紫珠耐热抗旱性初步研究

针对武汉地区夏季高温干旱的气候特点,分别在室内人工模拟高温和干旱的条件下,对紫珠的耐热性和抗旱性进行了初步研究。结果表明:紫珠有一定的耐高温干旱能力,能忍受45℃高温连续9天和持续9天的干旱,是一种较好的新型园林节水耐旱观果灌木。     

乳腺癌耐药蛋白介导多重耐药机制及其逆转

近年发现的乳腺癌耐药蛋白属于ATP结合框转运体家族中的G亚家族,是主要的介导肿瘤细胞多药耐药机制的跨膜转运蛋白之一,在临床抗肿瘤治疗中具有重要的意义。本文综述了乳腺癌耐药蛋白的结构特点、表达特征,及其介导的肿瘤细胞多重耐药机制与逆转等方面的研究进展,并展望了今后的研究方向。     

植物SAR和ISR中的乙烯信号转导网络

乙烯作为重要的信号分子在植物SAR和ISR中发挥重要作用。受病原物和其它激发子处理后,植物体内乙烯被合成,为内质网上一个His激酶类受体家族(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)所感知,在铜离子的转运活性下,乙烯与受体的结合使Raf-类Ser/Thr激酶CTR1失活。在CTR1的下游,EIN2、EIN3、EIN5/AIN1、EIN6、EIN7是乙烯反应的正调节子,负责乙烯信号的传导。EIN2编码功能未知的新的膜整合蛋白,而EIN5/AIN1、EIN6和EIN7尚未从分子水平上进行鉴定。定位在核内的DNA结合蛋白EIN3,直接作用于ERF1,调节乙烯反应基因的转录,激活植物防御素和病程相关蛋白基因的表达,使植物建立抗病性反应。     

猪源大肠杆菌耐药质粒图谱及耐药性分析

目的:探讨猪大肠杆菌的耐药质粒图谱、耐药性及耐药基因之间的关系。方法:从湖南省株洲、益阳的四个猪场分离出9株大肠杆菌,进行质粒电泳图谱分析、用PCR法检测耐喹诺酮类耐药基因Gyr A、Par C和耐四环素类耐药基因Tet A、Tet B,并采用Kirby-bauer法对这9株大肠杆菌进行药敏(18种抗生素)试验。结果:其中9株大肠杆菌含有三条或者三条以上的质粒条带,且其质粒谱型均不相同;9株大肠杆菌均检测出4种耐药基因Gyr A、Par C、Tet A和Tet B;9株大肠杆菌对所选用的抗生素存在不同程度的耐药性,其中7株大肠杆菌对10种或10种以上的抗生素耐药,最高对13种抗生素耐药,氨苄西林、青霉素、阿莫西林、红霉素的耐药率达100%,对四环素、多西环素的耐药率达到88.9%,而多粘菌素B、阿奇霉素、大观霉素耐药率较低。结论:耐药性与质粒条带数、耐药基因之间并无明显的相关性;猪大肠杆菌呈多重耐药之势,在治疗大肠杆菌病时最好根据药敏实验结果选用合适的抗生素。     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及其耐药基因分析

目的:探讨多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDR-Ab)的耐药性及其耐药基因,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2018年12月鲍曼不动杆菌感染的住院患者信息。使用VITEK-32微生物分析仪/梅里埃药敏卡片GN13鉴定MDR-Ab 95株。采用聚合酶链式反应(多重PCR)检测MDR-Ab携带相关耐药基因。结果:95株MDR-Ab对头孢类抗菌药物耐药率为100%。对氨苄西林-舒巴坦和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦耐药率分别为95.79%和81.05%,对美罗培南和亚胺培南耐药率分别为56.84%和57.89%,对庆大霉素和阿米卡星耐药率均为88.42%,对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为100%和88.42%,对四环素、米诺环素、替加环素耐药率分别为87.37%、16.84%和9.47%,对多粘菌素B耐药率为1.05%。95株MDR-Ab中携带β-内酰胺酶中A类酶耐药基因TEM、PER分别95株和25株,D类酶耐药基因OXA-51、carO和adeB各95株,OXA-23基因90株。携带消毒剂耐药基因qacE 60株。携带16S r RNA甲基化酶耐药基因armA 75株。每株MDR-Ab除携带TEM+carO+adeB+OXA-51四种基因外,另同时携带四种基因20株(21.05%),三种基因38株(40.00%)。结论:MDR-Ab对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,携带的耐药基因型主要为TEM、carO、adeB及OXA-51。携带多种耐药基因是MDR-Ab耐药重要原因。加强医院感染防控、合理应用抗菌药物对于延缓泛鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性发展具有重要的临床意义。     

工业杀菌剂的抗性研究

<正>现代工业的迅速发展对工业材料的性质和功能不断提出更高的要求,工业杀菌剂的适用领域已经从纺织、木材、纸张、石油制品、胶黏剂、涂料等一直扩大到塑料、玻璃、陶瓷金属乃至航天部件等,工业中几     

甜菜夜蛾的抗性及抗性机理研究进展

甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是世界性农业害虫,近年来在我国由次要害虫上升为主要害虫。甜菜夜蛾对很多种化学杀虫剂和生物杀虫剂产生了抗性。本文分别阐述了甜菜夜蛾对常用杀虫剂如有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、生长调节类杀虫剂、Bt杀虫剂等的抗性发展现状,并且对抗药性机理进行了总结,提出了抗性治理措施。     

肿瘤治疗中的多细胞耐受性与三维细胞培养

肿瘤治疗中的多细胞耐受性是由于体内肿瘤具有三维结构而产生的对药物、射线等作用的耐受性。近年来人们利用体外三维细胞培养技术研究多细胞耐受性,发现其机制主要为三维结构相关的耐受性和接触性耐受性,并发现一些逆转或减弱多细胞耐受性的方法,显示了其作为临床肿瘤单独治疗或联合治疗的应用前景。     

抗草甘膦、抗螟虫水稻E1C608的鉴定和重要表型特征分析

草害和虫害是造成水稻减产的两个重要因素,培育转基因抗除草剂、抗虫水稻是解决这两个问题的有效途径之一。分子鉴定结果表明,以恢复系R608为受体的遗传转化获得了3个独立转基因事件,其中1个为单拷贝转化体,命名为E1C608-3。用ELISA方法检测外源抗草甘膦和抗螟虫蛋白含量的结果表明,E1C608-3的T_2代分蘖期的根、茎、叶中EPSPS蛋白含量为120. 16～1 223. 28μg/g,CRY1C蛋白含量为1. 23～8. 72μg/g,且两个外源蛋白在不同器官中的表达量均表现为叶茎根(P 0. 01)。T_3代测定结果显示,E1C608-3转化体在秧苗期草甘膦的耐受浓度至少为16g/L,其耐受浓度至少是转化受体R608的16倍。T_3代抗虫实验结果显示,E1C608-3对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫平均致死率为95. 56%,表现出良好的螟虫抗性。T_4代农艺性状测定结果显示,E1C608-3与转化受体存在较大差异,但都处在水稻天然种质资源的变异范围之内。以上结果表明,E1C608-3是一个抗除草剂、抗螟虫的水稻新种质。     

Plant Innate Immune Response: Qualitative and Quantitative Resistance

Plant diseases, caused by microbes, threaten world food, feed, and bioproduct security. Plant resistance has not been effectively deployed to improve resistance in plants for lack of understanding of biochemical mechanisms and genetic bedrock of resistance. With the advent of genome sequencing, the forward and reverse genetic approaches have enabled deciphering the riddle of resistance. Invading pathogens produce elicitors and effectors that are recognized by the host membrane-localized receptors, which in turn induce a cascade of downstream regulatory and resistance metabolite and protein biosynthetic genes (R) to produce resistance metabolites and proteins, which reduce pathogen advancement through their antimicrobial and cell wall enforcement properties. The resistance in plants to pathogen attack is expressed as reduced susceptibility, ranging from high susceptibility to hypersensitive response, the shades of gray. The hypersensitive response or cell death is considered as qualitative resistance, while the remainder of the reduced susceptibility is considered as quantitative resistance. The resistance is due to additive effects of several resistance metabolites and proteins, which are produced through a network of several hierarchies of plant R genes. Plants recognize the pathogen elicitors or receptors and then induce downstream genes to eventually produce resistance metabolites and proteins that suppress the pathogen advancement in plant. These resistance genes (R), against qualitative and quantitative resistance, can be identified in germplasm collections and replaced in commercial cultivars, if nonfunctional, based on genome editing to improve plant resistance.     

TRAIL耐药产生的机制及逆转耐药的最新策略

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing li-gand,TRAIL）是唯一能诱导癌细胞凋亡而对机体正常组织无明显损伤的内源性细胞因子,因而被认为是一种极具前景的抗癌药物。然而目前研究发现,许多恶性肿瘤细胞对TRAIL具有耐药性,使TRAIL在临床应用中遭遇瓶颈。越来越多的证据表明,一些关键信号通路可能与TRAIL耐药有关,且利用靶向基因治疗策略以及借助某些天然药物或小分子抑制剂能够部分恢复癌细胞对TRAIL的敏感性。该文主要描述了肿瘤细胞对TRAIL的耐药机制,并对如何有效克服和逆转TRAIL耐药的策略作了简要概括。     

非编码RNA与细菌耐药

细菌非编码RNA是一类新发现的基因表达调控因子,通过与靶mRNA配对,导致mRNA翻译和稳定性的变化,从而影响细胞的各种生理功能,如个体发育、翻译激活与抑制、细菌毒性等,而且一个单独的非编码RNA就能调控大量基因并对细胞生理产生深远影响。近年来诸多研究证实,非编码RNA与细菌耐药性也存在一定的关系。我们对此进行简要综述,为细菌耐药性的研究奠定基础。     

植物抗病毒病育种策略

为了得到抗病毒的寄主植物,植物育种学家进行了许多有益研究,形成了许多行之有效的抗病毒病育种策略。利用植物本身对病毒侵染所具有的一些免疫功能及其本身的一些抗性基因来获得抗性;利用来源于病毒自身基因的一些抗病性策略(PDR),如利用病毒外壳蛋白基因,病毒复制酶基因,病毒移动蛋白基因,病毒卫星RNA和反义RNA等,植物也可以获得抗性。近年来对由转录后RNA沉默引起的由RNA介导的病毒抗性策略(RMVR)也进行了深入地研究。除了PDR和RMVR以外,还有一些导致植物抗病毒的策略,包括利用美国商陆的病毒抗性蛋白(PAP),2',5’-寡腺苷酸合成酶,“植物抗体”以及病毒蛋白多肽来获得病毒抗性等。     

Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial resistant strains of bacteria are an increasing threat to animal and human health. Resistance mechanisms to circumvent the toxic action of antimicrobials have been identified and described for all known antimicrobials currently available for clinical use in human and veterinary medicine. Acquired bacterial antibiotic resistance can result from the mutation of normal cellular genes, the acquisition of foreign resistance genes, or a combination of these two mechanisms. The most common resistance mechanisms employed by bacteria include enzymatic degradation or alteration of the antimicrobial, mutation in the antimicrobial target site, decreased cell wall permeability to antimicrobials, and active efflux of the antimicrobial across the cell membrane. The spread of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons has greatly contributed to the rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among several bacterial genera of human and veterinary importance. Antimicrobial resistance genes have been shown to accumulate on mobile elements, leading to a situation where multidrug resistance phenotypes can be transferred to a susceptible recipient via a single genetic event. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial pathogens has severe implications for the future treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in both animals and humans. The versatility with which bacteria adapt to their environment and exchange DNA between different genera highlights the need to implement effective antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programs in both human and veterinary medicine.     

Resistance,Resilience and Restoration

Disturbances (pulse, press and ramp) constitute a major force influencing, even determining, the structure and functions of ecological components – populations, communities and ecosystems. The capacity to weather a disturbance without loss is defined as resistance, whereas resilience is the capacity to recover from a disturbance after incurring losses, which may be considerable. This article seeks to resolve differences in the ecological definition of resistance and of resilience and to examine the importance of resilience as applied to ecological restoration. In restoration, interventions are designed and implemented with the aim of strengthening the resilience, that is, the capacity to recover, of degraded systems. In response to restorative measures, degraded systems may have both resistance and negative resilience to remain in the degraded state. The key aim of restoration is to overcome the resistance and negative resilience of the degraded state by strengthening positive resilience, the capacity to recover to the intact undegraded state. Restoration may be hindered by a lack of knowledge of acting disturbances (both past and present), of the previous intact condition and of appropriate interventions to implement. Resilience to a disturbance is determined after the disturbance has ceased. Thus, for current ongoing press and ramp disturbances, resilience can be hard to determine.     

果蔬采后诱导抗病性

诱导抗病性是生物防治的途径之一 ,本文综述了诱导抗病性在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究进展 ,包括多种物理性、化学性和生物性激发子对许多采后果蔬抗病性的诱导以及诱导抗病性产生的机制 ,并分析它在果蔬防腐保鲜上的应用前景。     

褐飞虱对马拉硫磷的抗性遗传和交互抗性研究

毒力测定显示,抗马拉硫磷品对杀螟松、二嗪磷、异丙威和仲丁威都有明显的交互抗性产生,但对醚菊酯和吡虫啉没有表现出显的交互抗性。抗性遗传研究显示,正交和反交后代F1和F1'的显性值D分别为0.4014和0.3780,说明抗性主效基因是不完全显性的。通过自交后代F2和回交后代BC的LD-p线观察及与期望曲线比较,证明抗性遗传由两个或两个以上的基因控制。     

细菌的噬菌体感染抗性机制

噬菌体广泛存在于生态环境中。细菌在与噬菌体长期的共进化过程中,衍化出了多种针对噬茵体感染的抗性机制。我们从宿主菌的抑制吸附、阻止噬菌体DNA注入、切断噬菌体DNA和影响其功能及流产感染等方面,对宿主菌抵抗噬菌体感染的机制进行了综述。     

乳腺癌耐药蛋白的研究进展

乳腺癌耐药相关蛋白(BCRP/ABCG2)是新近发现的ATP结合盒(Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette,ABC)膜转运蛋白超家族成员。它作为细胞膜上的药物排出泵,可以将一系列细胞毒药物转运至胞外从而介导肿瘤细胞多药耐药。在很多血液肿瘤和实体瘤中均检测到ABCG2表达。ABCG2在肿瘤的多药耐药上发挥重要作用。本文对ABCG2的发现、基因表达特征、与造血干细胞分化的关系、转运底物及其耐药逆转和临床意义等方面的研究进展进行综述。