虫草蝠蛾羽化、交配和产卵的观察

通过野外和室内的观察,虫草蝠蛾成虫主要集中在月均气温6.2—8.3℃、空气相对湿度90%左右时羽化;羽化后即进行交配,交配过程中雄蛾倒悬于雌蛾体下,交配时间10—150分钟,95%以上约25分钟;雌蛾产卵2—6次,产2—3次后可产出全部卵的80%以上;雌蛾每只产卵18—890余粒;雌蛾平均寿命118小时,雄蛾平均寿命75小时;成虫交配时间的早迟随海拔高度的不同而有差异,雌雄性比率接近1:1,成虫个体生存期2—8天,群体生存期28天左右。     

粘虫(Leucania separata Walker)生殖的研究——Ⅰ. 成虫的一般特性

粘虫生殖腺在蛹期已经发育完成, 但雌蛾卵粒内卵黄尚未沉积, 需要取食糖类作为补充营养后, 才能发育成熟。羽化时雄蛾已具备成熟的精子。取食后能进行交配活动。 成虫寿命一般约15—20天, 羽化后即进行生殖活动。其中产卵期比较长。雌雄蛾均在夜间一定时间内进行飞翔、取食、交配、产卵等活动。在本试验中观察到粘虫一生最大产卵量接近2000粒, 孵化率超过90%以上。雌蛾经人为地与雌蛾完全隔离后, 能产下不受精卵, 产卵量稍低, 卵粒不孵化。 按照粘虫飞翔与生殖关系看来, 粘虫的飞翔活动在性成熟前表现异常激烈。粘虫的飞翔的特征是:(1)由于粘虫羽化后即进入性活动期, 雌蛾需要与雄蛾交配方能进行正常生殖活动, 雄蛾强烈地追逐雌蛾, 因而粘虫在性成熟时有剧烈的飞翔活动。(2)由于内在的生理周期节律的活动以及外激素或其他方法促使异性互相吸引, 所以雌雄蛾同时、同在一起飞翔, 在交配前或产卵前大规模飞翔。(3)由于粘虫各个虫期无滞育现象发生, 粘虫发育所要求温度变化幅度在5—35℃之间, 所以当粘虫在幼期遭受某些不利因子刺激后, 在成虫期往往引起特殊的反应, 促使成虫进行有利于生存的趋避活动, 发生迁飞现象, 以便达到粘虫为本身或后代选择适宜的生境区域。     

栎旋木柄天牛生殖行为研究

为了阐明栎旋木柄天牛Aphrodisium sauteri Matsushita生殖行为的方式和特点,寻找有效的防治手段,本试验观察了栎旋木柄天牛的生殖行为,并在林间尝试了成虫诱集。结果表明:雌雄成虫之间表现出较强的吸引作用,近距离时雌雄虫可相互吸引,而远距离时雌虫引诱力更强。室内试验中求偶时间会随着成虫的衰弱而增加。成虫交配主要发生于白天。羽化出孔后1～14日龄雌虫和2～13日龄雄虫均可多次交配。成虫一次完整交配平均需时70.12min,交配后保护平均仅用时3.86min。一次完整交配过程中,不同日龄成虫的交配历时、交配间隔历时及交配次数都存在差异,各日龄成虫的交配间隔历时均大于交配历时。交配或产卵经历对雄虫交配行为的影响明显大于雌虫。雌虫产卵前期平均为30.71h。雌虫每产1粒卵平均需时99.58s,并随日龄增长显著加长。每头雌虫平均每日产卵量和总产卵量分别为7.89和26.20粒。雌虫多在白天产卵,用产卵器触探树皮表面寻找合适的产卵部位。卵主要产于树皮裂缝和枝条疤痕内,一般每次产卵1粒,卵表面无覆盖物。     

豚草条纹萤叶甲的交配和产卵行为

在我国大陆发现的豚草条纹萤叶甲Ophraella communaLeSage原产于北美洲,取食入侵生物豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.)。通过观察该叶甲的交配和产卵行为以及两者之间的相关性,结果表明,豚草条纹萤叶甲一生多次交配,室内观察1次交配时间平均为38.2min,产卵历期平均13.2d,每雌平均产卵312.1粒;但野外产卵量高于室内,平均为553.8粒;卵多聚产在植株幼嫩叶片的背面。雌成虫平均寿命为16.0d。雌成虫随交配次数的增多,产卵量增大、产卵历期和成虫寿命延长,存在显著的直线相关性。     

温、湿度对亚洲玉米螟成虫繁殖力及寿命的影响

温度和湿度的变化对亚洲玉米螟0strinia furnacalis(Guenee)成虫的交配和产卵及寿命都具有极显著的影响。在16℃～32℃和RH20%～100%的温湿范围中,亚洲玉米螟成虫繁殖力在20℃～28℃恒温和RH70%～100%的温湿组合中较大,其中在24℃恒温和28℃～20℃变温与RH90%～100%的组合中为最大,在32℃和RH20%的组合中为最小。单雌抱卵量、产卵量和产出卵率及交配次数均与温度呈抛物线曲线关系,与湿度呈正相关。温、湿度对成虫繁殖力具有极显著的交互作用。成虫寿命与温湿度密切相关,温度越高,成虫寿命越短;而湿度越高,成虫寿命越长。但雄蛾比雌蛾较耐低湿,在16℃～24℃下雄蛾寿命比雌蛾较长。此外,雄蛾较强的交配能力可促进卵的发育和产出。以上结果对玉米螟种群动态消长的分析和预测预报提供了参考依据。     

成虫期温度对稻纵卷叶螟生殖特性的影响

温度是影响昆虫生殖的重要环境因子,本文通过成虫期不同日龄低温处理研究了温度对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée成虫生殖和寿命的影响。结果表明:羽化后1日龄15℃处理对稻纵卷叶螟雌蛾生殖有显著的促进作用,体现在成虫产卵显著提前,产卵量显著增加,首次产卵历期显著缩短,交配次数显著增加,交配率明显上升,而在其他日龄处理仅导致首次产卵历期显著缩短,对成虫其他生殖指标无显著影响。1日龄10℃处理对稻纵卷叶螟成虫生殖并没有显著影响,但显著缩短成虫的寿命。这些结果表明,1日龄是低温调控稻纵卷叶螟生殖的敏感时期,此时期15℃刺激能显著促进成虫生殖。     

玉龙蝠蛾生殖的观察

玉龙蝠蛾Hepialus yulongensis Liang也是我国名贵药材虫草的重要寄主。对其生殖生物学的研究不仅为鳞翅目昆虫的演化有着重要意义,而且能为冬虫夏草的人工饲养繁殖提供基础资料。 观察实验在冬虫夏草主产区之一的云南省迪庆藏族自治州白马雪山(海拔3850m)中国科学院昆明动物研究所虫草组研究基地进行。供实验用材料采自云南丽江玉龙雪山虫草花园(海拔4300—4380m)处的老熟幼虫和蛹。将羽化后刚交配的蛾子引入观察笼内,或将羽化未交配的雌雄蛾按1:1,1:2比例放入观察笼内饲养观察,记录成虫羽化、交配、产卵、成虫死亡及卵孵化日期和数量。死亡的雌蛾解剖观察体内余腹卵数和交配授精情况。其结果如下:     

贡嘎钩蝠蛾交配及生殖力的研究

为明确交配时长、性比、密度及温度对贡嘎钩蝠蛾Thitarodes gonggaensis交配、产卵、孵化的影响,研究了不同交配时长、不同性比、不同成虫密度、不同交配温度对成虫交配、生殖力的影响.结果表明,成虫正常交配时长差异较大,交配时长为22～270 min,平均交配时长为90.85 min,均能够完成正常的产卵,平均孵化率达90.83％以上,人为干预交配时长对成虫产卵量没有影响,但对交配40 min以内处理的孵化率显著低于正常交配处理,因此,在繁殖虫种过程中,交配时长不足40 min以内的成虫避免人为干扰交配,导致成虫分开,以保证交配顺利完成;通过控制性比发现,雌雄蛾性比对产卵量无显著影响,但偏雄性组的交配率和孵化率均显著高于性比大于1.25:1的偏雌性组,在人工饲养过程中,如果雄虫多余雌虫的情况下,交配性比建议维持在1:1至1:1.5之间,如果雄虫不足,则可以将已交过的雄虫放回交配箱与未交的雌虫继续交配;成虫密度对产卵量、孵化率没有显著影响,对交配率有一定的影响,密度过高会导致交配率下降;交配温度对成虫的交配时长、产卵量、孵化率均有显著影响,温度≤15℃处理交配成虫后其交配时长、产卵量、孵化率均显著高于温度20℃以上处理,最佳的交配温度维持在10℃条件下,交配时长最长,产卵量、孵化率最高.     

粘虫生殖的研究——Ⅲ.生殖系统的发育

根据粘虫生殖系统发育过程中的形态变化来区分雌蛾的日龄,是较为可靠和方便的方法。我们从前蛹期开始,研究粘虫雌雄两性生殖系统发育的形态发生过程,在25℃恒温条件下,粘虫雌雄两性内生殖系统的分化在蛹期第五天基本上完成。而生殖细胞发育成熟的时期则雌雄各不相同,雄性精子在成虫羽化时便已发育完成,雌性卵子必须在成虫羽化取食补充营养后方能发育成熟。我俩将粘虫雌蛾卵巢的发育分为4个时期:即(1)乳白透明期,(2)卵黄沉积期,(3)成熟期,(4)产卵后期。卵巢的发育情况可以作为鉴别雌蛾日龄的标准之一。雄性粘虫的睾丸在蛹期有合并现象,井由于排精体积逐渐缩小。由于羽化后雄蛾的生殖系统外形上无特别明显的变化,所见较难判断它的日龄。最后比较了卵粒的发育成熟与咽侧体活动以及飞翔、交配、产卵等的关系。     

中华花翅跳小蜂生物学特性和种群动态的研究

中华花翅跳小蜂Microterys sinicus Jiang是白蜡虫成虫产卵期的主要天敌。该蜂成虫喜在自然光下活动,取食和交配都在寄主树上进行。中华花翅跳小蜂每雌平均怀卵量34.39粒,产卵前期2～3天。产卵量、产卵率和产卵天数与温度密切相关,27℃时产卵量和产卵率最高。30℃时产卵天数最少。21～27℃卵孵化率达80%以上。幼虫共5龄。每头跳小蜂幼虫平均取食蜡虫卵数分别为：1龄14.6粒,2龄29.8粒,3龄69.4粒,4龄126.9粒。5龄幼虫不取食。全代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.84℃和574.32日·度。补充营养能显著延长成虫寿命和产卵天数,提高雌虫产卵量。中华花翅跳小蜂成虫在田间有两个高峰期,分别发生在4月上中旬和5月中下旬。每粒虫囊内跳小蜂幼虫数与白蜡虫健卵百分率呈负指数关系,拟合方程为：Y=96.0829Exp(-0.1872x)。     

Reproductive strategy of insects as adaptation to temporally varying environments

Diversity of oviposition curve observed in 125 insects was analysed using the ratio of the length of period for development to that for reproduction. On the basis of this empirical data, two extreme reproductive patterns were selected: prolonged reproduction with early maturity and concentrated reproduction with late maturity. Population growth of the species with each reproductive pattern was calculated usingLeslie Matrix under some simulated fluctuating environments where the length of time during which the environments change is short compared with the time required to stabilize age structure. These simulation studies show that there is an optimal ratio of the length of period for development to that for reproduction in achieving high population densities and this ratio varies depending on the favorableness of environment for reproductive success: as the environmental favorableness decreases, the optimal ratio becomes larger.     

Fertility and mortality patterns of captive Bornean and Sumatran orangutans: is there a species difference in life history?

Across broad taxonomic groups, life history models predict that increased ecological predictability will lead to conservative investment in reproductive effort. Within species, however, organisms are predicted to have increased reproductive rates under improved environmental conditions. It is not clear how these models apply to closely-related species. In this paper, we examine predictions from these models as applied to variability in reproductive rates between the two species of orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean) and Pongo abelii (Sumatran). Orangutans exhibit characteristics of a "slow" life history strategy with large bodies, late age at maturity, low reproductive rates, and long lifespan. Recently, researchers proposed that Sumatran orangutans may have an even slower life history than Bornean orangutans as a result of ecological and genetic differences (Wich et al., 2004). We examined this hypothesis by studying important aspects of life history of both species under conditions of relative ecological stability, in captivity. In this large dataset, there were no significant species differences in age of first or last reproduction, completed fertility, perinatal and postnatal mortality, or female longevity. Bornean orangutans in captivity did have significantly longer interbirth intervals, and male Bornean orangutans had higher survival past maturity. Our results do not support the hypothesis that selection has led to decreased reproductive effort under conditions of increased habitat quality in Sumatra (Wich et al., 2004), and instead suggest that phenotypic flexibility may be particularly important in explaining differences between closely related species.     

Psychosocial stress and infertility

Experimental, theoretical, psychological, and economic barriers have caused physicians to rely on biomedical treatments for infertility at the exclusion of more environmentally oriented ones (e.g., psychosocial stress therapy). An evolutionary model is described for the origin of reproductive failure, suggesting why mammals evolved to be reproductively responsive to the environment and why psychosocial stress should have an especially strong impact on fertility problems. A study of the causal role of psychosocial stress in infertility is then summarized. The paper concludes with implications for future directions for the treatment of infertility and related human reproductive problems.     

杂色山雀的繁殖成功率

2004～2006年的3～7月,在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区,对杂色山雀(Parus varius)的繁殖及繁殖成功率进行了初步研究。结果显示,杂色山雀主要营巢于海拔400～900m的阔叶杂木林、针叶林及林缘地带;繁殖期在3～7月,其洞巢种类多样,筑巢期约15d;巢为碗状,巢结构的2/3由苔藓构成;窝卵数为6～8枚,平均(6·92±0·92)枚(n=13);雌鸟单独孵卵,孵化期为(14·00±0·00)d(n=10);育雏由雌雄鸟共同承担,育雏期为(17·50±0·58)d(n=4)。杂色山雀繁殖成功率为50·95%,繁殖力为2·22。人为干扰是造成卵和雏鸟损失的主要原因,占总损失的74·19%。     

狼蛛科蜘蛛的繁殖行为

根据国内外研究进展,对狼蛛科蜘蛛的繁殖行为进行了简要综述,内容涉及狼蛛科蜘蛛的求偶、交配、产卵和携卵、携幼等4方面的行为研究。     

圈养小熊猫繁殖行为变化及繁殖行为对策

In order to investigate the change of reproductive behaviors and understand reproductive strategies of both male and female red pandas, one-year behavioral observation was conducted through the focal sampling method in the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from December 1999 to November 2000. Our results indicated that reproductive behaviors showed significant differences between the estrous and non-estrous seasons. Frequencies of the rubbing anogenital, sniffing and licking marking were much higher in estrus than in non-estrus. Bleating only appeared in the estrus and can be regarded as an estrous indicator.The result also demonstrated that both male and females applied different reproductive behavioral strategies. Frequencies of activity, rubbing anogenital, licking and sniffing marking, and bleat were much higher in the male than in the female. However, those of resting and investigating were much lower in the male than in the female. This indicated that the male was more active than the female during the estrus and might imply that the male acts mainly as an estrous message sender, and the female as a message receiver in the estrous season.     

How Many Children Can One Man Have?

Because a man’s reproductive capacity in unfettered by pregnancy, lactation amenorrhea, or child care, it generally is assumed that an individual man could have considerably more offspring than an individual woman. The point often is illustrated by comparing the most prolific man and woman in history. This article re-examines the case of the man claimed to be the world’s most prolific father in the light of women’s reproductive strategies and suggests he is unlikely to have fathered all the children attributed to him. Although it is indisputable that where polygamy is commonplace men show a greater variation in reproductive success, except for those few instances in history when men acquired extensive harems, it is unlikely that the extreme ranges of male and female reproductive success were ever very different.     

Effects of quinestrol on reproductive hormone expression, secretion, and receptor levels in female Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Quinestrol, a synthetic estrogen with marked estrogenic effects and prolonged activity, has potential as a contraceptive for Mongolian gerbils. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of quinestrol on reproductive hormone expression, secretion, and receptor levels in female Mongolian gerbils. Serum and pituitary concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were decreased, whereas serum concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) were increased after quinestrol treatment; the effects were both time- and dose-dependent. Furthermore, quinestrol downregulated expression of FSHβ and LHβ mRNA in the pituitary gland, as well as FSH receptor (FSHR) and estrogen receptor (ER) β in the ovary. However, it up-regulated mRNA expression levels of ERα and progesterone receptor (PR) in the pituitary gland and uterus, as well as mRNA for LH receptor (LHR) and PR in the ovary (these effects were time- and dose-dependent). In contrast, quinestrol had no significant effects on the mRNA expression levels of ERα in the ovary, or the gonadotropin α (GtHα) subunit in the pituitary gland. We inferred that quinestrol impaired synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH and that the predominant ER subtype in the pituitary gland of Mongolian gerbils may be ERα. Overall, quinestrol disrupted reproductive hormone receptor expression at the mRNA level in the pituitary-gonadal axis of the Mongolian gerbil.     

高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔的繁殖特征

2002年4月至8月,在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站附近,采用标志重捕法对高原鼠免的繁殖特征进行了研究。高原鼠兔的繁殖具有明显的季节性差异,4月下旬和5月为繁殖高峰期,雄性的睾丸重而饱满,雌性的怀孕率最大。雄性成体的体重和睾丸重在繁殖期的不同时段具有显的差异,在4月11日至5月10日、6月11日至7月10日体重和睾丸重之间呈显正相关。雌性怀孕早期胚胎数与临产前胚胎数没有显差异,未发现胚胎吸收现象;同时,胚胎数在繁殖期的不同时段存在显差异。采用种群统计学中同生群的划分方法,将5～8月份出生的幼体依次记为L1、L2、L3、L4。在出生后20天内L1、L2幼体存活率明显高于L3、L4;在从出生50天至80天期间L4的存活率显高于L2。当年出生的雌雄幼体在发育上存在不同步现象,当年出生的雌性幼体性成熟早,有的可以直接参加繁殖,但当年出生的雄性幼体却无此现象。结果表明：在海北地区,经过综合治理后,高原鼠兔的生境发生改变,其繁殖策略也随之发生改变,即,减少每次繁殖活动的投入,增加繁殖次数,延长繁殖时间。     

岩白菜（虎耳草科）不同海拔居群的繁殖分配

资源分配策略是植物生活史研究的重要内容之一,植物用于繁殖的相对资源比例（即繁殖分配）与植株的生活史特征、个体大小及植株的生境密切相关。本文研究了藏东南色季拉山一个阴坡上海拔4200m～4640m范围内6个不同居群的虎耳草科多年生草本植物岩白菜（Bergenia purpurascens）的繁殖分配特征,结果发现：（1）繁殖器官生物量、营养器官生物量、地上部分总生物量、花数目、花序轴长度均随海拔的升高而显著降低,而叶数目随海拔变化不大,繁殖分配值则先降低后升高,转折点在林线过渡带（海拔4400m）处;（2）各居群（海拔4300m居群除外）营养器官生物量与繁殖器官生物量均显著正相关,而营养器官生物量与繁殖分配则负相关,但各居群的显著性不同;（3）各居群繁殖器官生物量与植株个体大小（营养器官生物量）呈不同程度的异速增长,而繁殖分配则与植株个体大小负相关;（4）各居群植株都存在一个繁殖所需的个体大小阈值,而且这一阈值在林线以下区域随海拔的升高而显著增大,在林线以上区域变化不显著。研究结果表明,海拔并不是影响岩白菜繁殖分配策略的唯一生态因子,不同居群的生境状况和植株个体大小都与其资源分配策略密切相关,高山地区林线的存在对植物资源的权衡方式会产生巨大影响。