脑啡肽对离体动脉条收缩活动的影响及其机制分析

亮氨酸脑啡肽(L-ENK)和甲硫氨酸脑啡肽(M-ENK)对兔耳动脉条在电场刺激下所产生的收缩反应具有抑制作用,此抑制效应具有剂量依赖关系,并且可以被阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮阻断。用荧光法测定动脉条去甲肾上腺素(NE)释放量的实验表明,脑啡肽(ENK)是通过抑制支配动脉壁交感神经末梢释放NE,继而抑制血管平滑肌收缩的。实验还证明,吗啡对动脉条的收缩无抑制作用,从而表明在兔耳动脉上以δ亚型阿片受体为主,可能无μ亚型阿片受体。可卡因和育亨宾通过不同的作用途径使动脉条释放NE增加。     

动脉壁脑啡肽的含量,存在部位及作用途径

用放射免疫法测得兔动脉的亮氨酸脑啡肽(L-ENK)和甲硫氨酸脑啡肽(M-ENK)样免疫活性物的含量(pg/mg组织湿重)分别为耳动脉38.99±17.29,134.67±8.11;肾动脉31.10±7.76,93.60±18.22,肠系膜动脉25.70 13.60,88.43±18.16。动物经注射交感神经末梢化学切割剂6-OHDA后,这三种动脉中L-ENK样免疫活性物的含量均明显下降(P<0.001);切除颈上神经节使支配耳动脉的交感神经溃变后,或离体耳动脉条受电场刺激后,脑啡肽(ENK)样免疫活性物的含量也都显著下降(P<0.001);但注射利血平则无明显影响,用荧光法测定培育动脉条的浴槽液中NE的含量,观察到ENK可抑制电场刺激所引起的NE的释放。结果提示,动脉壁的L-ENK和M-ENK存在于交感神经末梢中,它可因受电场刺激而释放,可能通过激活突触前膜阿片受体,减少交感神经末梢释放NE,从而抑制动脉的收缩活动。     

大鼠,兔肺动脉壁亮氨酸脑啡肽的分布,含量及其作用途径

用ＡＢＣ免疫组化法对ＳＤ大鼠肺动脉全层漂染,结果显示有亮氨酸脑啡肽（Ｌ－ＥＮＫ）阳性纤维走行于动脉壁外膜中。放免法测得大鼠、兔肺动脉壁合Ｌ－ＥＮＫ,含量（ｐｇ／ｍｇ组织湿重）分别为４３９．１８±３０．５２,２９．９±１．４。离体灌流的兔肺动脉螺旋条,经参数Ⅰ电场刺激可引起收缩反应,α受体阻断剂酚妥拉明可阻断之;α２受体阻断剂育亨宾小剂量增强收缩反应,大剂量则抑制,阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮可使收缩反应增强。应用酚妥拉明后,参数Ⅱ电场仍能引起较高的收缩反应,纳洛酮对此收缩无影响。外源性ＮＥ引起肺动脉条收缩,Ｌ－ＥＮＫ对之没有抑制效应。结果提示,肺动脉壁含有内源性Ｌ－ＥＮＫ,可因电场刺激而释放,由阿片受体介导抑制动脉壁神经末梢ＮＥ释放,进而抑制血管收缩,对血管平滑肌本身活动及已释放ＮＥ均无抑制效应。关键词：     

强啡肽抑制离体血管收缩效应的机制

用离体血管电场刺激收缩模型观察到强啡肽明显抑制电场刺激引起的兔耳中心动脉及兔肠系膜上动脉的收缩效应,且呈剂量反应关系,而对股动脉的电场刺激收缩反应无明显影响,强啡肽抑制血管收缩达50％时的用量(IC_(50)值)分别为8.5±1.2×10~(-6)mol/L、5.02±1.3×10~(-7)mol/L及>10~(-6)mol/L。 用药物分析法看到,酚妥拉明(10~(-6)mol/L)可取消电场刺激及去甲肾上腺素引起的血管收缩作用,而强啡肽仅抑制电场刺激致血管收缩作用。 用HPLC法测定孵育液中去甲肾上腺素的含量变化时看到,应用强啡肽(5×10~(-7)mol/L)后孵育液中去甲肾上腺素的含量从对照组的340.56±73.13pg/ml下降至67.91±10.26pg/ml,两组差别有极显著意义(P<0.01)。纳洛酮(10~(-6)mol/L)可完全拮抗强啡肽的这一抑制效应。 以上结果提示强啡肽可能通过抑制交感神经末梢释放去甲肾上腺素,从而产生抑制血管的收缩作用。     

麻黄碱抑制小鼠输精管电场刺激致收缩的机制

麻黄碱(10 nmol/L~(-0.1) mmol/L)对电场刺激所致输精管收缩的浓度依赖性抑制作用可被育亨宾(0.1 μmol/L)减弱。去甲肾上腺素(0.1 nmol/L~(-10)μmol/L )和酪胺(0.1 μmol/L~(-0.1) mmol/L)也有类似麻黄碱的作用,去氧肾上腺素则缺乏此种作用。利血平处理和可卡因(10 μmol/L)可减弱麻黄碱和酪胺的抑制效应,但能增敏去甲肾上腺素的作用。高 Ca~( )和4-氨基吡啶(50 μmol/L)明显减弱甚至取消麻黄碱对电场刺激的抑制效应。以上结果提示麻黄碱抑制电场刺激所引起的输精管收缩。至少部分通过促进神经末梢释放去甲肾上腺素间接作用,后者激动突触前α_2-肾上腺素受体,从而抑制去甲肾上腺素的进一步释放。麻黄碱和其释放的去甲肾上腺素的作用,又可能与阻遏 Ca~( )内流有关。     

脑啡肽在豚鼠、兔回肠环肌收缩中的作用

豚鼠、兔回肠的未分离环肌,在电场刺激下,可发生缓慢的节律性收缩。此收缩可被纳洛酮完全消除,或被阿托品部分减弱。与此相反,亮脑啡肽和乙酰胆碱司使节律性收缩明显增强。此外,单独用乙酰胆碱(4.3—5.7μg/ml)或亮脑啡(1.4—2.8μg/ml)作用于分离环肌时,均未能使其发生任何收缩反应。但在乙酰胆碱4.3μg/ml作用的基础上,仅用1.4μg/ml的亮脑啡肽,或再用电场刺激时,则均能使其发生明显的收缩。上述结果提示,环肌的收缩可能需要脑啡肽和乙酰胆碱共同作用。本实验的结果还表明,脑啡肽对环肌收缩的作用与对纵肌相反,它使前者兴奋,使后者抑制。     

阿片样肽、阿片受体和缺血再灌流性心律失常

心脏内含有阿片样肽及阿片受体,阿片受体的活动参与心脏调节。在离体灌流的心脏加入外源性阿片样肽,和缺血—再灌流的心脏一样,均可导致 cAMP 含量增加,并伴有心律失常。根据以上结果可推测:缺血—再灌流导致心脏内阿片样肽的释放增加,引起心脏 cAMP水平增高,激活钙通道而引致心律失常。一、心脏内的阿片样肽Hughes 等用小自鼠输精管生物检定法,首先在兔及大白鼠的心房提取物中发现心内源性阿片样肽。Weihe 等和 Lang 用高效液相色谱披术(HPLC),放射免疫法和大鼠输     

蓝斑复合核区内微量注射去甲肾上腺素对刺激兔下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩的影响

在72只乌拉坦、氯醛糖麻醉兔,静脉注射三碘季铵酚后,在人工呼吸下进行实验。结果观察到,在家兔蓝斑复合核(Lo-So)区微量注射去甲肾上腺素(NE)或可乐宁(Clonidine)能减少刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩(HVE)数。而微量注射β-肾上腺素能受体阻断剂心得安、α_1肾上腺素激动剂甲氧胺(Methoxamine)或苯肾上腺素(Phenylephrine)、α肾上腺素能阻断剂育亨宾(Yohimbine)或阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮则对 HVE 无明显影响。在 Lo-So 区微量注射 NE 对 HVE 的抑制效应不能被事先在该区注射心得安所阻断但能被事先静脉或 Lo-So 区注射育亨宾所阻断。NE 或可乐宁的抑制效应也均可被育亨宾所翻转。可乐宁的抑制效应还可被纳洛酮所翻转。电解损毁延髓中缝大核区可消除在 Lo-So 区微量注射 NE 或可乐宁对HVE 的抑制效应。上述结果提示,Lo-So 区α_2受体的兴奋可减少 HVE 数,这些作用可能依赖于延髓中缝大核区的完整。可乐宁对 HVE 的抑制作用可能有阿片受体的参与。     

家兔延髓腹侧区内注射吗啡对刺激下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩的抑制作用

家免63只,用乌拉坦(700mg/kg)和氯醛醣(35mg/kg)静脉麻醉,三碘季铵酚制动,在人工呼吸下进行实验。用电刺激下丘脑近中线区的方法诱发定性期前收缩(HVE)。双侧延髓腹侧区内微量注射吗啡(5μg 溶于0.5—1μl 中)可抑制 HVE。在双侧延髓腹侧区微量注射纳洛酬(2μg 溶于0.5—1μl 中)能阻断电刺激中缝核尾端或中缝核尾端内微量注射 L-谷氨酸钠(50mmol/L,0.5—1μl)对 HVE 的抑制效应,也能减少或消除刺激腓深神经对 HVE 的抑制作用。上述结果提示,延髓腹侧部阿片受体的激活可抑制 HVE;另外,腓深神经传入冲动也可能通过中缝核尾端激活延髓腹侧区的阿片受体而抑制 HVE。     

静脉平滑肌上的α-受体宜分类为突触后α_2-受体

大量实验证明,肾上腺素能神经-效应器接点突触前膜和突触后膜上的α-受体性质不同,Langers首先提出,将调节效应器官反应的突触后α-受体命名为α_1-受体,而将突触前膜上调节NA释放的α-受体命名为α_2-受体。一些药物可选择性地激动或阻断突触前、后两种不同的α-受体。例如,甲氧胺、新福林选择性地激动α_1-受体;可乐宁(clonidine)、托马唑啉(tramazoline)选择性地激动α_2-受体。哌唑嗪(prazosin)主要阻断α_1-受体;育亨宾(yohimbine)主要阻断α_2-受体。在大多数血管,NA激活突触后α-受体,使血管平滑肌收缩,并因此使血管收缩。但并非所有血管平滑肌细胞上的α-受体均属同一亚型。多数离体动脉平滑肌对A、甲氧胺、NA新福林等α-激动剂发生收缩反应,但对可乐宁和托马唑啉相     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.