木麻黄抗逆性研究进展

木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)是热带、亚热带常绿乔木, 天然生长于滨海疏松沙土中, 为多用途速生树种。长期生长在恶劣的沿海气候和环境中使其具有较强的抗盐、抗风、耐瘠薄、抗涝能力。木麻黄已广泛种植于我国东南沿海, 主要用于防风固沙、盐碱地改良和干旱地区绿化等, 在防御沿海自然灾害、改善生态环境方面发挥了巨大作用。杂交和盐碱地露地育苗等技术使木麻黄的抗寒性 也得到了较大提高。本文就近年来木麻黄抗非生物胁迫的研究进行了综述, 旨在为合理开发和利用木麻黄资源提供参考依据。     

生物技术与耐海水作物的追求

今天,人类已经跨入了２１世纪,然而农产品短缺仍是生物学家和农学家所面临的最大挑战。制约农产品增加的主要因素是淡水资源的匮乏和耕地的日渐减少。虽然这两个问题可以通过诸如兴修水利、节水灌溉、提高单产和增加复种指数等途径来解决,但从长远看,研究耐海水被子植物的分子生物学机理和应用生物技术培育耐海水作物,发展沿海滩涂和内陆盐碱地的生态农业,是解决淡水资源缺乏和耕地不足的一条重要途径。据联合国粮农组织统计,全世界沿海和内陆盐碱地面积为３．８亿公顷,中国有３０００万公顷,其开发利用前景十分广阔。以往,人类赖…     

木麻黄根瘤内FRANKIA的分离培养与回接结瘤条件

木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia L.)属被子植物,是能结瘤固氮的非豆科树木。生长在我国南方沿海一带。我们于1982年10月从其根瘤中分得内生菌,经纯培养,形态特征观察,与Callaham等1978年从香蕨木(Comptonia peregrina)根瘤中分离的内生菌有相似的特点,符合报导的Frankio菌属的标准。1981年以来,由木麻黄根瘤中分离出Frankia内生菌,已先后有成功的报导。我们把所纯培养的Frankia sp.Cecl4菌株回接于宿主木麻黄根系上,侵染结瘤,获得成功。     

木麻黄小枝提取物的分离鉴定及其对幼苗的化感作用

木麻黄是我国华南沿海重要的防护林树种,易衰退．从化感作用角度探讨其衰退原因．结果表明,木麻黄小枝提取物显著地抑制其幼苗的生长,具有化感作用．利用色谱和波谱技术从提取物中分离鉴定了５种化感物质：Ａ．山奈黄素－３－α－鼠李糖苷;Ｂ．懈皮黄素－３－α－阿拉伯糖苷;Ｃ．樨草素－３＇,４＇－二甲氧基－７－β－鼠李糖苷;Ｄ．山奈黄素－３－β－双鼠李糖苷;Ｅ．懈皮黄素－３－β－葡萄糖苷,均为黄酮类化合物．用Ａ、Ｂ和Ｃ对木麻黄幼苗进行生物测定表明,３种化感物均显著地抑制木麻黄幼苗生长,尤其是抑制根生长．     

木麻黄对土壤重金属的生长响应及积累特征

为了考察沿海防护林重要树种木麻黄对土壤重金属的耐性及修复潜力,比较了5个较耐寒木麻黄无性系(S-13、S-44、S-48、S-60和S-80) 1年生扦插苗在重金属Cu、Cd、Pb和Mn复合污染土壤中的生长表现、重金属积累和分配特征。土壤重金属设置为对照组(CK)、低浓度组(T1)、中浓度组(T2)和高浓度组(T3)等4个水平。结果表明:5个木麻黄无性系在不同处理组均维持了正常生长,不同无性系的表现有差异,与CK相比,T1、T2和T3显著促进了木麻黄无性系S-13、S-44的生长,但对S-48、S-60和S-80的生长无显著影响; T3显著抑制了S-13和S-44根瘤数,而对S-80则无显著影响,说明5个木麻黄无性系对重金属复合污染表现出较高耐性;木麻黄对重金属的吸收量随着土壤重金属浓度升高而增大;木麻黄对重金属的分配因重金属种类而不同,如Mn的含量为叶状小枝(小枝)茎根,各处理的转运系数均大于1,表明木麻黄具有较强的Mn转运能力,能把较多Mn从根部转运到地上部,地上部的Mn超过总积累量86%; Cu、Cd和Pb的含量为根茎小枝,表明木麻黄能把较多的Cu、Cd和Pb固定在根部,但地上部的重金属积累量超过了总积累量的50%; T3处理下,5个木麻黄无性系的重金属综合生物富集指数(CBCI)无明显差异,表明5个木麻黄无性系对重金属积累能力接近;综合生物量和CBCI表现,木麻黄无性系S-13和S-44对污染土壤具有较强的重金属修复能力;木麻黄对重金属Cu、Cd、Pb和Mn具有较强的耐性和较为突出的积累能力,对于重金属污染土壤尤其是Mn污染土壤的植物修复具有较大应用潜力。     

不同属宿主来源的Frankia菌株形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜系统研究了从赤扬、香蕨木、扬梅、木麻黄、异木麻黄、沙棘、胡颓子等七个属中13个树种根瘤中分离出来的15株Frankia菌株。发现不同属、种来源的Frankia菌株除具有相似的形态特征外,在菌丝的粗细、菌丝体发育的稀疏、微密程度、孢子囊的大小,顶囊的形状、大小和顶囊柄的长短等均有着明显的差别。不同属来源的Frankia菌株在培养特征上有明显的差异。赤扬属不同种来源的Frankia菌株在以丙酸钠为碳源的Bap液体无氮培养基中均生长良好,但在以丙酮酸钠为碳源时,则不能生长,而木麻黄属、异木麻黄属来源的Frankia菌株,在丙酸钠或丙酮酸钠为碳源时均生长良好。沙棘属、胡颓子属来源的Frankia菌株在丙酸钠或丙酮酸钠为碳源时均生长良好并产生棕褐色色素。根据Frankia菌的形态和培养特征,可将七个属来源的Frankia菌株划分为三个类群:即赤扬香蕨木,扬梅类群;木麻黄、异木麻黄类群;沙棘和胡颓子类群。     

不同生境下木麻黄脯氨酸含量和质膜ATPase活性的研究

采集生长于恶劣环境和中生环境的普通木麻黄(Casuarina)小枝,超速离心提取粗质膜制剂后,用两相系统法纯化得到质膜微囊,研究不同生境下木麻黄的质膜ATPase活性,并测定木麻黄小枝的游离脯氨酸含量。实验结果表明:同一生境中的木麻黄ATPase活性相对一致,而同一树种木麻黄不同生境下质膜微囊H~+-ATPase、Ca~(2+)-ATPase、K~+-ATPase活性有显著差异,表现出以渗透胁迫为主的恶劣环境下的木麻黄质膜微囊ATPase活性和木麻黄细胞内游离脯氨酸明显高于中生环境下生长的木麻黄。说明普通木麻黄在干旱和盐胁迫下能调整生理生化过程来提高其质膜ATPase活性和增加细胞内脯氨酸含量提高渗透调节能力以保证其在恶劣环境的正常生长。     

沿海防护林四个树种根系分布对盐胁迫的响应

研究盐分胁迫下植物根系的分布及生长特性对沿海防护林树种的筛选具有重要意义。以8年生女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、洋白蜡(Fraxinus pennsylvanica)、木麻黄(Casuarina equiestifolia)和墨西哥落羽杉(Taxodium mucronatum)等4个亚热带沿海防护林树种为对象,对其根系生长特性与土壤盐度关系、根系生物量分配格局、功能根的分布特征以及根系的比根长和根长密度进行了比较。结果表明:1)土壤盐分对植物根系垂直生长与分布具有强烈的制约作用,根系的水平伸展能力与树种根系垂直生长呈负相关;2)不同树种适应盐分胁迫能力不同,导致各自功能根的生物量分配格局差异;3)根径级越小,其吸收水分和营养物质的能力越强;根径级越大,固定和支持植株的能力越强;4)墨西哥落羽杉盐分阈值0.45%,根系垂直分布在0～95cm的土层中,具有良好的抗台风和耐盐土能力;木麻黄和洋白蜡2个树种的主根系长度分别为25cm和29cm,支撑根的比例分别为87.2%和56.3%,因此也具有一定的抗台风能力,可以栽植在盐度0.36%的沿海滩涂上;女贞盐分阈值0.21%,垂直根系为20cm,支撑根比例51.0%,不适合栽植于高盐分的台风分布地理区域。     

几株不同种属来源的木麻黄植物根瘤共生放线菌-Frankia的研究

用根瘤切片法,从长骨木麻黄(C. glauca Sieb.)、鸡冠木麻黄(C. cristata)和海滨木麻黄(A. littoralis)野生根瘤中分离出具有侵染能力的Frankia sp、NNCG01、NNCCR03和NNACL05菌株,它们都具有Frankia的典型形态特征,在无氮培养条件下,形成大量的顶囊和孢子囊。各菌株对简单碳源和氮源的利用比对复杂碳源和氮源的利用更好,而且都具有较高的耐盐(NaC1)能力,在0.2M盐浓度中,生长受到的影响很小,在盐浓度为0.5M时,也有一定生长。这三株Frankia菌株都能交叉感染木麻黄属(Casuarina)和异木麻黄属(Allocasuarina)中的一些放线菌结瘤植物,因此,从木麻黄属植物根瘤分离的Frankia菌株和从异木麻黄属植物根瘤分离的Frankia菌株属于同一个互接种簇。这三株Frankia的自生固氮活性与它们的共生固氮活性呈正比,而且同一菌株与不同种木麻黄植物共生固氮的效率没有明显的差异,为初步筛选高效共生固氮的Frankia菌株提供了一个快速简便的方法,具有重要的实际意义。     

不同生境下木麻黄脯氨酸含量和质膜ATPase活性的研究

采集生长于恶劣环境和中生环境的普通木麻黄(Casuarina)小枝,超速离心提取粗质膜制剂后,用两相系统法纯化得到质膜微囊,研究不同生境下木麻黄的质膜ATPase活性,并测定木麻黄小枝的游离脯氨酸含量。实验结果表明：同一生境中的木麻黄ATPase活性相对一致,而同一树种木麻黄不同生境下质膜微囊H^ -ATPase、Ca^2 ATPase、K^ -ATPase活性有显著差异,表现出以渗透胁迫为主的恶劣环境下的木麻黄质膜微囊ATPase活性和木麻黄细胞内游离脯氨酸明显高于中生环境下生长的木麻黄。说明普通木麻黄在干旱和盐胁迫下能调整生理生化过程来提高其质膜ATPase活性和增加细胞内脯氨酸含量提高渗透调节能力以保证其在恶劣环境的正常生长。     

我国麦蚜抗药性及研究现状

麦蚜是危害我国小麦Triticum aestivum L.生产的主要害虫,具有分布广、数量大、繁殖力强以及远距离迁飞等特点,不仅直接吸食小麦汁液,还传播多种植物病毒,每年造成小麦减产10%~30%。目前对麦蚜的防控主要以化学防治为主,但由于化学杀虫剂长期或不合理的使用,多地麦蚜对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。本文从麦蚜抗药性测定方法、抗性水平及交互抗性、代谢和靶标抗性机制、以及麦蚜抗药性综合治理等方面进行了综述,以期为麦蚜的防治及杀虫剂的持续合理使用提供理论参考和依据。     

Stability analyses for estimating relative durability of quantitative resistance

Summary Experiments in which a series of host cultivars are inoculated in all combinations with a series of pathogen isolates have been used to detect specificity in the host resistance. A theoretical model of polygenic resistance involving both general and specific interactions with pathogen virulence was developed to test the abilities of statistical analyses to discriminate between host genotypes with different levels of general and specific resistance. Estimates of levels of specific resistance could be obtained in regressions of disease severity scores for each host cultivar X pathogen isolate combination vs. the virulence index of each isolate. If the virulence index was based on the mean disease severity induced by the isolate over all host cultivars, the slopes of the regression lines were correlated with the levels of specific resistance in host cultivars. If the virulence index was based on the disease severity induced by the isolate on a host cultivar with a minimum of specific resistance, the mean squares for deviations from the regression were correlated with the levels of specific resistance in host cultivars. A method was developed to consistently choose host cultivars with minimum specific resistance. The two regression analyses gave estimates of specificity in randomly generated, model genotypes of approximately equal accuracy, although the second method appeared to be more accurate when the numbers of loci controlling resistance and virulence were small. The best estimates of numbers of genes for specific resistance were obtained by calculating a rating based on mean disease severity, the mean square for deviation from the regression on the virulence index based on disease severity on the cultivar with minimum specific resistance and the slope of the regression on the virulence index based on the mean disease severity. The best estimates of proportions of resistance genes that were specific were obtained by calculating a rating based on the above deviation mean square and slope alone.Cooperative investigation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Journal Series Paper No. 8326 of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service     

甜菜夜蛾的抗性及抗性机理研究进展

甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是世界性农业害虫,近年来在我国由次要害虫上升为主要害虫。甜菜夜蛾对很多种化学杀虫剂和生物杀虫剂产生了抗性。本文分别阐述了甜菜夜蛾对常用杀虫剂如有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、生长调节类杀虫剂、Bt杀虫剂等的抗性发展现状,并且对抗药性机理进行了总结,提出了抗性治理措施。     

西花蓟马的抗药性及其治理策略

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）是世界性的园艺作物上的重要害虫,几乎对每种类型的杀虫剂均产生了抗药性,包括有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂和多杀菌素等。本文对国外西花蓟马的抗药性发展现状和抗性机制进行了总结,并提出了抗性治理策略,即科学合理使用杀虫剂,结合栽培防治、物理防治、生物防治和寄主植物抗性等方式降低杀虫剂对西花蓟马的选择压,从而达到抗性治理的目的。     

种子内生菌增强宿主植物重金属抗性的功能机制研究进展

种子是植物的繁殖器官,其内定殖有一定数量的内生菌,种子内生菌通过垂直传播成为新生植物组织内最早定殖的微生物,对连续几代植物内生菌群落的形成起着决定性作用,并在植物抗逆方面发挥着重要作用。本文对种子内生菌与宿主植物重金属抗性之间的关系及其功能机制进行综述,并对下一步研究方向予以展望。     

Selection of a dexamethasone-resistant H-4-IIE-C3 rat hepatoma tissue-culture line

Summary Exposure of H-4-IIE-C3 rat hepatoma cell cultures to the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, results in an inhibition of cellular proliferation which is not the result of steroid-induced cytolysis. A significant decrease in both the rat of DNA synthesis and DNA content precedes, a detectable effect on cell number. Continuous culture of H-4-IIE-C3 cells in medium containing 10⁻⁵ m dexamethasone results in the selection of a steroid-resistant cell population that has the growth characteristics of unselected sensitive cultures and shows normal steroid induction of tyrosine transaminase. Selection is a slow process requiring 24 to 36 months to obtain, a phenotypically stable resitant cell line, and can be subdivided into three phases—a sensitive phase, adaptation and resistance. A comparison of the karyotypes of unselected and resistant cultures shows that the selection process enriches for a dexamethasone-resistant subpopulation. This work was supported by Special Grant No. 716 from the California Division of the American Cancer Society, and a grant-in-aid from the San Diego State University Foundation.     

2005年至2008年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药性变迁

调查2005年至2008年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药情况,为临床有效治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染提供依据。从各类标本中分离出嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌株并利用API系统鉴定。采用Kirby-Bauer法和微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验。2005年至2008年共分离出嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌株337株。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对碳氢酶烯类药物、氨基糖苷类、三代头孢菌素、氨曲南和β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂高度耐药,复方新诺明和米诺环素对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的敏感率在90%以上。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对临床上常用的大多数抗菌药物高度耐药,可首选复方新诺明和米诺环素治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染。     

The evaluation of horizontal resistance of winter wheats by the ‘center pivot’ method

Summary Twenty bread wheat varieties were sown in forty meter long plots and infected with a mixture of three races of stem rust (14, 34, 311) in the Center-pivot design. The epidemic's development and its effect on yield (factors) were studied in an experiment.With the Center-pivot method we modelled the natural processes without chemicals. The epidemic's development and the processes connected with it can be studied quantitatively as well as by subjective evaluation.Some of the studied genotypes were quickly infected and others slowly. The date of infection proved to be especially important to the amount of yield decrease.However, a quick spread of the epidemic does not inevitably lead to a decrease of yield and 1000-grain-weight for every genotype.Vertical resistance has qualitative features. On the other hand, there is only a quantitative difference between field resistant and tolerant genotypes, and between horizontally resistant and susceptible ones. The tolerant genotypes cannot limit the spread of the epidemic, but they can limit the degree of damage, and so their yields and 1000-grain-weights are essentially uninfluenced. The field resistant genotypes slow down the epidemic's development, and therefore their yields and 1000-grain-weights decrease less. This fact makes possible their separation in two steps, first on the basis of epidemic development, and then by measuring the decrease of yield and 1000-grainweight.Tolerance and field resistance are supposed to be inherited olygenically. Consequently, breeding for horizontal resistance should work with basically different methods than those previously used for race-specific resistance.