纵横欧亚非和北美的小精灵

红嘴鸥在鸟类分类学上属于鸥形目、鸥科、鸥属,是北半球最常见的中型鸥类,人们对它非常熟悉。它的体形中等,体重约300克,嘴和足红色,趾间具蹼。成熟鸥鸟在冬季和夏季形态上略有不同,冬季红嘴鸥的头、后颈、腰及尾上覆     

云南大理发现小鸥

2019年4月26日,在云南省大理白族自治州大理市洱海月湿地公园的湖边(100°13′56.51″E,25°36′40.91″N,海拔1 964 m)拍摄到1只鸥类(图1)。该鸟体型较小,通体灰白色;前额白色,头顶和枕深棕色;头顶灰白色不显著,区别于楔尾鸥Rhodostethia rosea;耳羽具1深棕色圆斑;领环不呈黑色,次级飞羽不全白,与三趾鸥Rissa tridactyla不同;在水中游弋时,次级覆羽灰白色,尾上覆羽和飞羽端部深棕色;飞行时,腕骨上覆羽呈深棕色的宽带,两翼形成的“M”形图纹清晰可见;小覆羽不呈白色,“M”形图纹完整,与波氏鸥Chroicocephalus Philadelphia相区别;初级飞羽深色部分不是典型的黑色,下体白色,腰部灰白色;次级飞羽羽缘白色,近端部依次相接成深棕色带状;虹膜黑色,嘴黑色,脚红色。     

西藏墨竹工卡县发现北极鸥

<正>2015年4月5至6日,在西藏自治区拉萨河中上游、米拉山西侧(墨竹工卡县境内)的尼玛加热乡直孔电站水库(30°01′44.39″N,91°50′36.99″E,海拔3 898 m)观察到1只亚成年鸥类,该鸟较棕头鸥(Larus brunnicephalus)个体大,嘴为浅粉色,喙尖端黑色,跗跖和趾为粉色,全身大体白色,羽有褐色纵纹,背羽和尾羽具有更显著褐色纵纹(图1),经鉴定为北极鸥(L.hyperboreus)(约翰·马敬能等2000,Mark 2009,曲利明2014)。查阅相     

射阳盐场湿地禽类资源考察初报

在江苏省中部沿海的射阳盐场,1989年2月至1990年2月经考察共发现110种湿地禽类生活或迁徒于该人工湿地。其中有丹顶鹤、白鹳、黑鹳三种国家一级保护珍禽,以及角(辟鸟)(?)、斑嘴鹈鹕、小苇(升鸟)、白琵鹭、黑脸琵鹭、灰鹤、白额雁、小杓鹬、小青脚鹬九种国家二级保护珍禽。共记录到中日保护候鸟湿地禽84种。110种湿地禽类占国内湿地禽类总数46.03%,其中留鸟6种,夏候鸟15种,冬候鸟51种,旅鸟38种。考察中发现黑嘴鸥、环颈鸻为江苏省留鸟分布新记录;黄斑苇鸻、蛎鹬、黑翅长脚鹬、红脚鹬、白额燕鸥、普通燕鸥为江苏鸟类繁殖新纪录;角(辟鸟)(?)、黑颈(辟鸟)(?)、红嘴巨鸥、鸥嘴噪鸥、三趾鹬、灰斑鸻、渔鸥为江苏冬候鸟新纪录。     

基于线粒体ND2基因全序列探讨陕西红碱淖湿地繁殖鸥类的系统发育地位

本文对采自陕西红碱淖湿地繁殖的遗鸥(Larus relictus)、棕头鸥(L.brunnicephalus)、普通燕鸥(Sterna hirundo)和鸥嘴噪鸥(Gelochlidon nilotica)线粒体ND2基因全序列进行了测定和分析.联合已知该基因全序列的其他44种鸟类,重建了48种鸟类51个体之间的系统发育关系,并确定了4种鸥在系统发育中的地位.结果表明,4种鸥ND2基因全长均为1 041 bp;ML、MP和Bayes树拓扑结构大致相同,支持遗鸥划归为黑头鸥族(Black-headed species),棕头鸥划归为面具鸥族(Masked species),棕头鸥较为原始;普通燕鸥和鸥嘴噪鸥均隶属于黑帽族(Black cap species),鸥嘴噪鸥较为原始,处于分支底部,普通燕鸥与黑枕燕鸥(S.sumatrana)及与北极燕鸥(S.paradisaea)、南美燕鸥(S.hirundinacea)、南极燕鸥(S.vittata)聚类分支亲缘关系较近,但未能明确其具体分类地位;由于样品缺乏,鸥科(Laridae)、燕鸥科(Sternidae)和剪嘴鸥科(Rynchopidae)拓扑结构未能正确解析.     

青海鸟类二新记录

西宁市位于青海省东北部,青藏高原东北部,地处黄河上游重要支流--湟水河的中上游,为四周环山的河谷盆地。2018年4-12月,在对青海西宁湟水国家湿地公园的野生动物进行调查时发现栗苇Ixobrychus cinnamomeus和三趾鸥Rissa tridactyla。查阅相关资料(张洁等,1962;冼耀华等,1964;中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,1989),确定这2种鸟类系青海省鸟类新记录。     

利用线粒体Cyt b基因全序列探讨部分鸥类的系统发育关系

利用线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因全序列,对采自陕西红碱淖湿地繁殖的遗鸥Larus relictus、棕头鸥Larus brunnicephalus、普通燕鸥Sterna hirundo和鸥嘴噪鸥Gelochlidon nilotica的序列特征进行了分析.联合已知该基因全序列的其它32种鸟类,构建了36种鸟类之间的系统发育关系,并确定了4种鸥在系统发育中的地位.结果表明:4种鸥Cytb基因全长均为1 143 bp;MP、ML和Bayes树拓扑结构大致相同,支持遗鸥、渔鸥Larus ichthyaetus和地中海鸥Larus audouinii、Larus melancephalus划归为黑头鸥族;棕头鸥划归为面具族;遗鸥与地中海鸥亲缘关系较近,与渔鸥次之,与棕头鸥亲缘关系较远;普通燕鸥和鸥嘴噪鸥均划归为黑帽族;燕鸥属和凤头燕鸥属亲缘关系较近,噪鸥属较为古老,是较早分化出的一支;鞘嘴鸥科作为单型科,受不同选择压力导致和鸥类亲缘关系甚远;建议将灰头鸥Larus cirrocephalus移人巾头鸥族;鸥科、燕鸥科和剪嘴鸥科的拓扑结构未能准确解析,需要进一步分析研究.     

云南半叶趾虎的新亚种(蜥蜴目:壁虎科)

1975—1979年间,我们得到采自云南省九个地点、贵州省两个地点的云南半叶趾虎Hemiphyllodactylus yunnanensis(Boulenger)标本共640号。本文报道整理中发现的三个新亚种。模式标本均保存在南京师范学院生物系。云南半叶趾虎指名亚种 Hemiphyllodactylus yunnanensis yunnanensis(Bou-     

青海湖棕头鸥(Larus brunnicephalus)夏秋季活动区研究

2006年4～9月,采用无线电遥测技术对青海湖重要繁殖水鸟棕头鸥(Larus brunnicephalus)在不同繁殖阶段的活动性,以及与人和鸟的关系进行了研究.对6只棕头鸥个体的遥测结果表明,繁殖初期棕头鸥的活动区较大,进入繁殖中期,活动区明显变小;随后繁殖后期的活动区面积有所增加,到了迁徙前期,活动区面积已接近繁殖初期.不同阶段活动区核心面积(50%Fixed Kernel)与活动区变化趋势基本一致.繁殖初期、中期、后期和迁徙前期活动区面积分别为(15.48 km2±4.54 km2)、(1.61 km2±0.41 km2)、(3.53 km2±2.63 km2)和(11.61 km2±9.36 km2).棕头鸥在不同繁殖阶段的日活动区大小有显著差异.繁殖初期,棕头鸥经常活动于鸬鹚岛、蛋岛和布哈河口,它们都是棕头鸥较好的取食地,鸬鹚岛和蛋岛由于有许多游客投喂食物;在繁殖中期,棕头鸥进入孵化阶段,活动区较繁殖前期明显缩小.由于湟鱼返回布哈河口一带产卵繁殖,棕头鸥经常聚集在此地取食;在繁殖后期,棕头鸥需要寻找大量的食物进行育雏,因此活动范围再度扩大;进入迁徙前期,幼鸟已经长大并学会飞翔,其活动区进一步扩大,与繁殖初期较为接近.     

陕西红碱淖湿地鸥科鸟类组成及分布的研究

2005～2009年,采用路线调查法和定点观察法对陕西红碱淖湿地鸥科鸟类组成及其分布进行了调查研究.结果 表明:红碱淖分布有鸥科鸟类4属10种,在此繁殖的有5种,其中有全球性濒危鸟类--遗鸥的最大种群在此繁殖.记述了鸥科鸟类最早发现时间段、分布状况及迁徙数量情况,也探明了繁殖种群数量.并从植被类型、水位变化、食物因素、湖心岛生境状况和环境气候等因素分析了红碱淖鸥科鸟类迁徙状况、种群数量变化、繁殖情况等.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV