C_4植物玉米叶片光合效率的日变化

在没有水分、温度和营养等环境胁迫的田间条件下,晴天C_4植物玉米叶片光合效率的日变化方式明显地不同于许多C_3植物,即中午光合效率不降低,而是略有提高。日间玉米叶片的光合效率大体上随着光量子通量密度的变化而变化。从上午8时至下午14时用纱布遮荫6h,叶片的光合效率下降。用强光预照光可以提高在温度、水分和CO_2浓度恒定条件下离体叶片的光合效率。另外,即使在全日光强下玉米叶片的净光合速率也不饱和。这些表明,晴天中午玉米叶片光合效率的提高依赖于强光。用强光预照光引起玉米叶片叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m的轻微下降,表明强光引起的光合效率提高不是由于光系统Ⅱ光化学效率的改善。     

云锦杜鹃叶片光合作用日变化特征

自然条件下, 对云锦杜鹃光合作用日进程和光响应进行了观测, 结果表明:夏季晴天云锦杜鹃阳叶净光合速率日进程曲线为"双峰"型, 光合效率午间明显降低。胞间CO₂ 浓度的日进程基本与净光合速率相反, 中午胞间CO₂ 浓度增高表明净光合速率午间降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。暗呼吸速率日进程呈单峰曲线, 中午最高。阴叶净光合速率在一天的大部分时间里变化不大。一天分时段光响应试验表明, 阳叶饱和光强和表观量子效率上午较高, 下午有所降低, 而光补偿点下午有所上升。阴叶的这些光合参数在上午和下午没有明显的变化。这些研究结果表明, 强光下光抑制的发生是引起云锦杜鹃阳叶光合效率午间降低的重要原因。逐步多元回归和通径分析表明, 光合有效辐射和空气温度是直接影响净光合速率日变化的主要因子。     

不同光强对越南抱茎茶光合及荧光特性日变化的影响

为研究不同光强对越南抱茎茶光合作用机理的影响,设置3种处理方式,即全光照(L1)、光强度45%(L2)、光强度15%(L3),分别在遮阴3个月后测定其光合荧光参数的变化。结果表明,不同光强处理下,净光合速率均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在11:00左右;光合速率下降主要是气孔限制因素引起的;叶绿素荧光参数表明,强光条件下电子传递受阻,热耗散增加,PSII反应中心受到破坏,从而降低了茶花的光合效率;过度遮阴条件下受到光抑制,从而导致光合机构损伤;45%光照条件下光合效率较高。相关性分析表明,净光合速率(Pn)与空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)呈极显著相关,与RH呈极显著负相关,与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈显著负相关。影响越南抱茎茶净光合速率的主要环境因子是空气温度和相对湿度。     

不同立地条件罗汉果组培苗的光合特性

比较了三种不同立地条件罗汉果组培苗的光合光响应特性以及主要环境因子和光合生理参数的日变化,从光合作用的角度探讨影响罗汉果组培苗生长的关健生态因子。结果显示:罗汉果组培苗的光饱和点和补偿点均随海拔的增高而增大;丘陵的最大净光合速率最高,山地最低。丘陵和山地罗汉果组培苗的净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈"双峰"型,在12:30～13:30时出现轻微的非气孔限制,平地受云层遮挡,无第二峰出现;9:00～15:30时之间的罗汉果组培苗Pn与气孔导度(Gs)正相关,而Pn和Gs均与光量子通量密度(PFD)、叶温(TL)和叶片内外水汽压差(VPD)负相关,并随TL和VPD的增大下降幅度更大。丘陵环境条件最适合罗汉果组培苗的生长,中午前后Pn的下降与此时的强光、高温和低湿度有关,是气孔限制和非气孔限制同时作用的结果。     

C_3植物光合效率的日变化

多种田间C_3植物在晴天的光合效率常有明显的日变化,中午前后光合效率降低。C_3植物大豆叶片光合效率中午降低的主要原因,不是空气CO_2浓度和气孔导度及光呼吸的变化,而可能是光抑制。因为:1.在饱和CO_2中测定仍可观测到这种中午降低;2.光合作用的饱和光强远低于晴天中午的太阳光强;3.用纱布预遮阴可以提高叶片的光合效率;4.阴天时叶片光合效率不发生中午降低。     

松嫩草地全叶马兰夏季与秋季光合及蒸腾作用的比较

在生长季晴天条件下,夏季和秋季松嫩草地全叶马兰的光合,蒸腾作用的日变化均为双峰曲线,但不同季节有所差异,夏季日均净光合速率与蒸腾速率均高于秋季,光合和蒸腾作用与环境因子的植物内部因子之间有密切关系。分析表明,叶片净光合速率与有效光辐射呈极显著相关,与气孔阻力,胞间CO2呈负相关;蒸腾速率与有效光辐射呈极显著相关,与叶温,饱和差呈正相关,与气孔阻力,胞间CO2浓度呈负相关,有效光辐射是影响光合和蒸腾作用诸因子中的主导因子,而气孔阻力变化则在调节光合和蒸腾中起着重要作用,蒸腾速率午降主要由于光辐射强,叶温高,湿度低,植物体缺水,气孔部分关闭所致。     

丹桂夏季的光合蒸腾特性

丹桂净光合速率和气孔导度日变化曲线为"双峰"型,光合效率午间明显降低,主要由非气孔限制引起.表观量子效率和实际光化学效率的降低是非气孔限制形成和发展的深层原因.蒸腾速率的日变化为"单峰型",午间最高.利用多元逐步回归方法得到净光合速率与环境因子的最优方程.夏季适当遮荫有利于丹桂降低光抑制,提高净光合速率,促进植株生长.     

长期冷适应对黑皮果蔗光合光能利用的影响

以拔地拉(Saccharum officinarum L.cv.Badila)幼苗为材料,研究了长期(28 d)冷适应处理(白天/夜间:12℃/8℃)对其光合光能利用的影响。结果表明:无论是常温(25℃)还是低温(12℃)测定,冷适应处理明显降低了蔗苗净光合速率(Pn),增加了暗呼吸速率(Rd)和电子传递量子效率和碳同化量子效率比值(ΦPSII/ΦCO2);常温下,冷适应处理降低了不同光强下Fv'/Fm'(和NPQ反向变化)随ΦPSII下降而下降的速率,同时增加了光化学淬灭q P随ΦPSII下降而下降的速率;而低温下,不同光强下Fv'/Fm'及q P随ΦPSII下降而下降的速率与对照没有显著差异;长期冷适应处理通过光化学途径和非光化学途径耗散了光合机构多余激发能,改善了其光合冷敏性,对果蔗抗冷栽培和抗低温育种有重要参考价值。     

斑驳病毒对‘牛尾’山药叶片光合作用的影响

为了解斑驳病毒对‘牛尾’山药叶片光合作用的影响，对不同病害程度的‘牛尾’山药叶片的叶绿素和光合日变化进行了测定。结果表明，轻病植株的叶片叶绿素a和总叶绿素显著低于健康植株，重病植株的叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素也较健康植株低，但轻病植株与健康植株间无显著差异。斑驳病毒侵染山药后，轻病和重病植株的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均低于健康植株，但胞间CO₂浓度与健康植株间无显著差异。这表明山药感染斑驳病毒后光合效率下降，从而导致生理机能受到影响。     

水分胁迫下白杨派双交无性系主要生理过程研究

以白杨双杂交杂种新无性系为主要试验材料,在４种水分胁迫条件下对各无性系生理和生长指标进行分析,结果表明,土壤干旱胁迫对无性系净光合速率,蒸腾速度,气孔导度,叶温与气温差,细胞间ＣＯ２浓度等生理指标均产生显著影响。不同指标对水分胁迫的敏感性不同,无性系间在各项生理指标值及随水分胁迫发展而下降幅度均存在着显著差异。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...