C_4植物玉米叶片光合效率的日变化

在没有水分、温度和营养等环境胁迫的田间条件下,晴天C_4植物玉米叶片光合效率的日变化方式明显地不同于许多C_3植物,即中午光合效率不降低,而是略有提高。日间玉米叶片的光合效率大体上随着光量子通量密度的变化而变化。从上午8时至下午14时用纱布遮荫6h,叶片的光合效率下降。用强光预照光可以提高在温度、水分和CO_2浓度恒定条件下离体叶片的光合效率。另外,即使在全日光强下玉米叶片的净光合速率也不饱和。这些表明,晴天中午玉米叶片光合效率的提高依赖于强光。用强光预照光引起玉米叶片叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m的轻微下降,表明强光引起的光合效率提高不是由于光系统Ⅱ光化学效率的改善。     

田间小麦叶片光合效率日变化与光合“午睡”的关系

小麦灌浆初期叶片(旗叶)晴天中午光合速率下降(“午睡”)伴随了气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度下降,而气孔限制值中午升高,进一步证实气孑L中午关闭是光合“午睡”的一个重要原因。叶片光合效率的中午下降并非都伴随着光合“午睡”现象。当两者同时发生时,胞间CO_2浓度降低,而光合速率与气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度之间的相关性高于光合速率与光合效率之间的相关性。这些事实表明。即使光合效率中午下降是光合“午睡”的部分原因,但较之气孔中午关闭只是一个次要原因。     

云锦杜鹃叶片光合作用日变化特征

自然条件下, 对云锦杜鹃光合作用日进程和光响应进行了观测, 结果表明:夏季晴天云锦杜鹃阳叶净光合速率日进程曲线为"双峰"型, 光合效率午间明显降低。胞间CO₂ 浓度的日进程基本与净光合速率相反, 中午胞间CO₂ 浓度增高表明净光合速率午间降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。暗呼吸速率日进程呈单峰曲线, 中午最高。阴叶净光合速率在一天的大部分时间里变化不大。一天分时段光响应试验表明, 阳叶饱和光强和表观量子效率上午较高, 下午有所降低, 而光补偿点下午有所上升。阴叶的这些光合参数在上午和下午没有明显的变化。这些研究结果表明, 强光下光抑制的发生是引起云锦杜鹃阳叶光合效率午间降低的重要原因。逐步多元回归和通径分析表明, 光合有效辐射和空气温度是直接影响净光合速率日变化的主要因子。     

午间强光胁迫下SOD对大豆叶片光合机构的保护作用

晴天田间大豆叶片Ｐｎ与Ｐｒ均表现出明显的日变化,Ｐｎ日变化曲线里双峰型,中午前后降低。Ｐｒ随日照强度的增加而增加,至上午１１时左右达最大值,然后缓慢下降。普通空气及低氧空气中的ＡＱＹ均在中午前后降低。ＳＯＤ活性也有明显的日变化,最高值出现在下午１６时左右。强光下喷施ＳＯＤ抑制剂ＤＤＴＣ明显降低Ｐｎ及低氧空气中的ＡＱＹ;而在低于叶片光合作用饱和光强下喷施同样浓度ＤＤＴＣ则对Ｐｎ及低氧空气中的ＡＱＹ无明显影响。中午前后ＳＯＤ活性及Ｐｒ的增加对于保护光合机构免受强光的破坏具有重要意义。     

光下无CO_2气体处理对叶片光合强度的影响

小麦等C_3植物的叶片在光下经无CO_2或低CO_2气体处理后,通入高CO_2气体,光合强度出现“升、降、升”的波动,而玉米等C_4植物无此现象。不同植物的光合波动幅度不同。强光、高CO_2、低O_2等能缩短第一次光合上升时间,增大光合下降幅度;而低CO_2、高O_2等则减少光合下降幅度。此现象与RuBP及ATP的含量变化有关。     

青海高原主要C3植物的光合作用

青海高原主要 C_3植物叶片的净光合速率(Pn)日变化是随着自然条件下的日照和气温的变化而变化,呈典型的单峰曲线,无或有轻微的中午降低现象。表观量子需要量(AQR)在晴天的上午和下午基本不变,一天中不曾出现显著的光抑制现象。然而,在土壤严重缺水和气温超过30℃以上时,青海高原主要 C_3植物净光合速率的日变化仍呈双峰曲线。在一般情况下,青海高原主要 C_3植物的光补偿点和暗呼吸速率较低。光饱和点和表观量子需要量较高。因而,表观光合量子效率(_i=1/AQR)较低,这与青藏高原高海拔地区的低气压有关。     

把C_4植物称作“高光效植物”是否妥当?

在本世纪五十年代末至六十年代初发现高等植物的光呼吸现象后不久,又了解到,高等植物对CO_2的固定并非只有卡尔文循环一条途径。根据光合作用碳素同化的最初产物,可把高等植物大体区分为三个类群,即C_3植物、C_4植物和CAM植物。基于C_4植物和C_3植物在饱和光强度下的光合强度,以及CO_2补偿点、光呼吸强度,蒸腾系数、饱和光强度、光合作用最适温度范围等方面的差别,有不少人把C_4植物称为高光效植物,把C_3植物称为低光效植     

苋菜的光合特性

宽菜Amaranthus cruentus cv.生长在调控的温室条件。在光强0至800μmol.m~(-2)S~(-1),光合速率(PN,μmol.CO_2m~(-2)、s~(-1))随光强(PFD,μmol、m~(-2)、s~(-1))增高而增大,其关系为PN=56.82 PFD×10~(-3)—2.13。光补偿点为60μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1)。叶片在1400 μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1)达到光合光饱和点。在叶温35℃,叶片/空气水蒸汽压陡度20 m Pa、Pa~(-1)和外界CO_2浓度340μ1、1~(-1),光饱和光合速率为51.63±4.90μ mol.CO_2、m~(-2)、S~(-1)。在光强0至600μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1),气孔传道率随光强增高而增大。光强高于600μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1),气孔传道率变化较小。细胞间CO_2浓度为120μ1.1~(-1)由于细胞间CO_2浓度在光合速率——CO_2关系曲线的转折点,可能表明光合作用不受气孔限制。结果表明,苋菜适于高光强环境生长,在干旱条件下具有高的光合速率。     

铁皮石斛叶片光合作用的碳代谢途径

 利用LI-6400光合测定系统测定了不同天气条件下铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）叶片24h CO2吸收的动态以及CO2吸收对光强和温度的响应。晴天的白天和夜间铁皮石斛都能吸收CO2,中午CO2吸收速率为负值, CO2的交换方式具景天酸代谢途径(CAM)的特点。阴雨天,只有白天吸收CO2,夜间表现为暗呼吸,光合作用碳代谢的途径为C3途径。在多云的天气条件下,白天吸收CO2,并持续至日落后。夜间21∶00仍有CO2吸收,23∶00以后至次日凌晨处于暗呼吸状态。在500 μmol·m-2·s-1光照件下,20℃出现最大CO2吸收值。在夜间,25℃时CO2的吸收速率最高。有光和无光条件下,低温或高温引起CO2吸收速率下降均为非气孔因素所致。晴天上午,铁皮石斛叶片的表观量子产额为0.035,光合补偿点为2.9μmol·m-2·s-1,饱和光强为500μmol·m-2·s-1,强光下出现光抑制现象。叶片受到强光预先照射后,即使光照减弱光抑制效应仍保持一段时间,致使光合补偿点升高,表观量子产额下降,相同光强下的CO2吸收效率降低。结果表明：铁皮石斛为兼性CAM植物,随着环境条件的变化,其光合作用在景天酸代谢途径(CAM)与C3途径间变化。     

C_3-C_4中间植物

C_3—C_4中间植物是在解剖和生理生化方面(特别是光呼吸)介于C_3和C_4植物之间的一种植物类型。这类植物中一部分接近C_3植物,可将光呼吸放出的CO_2再固定,从而降低光呼吸;另一些则以C_3途径为主,而C_4途径同时起作用,从而降低光呼吸。C_3—C_4中间植物为研究C_4植物的进化和光呼吸如何降低提供了实验系统。     

光合作用对光和二氧化碳响应的观测方法探讨

用便携式光合仪LI-6400观测自然条件下生长的盆栽蚕豆叶片光合作用对光和二氧化碳的响应发现：（1）用未经过光合诱导的叶片观测光合作用对光的响应会得到即使在全太阳光强下光合作用仍然不饱和的假象;（2）利用某些经验方程计算的饱和光强远低于实际观测值;（3）在观测光合作用对CO2的响应过程中,每一次CO2浓度变化都应当伴随一次光合仪的匹配步骤,否则所得结果偏差很大;（4）在不饱和光下观测光合作用对CO2的响应,会导致对叶片光合能力的低估。     

Mehler反应在大豆叶片耗散过剩光能中的作用

从初花期大豆植株茎基部引入不同浓度碘乙酰胺(iodoacetamide,IA),叶片光合速率(Pn)受到不同程度的抑制,2h强光照射后抑制效应更加明显,O     

Study of Diurnal Changes in Photosynthetic Rate and Quantum Efficiency of Grapevine Leaves and Their Utilization in Canopy Management

Photosynthetic rate and quatum efficiency of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc) leaves were measured under the field with ample soil water supply, and in phytotron with ample supply of water and mineral nutrients, constant air humidity and CO2 concentration, and optimum air temperature, respectively. Under field conditions CO2 assimilation quantum efficiency of leaves reached its maximum in the morning, which was followed by continuous decrease and midday depression. The leaves intercepting more light energy in the morning showed a higher quantum efficiency. Those leaves subjected continuously to strong irradiance exhibited a more obvious and longer midday depression. Reduction of leaf light interception around midday could reduce midday depression. Shaded leaves had a higher quantum efficiency than leaves under direct sunlight. The diurnal changes in photosynthetic rate and quantum efficiency of leaves were shown to be closely related to the variations in mesophyll resistance to CO2. In phytotron experiments the photosynthetic quantum efficiency of leaves was reduced after a certain period of illumination not only at 1200 μmol · m-2 · s-1 PFD, higher than the saturating light of vine leaves (≈1000 μmol · m-2 · s-1), which was caused by "photoinhibition”, but also at 800 and 200μmol · m-2 · s-1, which was similar to "photoinhibition”. But photosynthetic quantum efficiency of leaves exposed continuously to a very weak PFD (100 μmol · m -2 · s-1) remained contant. The diurnal changes in mesophyll resistance to CO2 of vine leaves could be partly related to photoinhibition. It is considered that, under field conditions without soil water limitation, midday depression of vine leaf photosynthesis could be a result of an increase of the mesophyll resistance induced by multiple effects of strong light, high temperature and low humidity. A higher light interception by canopy plane in the morning may be advantageous to exploit higher photosynthetic potentiality of leaves, but a lower light interception in the middle of day may reduce midday depression. The north-south orientation plane can provide optimum light regime and improve photosynthetic environment in vineyards.     

气孔限制在植物叶片光合诱导中的作用

用三种不同的气体交换分析方法研究了玉米、大豆等叶片光合诱导期间的气孔限制作用。发现有利于气孔开放的因素如良好的土壤水分状况、较高的空气湿度等,能够缩短叶片的光合诱导期;CO_2饱和条件下,叶片的光合诱导期比在普通空气条件下的诱导期短得多;在光合诱导后期细胞间隙CO_2度达到稳态值以后,气孔导度的增加伴随着光合速率的提高和气孔限制值的下降。而气孔导度的降低则会引起光合速率的降低和气孔限制值的上升。诱导期存在气孔限制,并在后期占优势。     

Species-dependence of the pattern of plant photosynthetic rate response to light intensity transition from saturating to limiting one]

By observing the photosynthetic responses of leaves to changes in light intensity and CO(2) concentration it was found that among the more than 50 plant species examined 32 species and 25 species showed respectively the V pattern and L pattern of the photosynthetic response to light intensity transition from saturating to limiting one (Figs.1 and 2 and Table 1). The pattern of photosynthetic response to light intensity transition is species-dependent but not leaf developmental stage-dependent (Fig.3). The species-dependence was not related to classification in taxonomy because the photosynthetic response might display the two different patterns (V and L) in plants of the same family, for example, rice and wheat (Gramineae), soybean and peanut (Leguminosae). It seemed to be related to the pathway of photosynthetic carbon assimilation because all of the C(4) plants examined (maize, green bristlegrass and thorny amaranth) displayed the L pattern. It might be related to light environment where the plants originated. The V pattern of photosynthetic response to light intensity transition was often observed in some plants grown in shade habitats, for example, sweet viburnum and Japan fatsia, while the L pattern was frequently observed in those plants grown in sunny habitats, for example, ginkgo and cotton. Furthermore, the ratio of electron transport rate to carboxylation rate in vivo measured at limiting light was far higher in the V pattern plants (mostly higher than 10) than in the L pattern plants (mostly lower than 5), but the ratio measured at saturating light had no significant difference between the two kinds of plants (Table 2). These results can be explained in part by that the V pattern plant species have larger light-harvesting complex (LHCII) and at saturating light the reversible dissociation of some LHCIIs from PSII reaction center complex occurs. The pattern of photosynthetic response to light intensity transition and the ratio of electron transport rate to carboxylation rate in vivo measured at limiting light can probably be used as a criterion to distinguish sun plants from shade plants. In the observation of photosynthetic response to light intensity transition the use of saturating light is very important because using non-saturating light can form an artifact, which leads to incorrect conclusion (Fig.4).     

秦岭火地塘林区锐齿栎群落中6种植物光合特性研究

用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统测定了火地塘林区主要成林树种锐齿栎群落中6种植物的光合特性。结果表明：（1）从林冠层到草本层,光合有效辐射强度明显减弱,并且乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的差异均达到了显著水平（P〈0．05）;（2）乔木层锐齿栎的光合速率日变化为“双峰”曲线,表现出明显的“午休”现象,而林下植物灌木层和草本层光合速率日变化整体上呈“单峰”曲线,无“午休”现象;（3）光饱和点和光补偿点均表现为乔木〉灌木〉草本。表明植物光合“午休”现象是由中午高光强、高气温和低湿度引起的。并非某些植物的特性．植物的光合特性与其生境特点相符。     

小麦叶片光合作用与其渗透调节能力的关系

在缓慢干旱条件下,小麦叶片渗透调节能力在一定范围内随胁迫程度的加剧而增加,而在快速干旱下,渗透调节能力丧失。小麦叶片通过渗透调节使光合速率和气孔导度对水分胁迫的敏感性降低,叶片维持较高的电子传递能力、RuBP羧化酶活性和叶绿体光合能量转换系统活性,并推迟了小麦叶片光合速率受气孔因素限制向叶肉细胞光合活性限制转变的时间。