短期内15N标记的铵盐和硝酸盐在青藏高原高寒草甸中的运移规律

运用15N稳定性同位素示踪技术,对高寒草甸植物和土壤微生物固持沉降氮的能力及沉降氮在小嵩草(Kobresia pygaea)草甸中的运移规律进行了研究.施肥2周后,NO-3-15N和NH+4-15N的总恢复率分别为73.5%和78%.无论是NO-3-15N,还是NH+4-15N,植物所固持的15N总是比土壤有机质或者是土壤微生物固持的多.4周后,70.6%的NO-3-15N和57.4%的NH+4-15N被固持在土壤和植物中.其中,土壤有机质所固持的15N均下降了很多,而植物所固持的15N却变化很小.同前面的结果相比,较多的NO-3-15N为土壤微生物所固持.在施肥6周和8周后,NO-3-15N的总恢复率分别为58.4%和67%,而NH+4-15N的总恢复率分别为43.1%和49%.植物和土壤微生物所固持的NO-3-15N比NH+4-15N多.在整个实验期间,植物固持的NO-3N较多,而且比土壤微生物固持了较多的15N.由于无机氮的含量一直很低,无机氮库所固持的15N一般不超过1%.上述结果意味着短期内植物在高寒草甸中对沉降氮的去向起着决定作用.     

较长时间内~(15)N标记的氨态氮和硝态氮在小嵩草草甸中的运移规律(英文)

运用15N稳定性同位素技术,对15N标记的硝酸盐和铵盐在输入小嵩草(KobresiapygaeaC.B.Clarke)草甸11~13个月后的运移规律进行了研究。在经历11~13个月后,进入无机氮库中的15N很少,一般不超过所输入氮素的1%,而较多的15N为土壤有机质、土壤微生物和植物所固持。NO3--15N和NH4 -15N在小嵩草草甸中的运移规律差异很大。在11、12和13个月后,NO3--15N的总恢复率分别为92.83%、92.64%和79.96%;而NH4 -15N的则分别为49.6%、63.33%和66.22%。两者的差异在土壤有机质、土壤微生物和植物等库之间的分配中更加明显。输入NO3--15N时在11、12个月后植物所固持的15N最多,而土壤微生物和土壤有机质所固持的15N比较接近,而在13个月后,土壤有机质和植物所固持的15N接近,而土壤微生物所固持的15N下降许多;当输入NH4 -15N,土壤有机质所固持的15N比植物和土壤微生物所固持的都多,而且植物所固持的15N比较稳定,而土壤微生物所固持的15N则有较大变化。这表明在较长的时间内嵩草草甸对NO3-和NH4 的固持能力是不一样的。     

较长时间内15N标记的氨态氮和硝态氮在小嵩草草甸中的运移规律

运用15N稳定性同位素技术,对15N标记的硝酸盐和铵盐在输入小嵩草(Kobresia pygaea C.B.Clarke)草甸11～13个月后的运移规律进行了研究.在经历11～13个月后,进入无机氮库中的15N很少,一般不超过所输入氮素的l%,而较多的1 5N为土壤有机质、土壤微生物和植物所固持.NO3--15N和NH4 -1 5N在小嵩草草甸中的运移规律差异很大.在11、12和13个月后,NO3--15N的总恢复率分别为92.83%、92.64%和79.96%;而NH4 -15N的则分别为49.6%、63.33%和66.22%.两者的差异在土壤有机质、土壤微生物和植物等库之间的分配中更加明显.输入NO3--15N时在11、12个月后植物所固持的15N最多,而土壤微生物和土壤有机质所固持的15N比较接近,而在13个月后,土壤有机质和植物所固持的15N接近,而土壤微生物所固持的15N下降许多;当输入NH4 -15N,土壤有机质所固持的1 5N比植物和土壤微生物所固持的都多,而且植物所固持的15N比较稳定,而土壤微生物所固持的15N则有较大变化.这表明在较长的时间内嵩草草甸对NO3-和NH4 的固持能力是不一样的.     

增氮对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤甲烷吸收的早期影响

研究大气氮沉降对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CH4吸收的影响,对于揭示氮素调节土壤CH4吸收的机制和评价氮沉降增加背景下大气CH4收支平衡至关重要.通过构建多形态、低剂量的增氮控制试验,测定土壤CH4净交换通量和相关土壤理化性质,分析高寒草甸土壤CH4通量变化特征及其主要驱动因子.研究结果表明:自然状态下高寒草甸土壤是大气CH4汇,CH4平均吸收量为(35.40±1.92) μg· m-2· h-1.土壤CH4吸收主要受水分驱动,其次为土壤NH4+-N和NO3-N含量.NH4+-N抑制CH4吸收,NO3--N促进CH4吸收;不同剂量氮素输入对土壤CH4吸收影响也不尽相同,低氮处理促进土壤CH4吸收,而中氮和高氮处理抑制土壤CH4吸收.结果显示青藏高原高寒草甸土壤是重要的大气CH4汇,在未来大气氮沉降加倍的情景下CH4汇功能增强,但当氮沉降量增加两倍以上时CH4汇功能将会减弱.     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林不同干扰强度下土壤无机氮的变化

在云南哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林地区,选取了木果柯原始林、栎类次生林和人工茶叶地3种群落类型代表人为干扰强度从小到大的梯度,研究了人为干扰强度对土壤NH4^+—N、NO3^-—N等特征的影响．结果表明,3种群落的土壤无机氮含量(0～15cm)存在显著差异：表现为随干扰强度增加,土壤有机质、全N降低,C／N比增高,NO3^-—N流失的潜力在增加,说明干扰不利于土壤肥力的保持和群落正向演替．同一群落类型下不同空间位置土壤的有机质、全N、C／N比、pH值和NH4^+—N基本一致,但NO3^-—N有较大变化,表明土壤中NO3^-—N的不稳定性．此外,NO4^+—N为无机氮的主要存在形式,约占无机氮总量的95.5％～99.2％     

非完全淹水条件下稻田表面水体中三氮的动态变化特征研究

研究了稻田表面水体中三氮浓度的动态变化特征,结果表明,在独立排灌的稻田田面水中,每次施氮后,NH4^+和TN在1d后达到极大值,随时间推移,下降较快．NO3^-、NH4^+／TN、NO3^-／TN和(NH4^++NO3^-)／TN是先升后降,NH4^+和TN可作为农田水污染监测的主要氮素指标,NO3^-作为辅助监测指标,三氮浓度变化与施氮量呈明显正相关,施氮9d是防止三氮大量流失的关键时期．NH4^+和TN随时间动态变化的单因素模拟表达式为指数、对数、乘幂型或二次型;NO3^-的也是非直线型,却无合适的模拟模式,时间和施氮量两因素模拟表明,NH4^+和TN的模拟模式相同。     

UV-B辐射对香蕉光合作用和不同氮源利用的影响

生长在NO3^--N、NH4^--N和NH4NO3－N的香蕉叶片有相近似的最大光合速率,UV－B辐射引起生长在不同氮源的香蕉叶片光合速率、表现量子产率和光肥利用效率的降低。UV－B辐射使生长在不同氮源的植株叶面积干重和叶氮含是降低。生长在NH4^--N的植株Vcmax和Jmax均较生长在其它氮源的高。UV－B辐射引起生长在NH4^-N的植株Vcmax和Jmax降低较相同处理的NO3^-－N和NH4NO3－N植株明显,表明生长在NH4^ －N的香蕉对UV－B辐射更加敏感。UV－B辐射改变植株的叶片的碳氢比和碳氮比。经过UV－B辐射处理的NH4^ －N生长植株的碳氮生长在NO3^--N和NH4NO3－N的低。UV－B辐射可能改变植株对不同氮源的吸收利用,从而引起碳氮代谢和酸碱调节的变化。UV－B辐射降低叶氮在Rubisco和生物力能学组分的分配系数,可能使这些组分合成减少,使叶片光调节的变化。UV－B辐射降低叶氮在Rubisco和生物力能学组分的分配系数,可能使这些组分合成减少,使叶片光合速率下降。结果表明,生长在不同氮源的香蕉植树对UV－B辐射有不同响应,NH4^ -N有利于主要光合参数增高,但其对UV－B辐射亦最为敏感。氮供应受限制或植株生长在中性盐如NH4NO3－N则对UV－B辐射不甚敏感。     

两种微生物菌剂对西番莲果渣高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响

研究了在西番莲果渣堆肥体系中加入两种微生物菌剂（福贝和榕风）后的温度、C／N、NH4^＋ -N和NO3^- -N的动态变化及对西番莲果渣堆肥产品品质的影响．结果表明,在西番莲果渣中加入微生物菌剂能增加高温分解持续时间,加快物料C／N降低的速率,促进NH4^＋ -N向NO3^- -N转化,加快西番莲果渣堆肥腐熟化进程．添加福贝和榕风菌剂后,堆肥高温持续时间分别比对照（4d）增加7d和8d;腐熟后堆肥的NO3^- -N浓度分别比对照增加58．0％和64．2％．添加菌种显著增加了西番莲果渣堆肥的N、P、K养分含量,降低了堆肥容重,提高了堆肥总孔隙度和持水孔隙度,改善了堆肥产品的品质．两种菌剂间对西番莲果渣高温腐熟进程的影响没有显著差异,但福贝菌剂更有利于改善堆肥品质．     

脲酶／硝化抑制剂对土壤有效态氮、微生物量氮和小麦氮吸收的影响

研究了脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)、硝化抑制剂(DCD)及二者组合在草甸棕壤上施用对尿素态N转化及土壤总有效态N、微生物量N的影响．结果表明,尿素配施NBPT、DCD及抑制剂组合能够增加尿素水解后土壤NH4^+含量2％-53％。显著降低了氧化态N的浓度,抑制了土壤中铵态N的氧化,增加土壤总有效N34％-44％,小麦吸N量增加0．26％-6．79％。其中以脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂组合的效果最明显．抑制剂施用增加了微生物在小麦生长初期对有效态N固持,有利于后期土壤有效态N的矿化．     

氮添加对昆仑山高山草地土壤、微生物和植物生态化学计量特征的影响

全球范围内的氮沉降增加改变了生态系统氮(N)素循环过程,由此带来的生态学效应已成为当前研究的热点。以昆仑山高山草地生态系统2种优势植物黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala)和针茅(Stipa capillata)为研究对象,开展人工氮肥添加试验,研究土壤-微生物-植物系统各组分生态化学计量特征对氮添加的响应特征。结果表明:①氮添加显著提高了土壤NH4^+-N和土壤NO3^--N含量(P<0.05),土壤全N、全磷(P)、速效P含量没有明显变化。②氮添加条件下针茅叶片N含量增加,P含量降低,而黄花棘豆N和P含量无明显变化。③土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)随着施氮量的增加呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,当施氮量为6N·m^-2·y^-1时呈现出最高值。土壤NH4+-N含量与土壤微生物量N含量有显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。综合分析表明,短期氮添加有利于土壤养分和微生物量的积累,促进植物和微生物养分吸收利用。2种优势植物的生态化学计量特征对氮沉降的响应不同,过量的氮输入将会造成植物生长受到P限制,氮沉降会改变昆仑山高山草地生态系统的生物地球化学循环过程。     

Light affects competition for inorganic and organic nitrogen between maize and rhizosphere microorganisms

Effects of light on the short term competition for organic and inorganic nitrogen between maize and rhizosphere microorganisms were investigated using a mixture of amino acid, ammonium and nitrate under controlled conditions. The amount and forms of N added in the three treatments was identical, but only one of the three N forms was labeled with ¹⁵N. Glycine was additionally labeled with ¹⁴C to prove its uptake by maize and incorporation into microbial biomass in an intact form. Maize out-competed microorganisms for during the whole experiment under low and high light intensity. Microbial uptake of ¹⁵N and ¹⁴C was not directly influenced by the light intensity, but was indirectly related to the impact the light intensity had on the plant. More was recovered in microbial biomass than in plants in the initial 4 h under the two light intensities, although more ¹⁵N-glycine was incorporated into microbial biomass than in plants in the initial 4 h under low light intensity. Light had a significant effect on uptake by maize, but no significant effects on the uptake of or ¹⁵N-glycine. High light intensity significantly increased plant uptake of and glycine ¹⁴C. Based on ¹⁴C to ¹⁵N recovery ratios of plants, intact glycine contributed at least 13% to glycine-derived nitrogen 4 h after tracer additions, but it contributed only 0.5% to total nitrogen uptake. These findings suggest that light intensity alters the competitive relationship between maize roots and rhizosphere microorganisms and that C4 cereals such as maize are able to access small amounts of intact glycine. We conclude that roots were stronger competitor than microorganisms for inorganic N, but microorganisms out competed plants during a short period for organic N, which was mineralized into inorganic N within a few hours of application to the soil and was thereafter available for root uptake.     

Seasonal dynamics of N in two Sphagnum moss species and the underlying peat treated with 15NH415NO3

Uptake of 15N labelled NH4NO3 by two Sphagnum mosses on a raised bog in north east Scotland was measured at different times of the year. In a field experiment, fortnightly additions of NH4NO3 at natural abundance, equivalent to 3 g N m-2 yr-1, were made over 14 months to cores of Sphagnum capillifolium occupying hummocks and S. recurvum colonizing hollows. Pre-harvested cores were treated with 15NH415NO3 two weeks before harvesting and 15N abundance determined for the total N in the moss, inorganic and dissolved organic N (DON) in the moss water and extractable inorganic, organic and microbial N in the underlying peat. The proportion of added 15N taken up by the mosses two weeks after each addition averaged 72% and ranged between 11 and 100%, tending to be least during October when the rising water table reached the surface, particularly for S. recurvum. A small proportion of the 15N was detected in the moss water as NH4+ (0.01%) and as DON (0.03%) and on occasions a large proportion remained unaccounted for. In waters from S. capillifolium, DON was proportional to the amount of inorganic N added, but this was not the case for S. recurvum. Little or no 15N was detected in the underlying peat partly because of the large size and variability of the NH4+, DON and microbial N pools.     

Profile distribution of organic carbon and nitrogen in major soil types in the middle of Qilian Mountains

This paper studied the distribution patterns of organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), NH4+ -N, and NO3- -N in the profiles of brown calcic soil, grey cinnamon soil, chestnut soil, and alpine meadow soil in the middle of Qilian Mountains. In all test soils, the contents of OC, TN, NH4+ -N, and NO3- -N decreased with increasing soil depth, and the accumulation and decomposition of OC and various N forms differed with soil types. The average content of OC in different soil profiles changed from 14.01 to 41.17 g x kg(-1), and was in the order of grey cinnamon soil > alpine meadow soil > chestnut soil > brown calcic soil; the average content of TN changed from 1.28 to 2.73 g x kg(-1), with a sequence of alpine meadow soil > grey cinnamon soil > chestnut soil > brown calcic soil. The C/N ratio was from 11.33 to 19.22, with the order of grey cinnamon soil > chestnut soil > alpine meadow soil > brown calcic soil. NH4+ -N content changed from 5.80 to 8.40 mg x kg(-1), and was in the order of brown calcic soil > alpine meadow soil > chestnut soil > grey cinnamon soil; NO3- -N content changed from 6.57 to 15.11 mg x kg(-1), being in the order of chestnut soil > alpine meadow soil > brown calcic soil > grey cinnamon soil. The ratio of NO3- -N to NH4+ -N was 1.00-2.69, with the sequence of grey cinnamon soil > chestnut soil > alpine meadow soil > brown calcic soil. The OC and N contents in the same soil types differed significantly with the conditions of climate, vegetation, and topography (e. g. , slope aspect and slope position). Correlation analysis showed that there were highly significant nositive correlations between OC, TN, and NH4+ -N, but these three items had no significant positive correlations with NO3- -N. Furthermore, there were highly significant positive correlations between available K, NH4+ -N, and NO3- -N and between available P and OC, significant positive correlations between available P, TN, and NH4+ -N, but no significant correlations between pH, total K, and total P and OC and N.     

祁连山3种典型生态系统土壤微生物活性和生物量碳氮含量

 测定分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林和干草原土壤中微生物活性、生物量碳氮含量。结果显示：就土壤微生物生物量碳含量,森林比干草原和高寒草甸中分别高60%和120%以上,干草原比高寒草甸中高40%以上(p<0.05)。就土壤微生物生物量氮含量,0～5 cm土层,森林比高寒草甸和干草原中分别高64%和111%以上,高寒草甸比干草原中高29%;5～15 cm土层,森林比干草原和高寒草甸中分别高7%和191%以上,干草原比高寒草甸中高171% 以上(p<0.05)。森林和干草原中土壤微生物生物量碳比例比高寒草甸中高32%以上,0～5和5～15 cm土层,森林和干草原中土壤微生物生物量氮比例比高寒草甸中高150%以上（p<0.05）。就土壤微生物活性,0～5和5～15 cm土层,森林和高寒草甸比干草原中高26%以上;15～35 cm土层,森林比干草原和高寒草甸中高28%以上 (p<0.05)。土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量与有机碳含量及微生物生物量氮含量和比例与微生物生物量碳含量和比例呈现正相关（r²>0.30,p<0.000 1）。土壤微生物生物量氮含量、微生物生物量碳氮含量比例、微生物活性与土壤pH值呈显著负相关,土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量及其比例、微生物活性与土壤湿度呈正相关。说明祁连山3种生态系统土壤中微生物生物量和活性受气候要素、植被、有机碳、pH值和湿度等因素 的共同影响。     

硝化抑制剂DCD、 DMPP对褐土氮总矿化速率和硝化速率的影响

采用15N库稀释-原位培养法研究了硝化抑制剂DCD、DMPP对华北盐碱性褐土氮总矿化速率和硝化速率的影响.试验在山西省运城市种植玉米的盐碱性土壤上进行,设单施尿素、尿素+DCD、尿素+DMPP 3个处理.结果表明:施肥后2周,DCD、DMPP分别使氮总矿化速率和氮总硝化速率减少了25.5％、7.3％和60.3％、59.1％,DCD对氮总矿化速率的影响显著高于DMPP,两者对氮总硝化速率的影响无显著差异;而在施肥后7周,不同硝化抑制剂对氮总硝化速率的影响存在差异.施肥后2周,3个处理的土壤氮总矿化速率和硝化速率分别是施肥前的7.2 ～10.0倍和5.5 ～21.5倍;NH4+和NO3-消耗速率分别是施肥前的9.1 ～12.2倍和5.1 ～8.4倍,这是由氮肥对土壤的激发效应所致.硝化抑制剂使氮肥更多地以NH4+形式保持在土壤中,减少了NO3-的积累.土壤氮总矿化速率和总硝化速率受硝化抑制剂的抑制是N2O减排的主要原因.     

外源无机氮素形态对土壤氨基糖动态的影响

微生物生长对底物的可利用性存在不同的响应,外源氮素的形态可以显著影响微生物代谢过程,而土壤氨基糖作为微生物细胞壁残留物,其形成、分解和周转特征与外源碳氮供给密切相关,对土壤氨基糖的研究与同位素标记技术相结合,可以进一步反映微生物对底物的利用特征.本文以葡萄糖及15N标记的NH4+和NO3-为底物,利用气相色谱-质谱联机技术,通过测定氨基糖中同位素富集比例,跟踪新形成(标记)和原有(非标记)的土壤氨基糖的动态变化.结果表明:在培养过程中,15N标记的氨基糖含量显著增加,NH4+向氨基糖的转化显著高于NO3-,反映出微生物对NH4+的选择性利用.土壤中原有的氨基糖也发生了不同变化.其中,非标记氨基葡萄糖在N H4+为底物时,其含量有所增加,但在NO3-为底物时含量逐渐下降;非标记胞壁酸含量在2个处理中均不断下降,尤其以NO3-为底物时更为显著;非标记氨基半乳糖含量的增减幅度均小于20％.这种特异性变化表明,不同来源的微生物细胞壁残留物对土壤氮素周转和稳定的作用不同,真菌细胞壁残留物易于在土壤中积累,有利于土壤有机质的稳定,而细菌细胞壁残留物容易分解,在土壤有机质周转过程中起重要作用.     

Selecting appropriate forms of nitrogen fertilizer to enhance soil arsenic removal by Pteris vittata: a new approach in phytoremediation

Certain plant species have been shown to vigorously accumulate some metals from soil, and thus represent promising and effective remediation alternatives. In order to select the optimum forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizers for the arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator, Pteris vittata L., to maximize As extraction, five forms of N were added individually to different treatments to study the effect of N forms on As uptake of the plants under soil culture in a greenhouse. Although shoot As concentration tended to decrease and As translocation from root to shoot was inhibited, overall As accumulation was greater due to higher biomass when N fertilizer was added. Arsenic accumulation in plants with N fertilization was 100-300% more than in the plants without N fertilization. There were obvious differences in plant biomass and As accumulation among the N forms, i.e., NH4HCO3, (NH4)2S04, Ca(NO3)2, KNO3, urea. The total As accumulation in the plants grown in As-supplied soil, under different forms of N fertilizer, decreased as NH4HCO3>(NH4)2S04 > urea > Ca(NO3)2 >KNO3>CK. The plants treated with N and As accumulated up to 5.3-7.97 mg As/pot and removed 3.7-5.5% As from the soils, compared to approximately 2.3% of As removal in the control. NH4+ -N was apparently more effective than other N fertilizers in stimulating As removal when soil was supplied with As at initiation. No significant differences in available As were found among different forms of N fertilizer after phytoremediation. It is concluded that NH4+ -N was the preferable fertilizer for P. vittata to maximize As removal.