三峡地区香溪河流域叶片凋落物分解过程中N、P含量动态研究

在香溪河流域1160、930、658ITI3个海拔梯度,利用凋落物分解袋法,研究黄栌（Cotinus coggygria var．pubescens）、五裂槭（Acer oliverianum）和扇叶槭（Acer flabellatum）3个物种叶片凋落物的分解速率和主要营养元素N、P含量动态。结果表明,凋落物分解过程中干物质流失动态符合指数衰减方程;叶片初始N含量对分解速率没有显著影响,初始P含量与分解速率呈显著负相关;N、P含量动态在不同属物种间存在显著差异;海拔梯度的差异对N、P含量变化没有显著影响;凋落物在河岸陆地分解比较稳定,分解速度慢于同海拔河流;叶片分解N含量动态在河流与陆地中没有显著差异,而P含量变化差异显著。     

两种树叶在华南地区贫营养型池塘中的分解速率研究

在热带亚热带地区,凋落物在湖泊、湿地中的分解过程知之甚少。为了解亚热带地区树叶凋落物在静水环境中的分解状况,利用分解网袋法对2种树叶（大叶相思和人心果）在广州长岗山自然保护小区一贫营养型池塘中进行了为期130d的树叶分解研究。结果显示,两种树叶在池塘中的分解速度非常缓慢,130d后大叶相思和人心果树叶的干重剩余率分别为74.3％和77．5％,经指数衰减模型拟合,两者的分解速率系数（k）分别为0．00145d^-1和0．00105d^-1。定殖在两种树叶上的大型底栖动物仅5种,其中优势类群为摇蚊幼虫和钩虾。结果表明寡营养型池塘中大型底栖动物功能摄食群中撕食者种类与数量的稀少是引起这两种树叶分解缓慢的主要因素之一。     

蒲桃和人面子叶片单宁含量与凋落物分解速率及底栖动物定殖的关系

在广州龙洞水库一条天然2级溪流中,测定了蒲桃和人面子凋落物105 d分解过程中单宁含量的变化.结果表明：蒲桃叶片单宁的初始含量（0.191 g·g^-1DM）高于人面子（0.057 g·g^-1DM）.在最初一周内, 两种树木叶片的单宁含量分别下降了45 %和22 %,其中人面子叶片单宁含量降速比蒲桃快;21 d后,其下降速度减缓,而凋落物分解的速度加快,人面子叶片分解比蒲桃迅速（k值分别为0.038和0.013 d^-1）.定殖在人面子叶片上的底栖动物的平均密度显著高于蒲桃叶片（P<0.05）,分别为每克叶片287.9头和26.2头;底栖动物的数量变化随叶片单宁含量的降低而呈逐渐增加趋势.富含单宁成分的蒲桃叶片分解速率缓慢,可能是凋落物中高浓度缩合单宁抑制了底栖动物,尤其是撕食者的定殖所致.     

长白山各植被带主要树种凋落物分解速率及模型模拟的试验研究

2001～2003年在长白山自然保护区内3个垂直植被带的典型群落红松阔叶林、云冷杉林和岳桦林内,利用网袋埋藏法对群落内的6个主要优势乔木树种凋落物进行埋藏分解试验,研究凋落物分解速率及其变化动态;同时利用分解模型,模拟预测凋落物的分解进展,为深入研究这6个树种的营养策略、群落养分循环等奠定基础,也为森林生态系统管理提供理论依据.研究结果表明,所研究的6个树种凋落物都表现出随时间进程失重率增大的现象,但失重率并不与时间呈线性相关.在分解的638d（1.75a）后,6种叶凋落物的分解速率明显升高.到分解实验结止时（699d）,叶凋落物干重剩余率从小至大依次为白桦（24.56%）、紫椴（24.81%）、红松（38.48%）、鱼鳞云杉（41.15%）、岳桦（41.53%）和臭冷杉（42.62%）.枝凋落物分解速率明显低于叶,枝干重剩余率从小至大依次为紫椴（44.98%）、臭冷杉（64.62%）、红松（72.07%）、鱼鳞云杉（73.51%）、白桦（77.37%）和岳桦（80.35%）.在同一海拔高度,阔叶树种叶凋落物分解速率大于针叶树种.并且随着海拔的升高,叶凋落物分解速率逐渐减慢.模型分析预测结果表明,长白山北坡各垂直植被带的优势树种叶凋落物分解95%需4.5～8.0a;年分解系数为紫椴（0.686）〉白桦（0.624）〉 红松（0.441）〉 鱼鳞云杉（0.406）〉 臭冷杉（0.397）〉岳桦（0.385）;枝凋落物分解95%需7.8～29.3a,不同树种间的差异明显.枝年分解系数为紫椴（0.391）〉臭冷杉（0.204）〉红松（0.176）＞鱼鳞云杉（0.157）〉白桦（0.148）〉 岳桦（0.102）.     

早期分解中油松与阔叶树种凋落叶混合分解效应及其相互影响

以油松（Pinus tabuliformis Carrière）和5种阔叶树的凋落叶为对象,使用分解袋法在室内进行为期6个月的针阔混合分解实验,研究产生的混合分解效应、针阔凋落叶对彼此分解速率的影响及其可能产生机理。结果显示：（1）油松分别与红桦（Betula albo-sinensis Burk.）、灰楸（Catalpa fargesii Bur.）、太白杨（Populus purdomii Rehd.）凋落叶混合对分解速率均产生加性效应,但其中油松凋落叶分解受到显著促进,而阔叶凋落叶分解受到显著抑制。油松与杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides Oliver）凋落叶混合时两者分解速率均显著降低,油松与槭树（Acer tsinglingense Fang et Hsieh）凋落叶混合时两者分解速率均显著提高;（2）总体而言,在蔗糖酶、羧甲基纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶参与凋落叶分解的主要时期,红桦、灰楸、太白杨分别与油松凋落叶混合分解使土壤中这3种酶的活性较油松单独分解时显著提高,而较阔叶凋落叶单独分解时显著降低;油松与杜仲混合分解使这3种酶活性较两者单独分解时显著降低,而油松与槭树混合分解则产生相反效果。本研究结果表明,从凋落叶混合分解对物质循环影响的角度考虑,红桦、灰楸、太白杨和槭树可以用于油松纯林的混交改造,但应注意混交对阔叶树种分解的抑制;杜仲与油松凋落叶混合分解将会妨碍彼此养分循环,不宜混交改造。     

不同海拔花椒叶片-凋落物养分化学计量与重吸收的关系

阐明贵州喀斯特高原峡谷区不同海拔顶坛花椒叶片和凋落物化学计量特征与养分重吸收率,有助于掌握养分保存与利用机制。选取531、640、780、871和1097 m共5个海拔的顶坛花椒为对象,采集叶片和凋落物数据,分析其养分含量、化学计量和养分重吸收率随海拔增加的分异规律,阐明叶片养分重吸收与化学计量之间的内在关联。结果表明：叶片和凋落物有机碳(OC)、全磷(TP)和全铁(TFe)均以海拔780 m为最高,叶片全锰(TMn)、全镁(TMg)和凋落物TMg含量表现出随海拔升高而增加的趋势,叶片和凋落物全氮(TN)、全钾(TK)、全钙(TCa)未随海拔发生显著分异。叶片和凋落物C∶P、Fe∶Mn、C∶Ca随海拔升高表现出先增加后降低的变化趋势,而叶片和凋落物Ca∶Mg则呈现随海拔升高而降低。叶片养分重吸收率随海拔的分异规律不完全一致,叶片P和K重吸收率以海拔780 m为最高,N、Fe和Mn重吸收率以海拔871 m为最高,海拔1097 m的Ca和Mg重吸收率显著高于其他海拔,而海拔1097 m的P、N和Fe重吸收率则均为负值。冗余分析结果表明,叶片养分重吸收率与化学计量之间具有很强的相关性。     

高山林线交错带高山杜鹃的凋落物分解

凋落物分解是维持生态系统生产力、养分循环、土壤有机质形成的关键生态过程。高山林线交错带是陆地生态系统中对气候变化响应的敏感区域。季节变化和海拔梯度上的植被类型差异可能会影响该区域凋落物的分解,进而对高山生态系统的碳氮循环产生重要影响。采用凋落物分解袋的方法,研究了川西高山林线交错带优势种高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)凋落叶在雪被期和生长季的分解特征。结果显示:(1)季节变化和植被类型对高山杜鹃凋落物的分解均具有显著影响(P0.05),凋落叶的质量损失主要发生在生长季且在高山林线最大,暗针叶林中雪被期的质量损失略高于生长季,但差异不显著;(2)林线交错带上高山杜鹃凋落叶分解缓慢,一年干物质失重率为9.62%,拟合分解系数k为0.145;(3)高山杜鹃凋落叶的质量变化主要体现在纤维素降解显著且集中在雪被期,木质素无明显降解,在高山林线上C/N、C/P、木质素/N变化幅度较小且C、N、P的释放表现得稳定而持续。结果表明,季节性雪被对林线交错带内高山杜鹃分解的影响不仅局限在雪被期内,雪被融化期间频繁的冻融作用和雪融水淋洗作用可能会促进高山杜鹃凋落物在生长季初期的分解。总的来看,在气候变暖的情景下,雪被的缩减、生长季的延长和高山杜鹃群落的扩张可能加速高山林线交错带高山杜鹃凋落物的分解。     

杉木人工林凋落物分解对氮沉降的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,是全球碳（C）收支的一个重要主要组成部分,正受到全球大气氮（N）沉降的深刻影响。探讨大气氮沉降条件下森林凋落物的分解,有利于揭示森林生态系统C平衡和养分循环对全球变化的响应。选择福建沙县官庄林场1992年栽种的杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林为研究对象,自2004年开始野外模拟氮沉降试验,至今12年。氮沉降处理分4个水平,N0、N1、N2和N3分别为0、60、120、240 kg N hm^-2 a^-1。2015年12月开展分解袋试验,对经过氮沉降处理12年的凋落物（叶、枝、果）进行模拟原位分解,每3个月收回一次分解袋样品,为期2年,同时测定凋落物干物质残留量及其C、N和磷（P）含量。结果表明,经2年分解后,氮沉降条件下凋落物叶、枝和果的干物质残留率平均值分别为27.68%、47.02%和43.18%,说明分解速率大小依次为叶 > 果 > 枝。凋落物叶、枝和果的分解系数平均为0.588、0.389和0.455,周转期（分解95%年限）分别为4-5年、6-8年和5-7年。低-中氮处理（N1和N2）均促进凋落物叶、枝和果的分解,以N1的效果更明显,而N3起到抑制作用。N1处理的凋落物叶、枝和果的周转期分别为：4.50年、6.09年和5.85年,N2处理的分别为4.95年、8.16年和6.19年。模拟氮沉降在一定程度上增加了凋落物叶、枝和果分解过程中的N和P含量,但降低了C含量。凋落物叶、枝和果分解过程中C元素呈现释放-富集-释放模式,N和P元素呈现释放与富集交替,除枝的N元素外,其他均表现为释放量大于富集量。     

川西高山林线交错带凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系

对我国川西高山林线交错带14种代表性植物凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系进行研究.结果表明: 高山林线交错带植物凋落叶分解速率（k）为0.16～1.70,乔木和苔藓凋落叶分解较慢,灌木凋落叶次之,草本凋落叶分解最快.凋落叶分解速率与N、木质素、酚类物质、C/N、C/P、木质素/N均具有显著的线性回归关系.通径分析得出,木质素/N和半纤维素含量可以解释k变异的78.4%,其中木质素/N可以解释k变异的69.5%,木质素/N对k的直接通径系数为-0.913.主成分分析表明,第1排序轴k、分解时间（t）的贡献率达99.2%,木质素/N、木质素含量、C/N、C/P与第1排序轴呈显著正相关,其中木质素/N与第1排序轴的相关关系最强(r=0.923).木质素/N是影响川西高山林线交错带植物凋落叶分解速率的关键质量指标,且凋落叶初始木质素/N越高,分解速率越低.     

神农架不同海拔典型森林凋落物的分解特征

采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了神农架不同海拔3种典型森林凋落物的分解动态.结果表明: 依据分解速率,常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林3种典型森林凋落物的分解过程明显分为两个阶段,前期(0～360 d)凋落物的质量损失率为后期(361～720 d)的2.62～4.08倍,前期的分解速率分别为后期的2.71、1.72和2.69倍.凋落物分解95%所需的时间分别为3.84、4.54和4.16 a.分解后期凋落物的分解速率与C/N及N、半纤维素、纤维素、木质素含量均呈显著相关关系.
     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.