成分和印度马来成分,香港与我国东南沿海各省（区）具有很高的生物相似值（＞0．4）,在动物地理区划上属于东洋界华南区东南沿海亚区。香港地处北半球亚热带季风区,气候温暖湿润,雨量充沛,适合两栖爬行动物的生存和繁衍;但由于面积不大、地貌较不复杂,随着经济的发展和人口的增加,它们生存的地域越来越缩小,再加以人为的干扰,物种和数量有减少的趋势。     

Conservation effectiveness of protected areas for Hong Kong butterflies declines under climate change

Protected areas are important in conserving the rapid decline of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Yet uncertainty persists whether protected areas will continue to meet conservation goals if climate change causes community or ecosystem shifts. Previous research has proven equivocal with some studies finding protected areas fail conservation objectives and others finding objectives are largely met. The effectiveness of protected area systems within tropical Asia and for insects are particularly under-studied. Using species distribution modeling of 68 butterfly species (15,346 locality records), we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of protected areas in Hong Kong, one of the most well-covered (40% land area) protected area systems in the Asian tropics, and projected how the ability to protect biodiversity would change under different climate change scenarios and different conservation target schemes. Under climate change, 15–37% of the modeled species in 2000 were projected to become extirpated by 2050. Under all conservation target schemes, the proportion of species unprotected increased or leveled, by up to as much as 7%. If buffer grids were considered as unprotected, the increase in these gap species was much greater, by up to as much as 22%. These results together indicate that under climate change, the effectiveness of protected areas for butterflies in Hong Kong is likely to decrease despite the territory’s relatively high proportion of protected area coverage. We also highlight here the importance of the fortification of partly protected areas in mediating biodiversity loss under the impacts of global change.     

深圳大鹏半岛“风水林”香蒲桃群落特征及物种多样性研究

根据样方调查,对罕见的大鹏半岛"风水林"香蒲桃群落的区系组成、外貌、群落结构特征和物种多样性进行分析,并与邻近4个地区的森林群落作比较。结果表明,该群落属于南亚热带次生性常绿阔叶林,在1200m2样地中,有维管束植物86种,隶属于44科80属,其中以热带性分布属占明显优势,所占比例为89.33%。群落主要优势种为香蒲桃、乌饭树、银柴、密花树。群落外貌终年常绿,生活型以高位芽为主,占86.05%;通过对优势种群的年龄结构分析显示,该群落处于增长状态,按照Raunkiaer的频度等级定律,属于A级的种类最多,频度值为52.32。整个群落物种丰富度Magarlef指数为9.65,Shannon-Wiener指数为3.17,均匀度指数为0.71,3个层次多样性格局为"灌木层>乔木层>草本层"。物种多样性比较结果显示,大鹏半岛香蒲桃群落的物种多样性水平高于受不同程度干扰的深圳南山假萍婆群落和澳门假苹婆群落,但比保护较好的香港黄桐群落和鼎湖山厚壳桂群落低,过度的人为干扰将导致植物物种多样性的降低。     

副华枝樇属分类研究及三新种记述(樇目: 笛樇科: 长角枝樇亚科)

本文对副华枝樇属Parasinophasma Chen et He进行了分类研究, 其中包括3新种--斑副华枝樇Parasinophasma maculatum sp. nov., 天目山副华枝樇Parasinophasma tianmushanense sp. nov.和单色副华枝樇Parasinophasma unicolor sp. nov.樇 新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所、上海昆虫博物馆、上海师范大学和香港昆虫学会。