食管鳞癌VEGF-C mRNA和CD31表达及其意义

研究食管鳞癌血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)mRNA和CD 31的表达,探讨VEGF-C促食管鳞癌淋巴转移的作用。应用原位杂交法检测43例食管鳞癌组织VEGF-C mRNA表达,CD 31免疫组织化学染色标记血管、淋巴管内皮细胞,并计数肿瘤组织的微血管密度(MVD)。结果显示,食管鳞癌组织VEGF-C mRNA阳性19例(41.86%),MVD平均为76.36±20.30/mm~2。VEGF-C mRNA表达与食管鳞癌淋巴结转移、TNM分期和肿瘤浸润深度相关(p<0.05或p<0.01);而与肿瘤组织学分级无关(p>0.05)。MVD与食管鳞癌淋巴结转移、TNM分期的相关性有统计学意义(p<0.05);而与肿瘤浸润深度和组织学分级的相关性则无统计学意义(p>0.05)。VEGF-C mRNA表达阳性者MVD高于表达阴性者,两者比较具有显著性差异(p<0.05)。研究提示VEGF-C促进了肿瘤诱导的淋巴管新生和血管新生,在食管鳞癌的淋巴转移中起重要作用。     

胃癌nm23H1 mRNA、VEGF-C mRNA表达及其与淋巴转移、生存率的相关性研究

研究胃癌组织nm23H1 mRNA、VEGF-C mRNA和VEGFR-3的表达与胃癌中的新生淋巴管的生成、肿瘤淋巴道转移和生存率关系,为临床治疗及预后提供实验依据。用胃癌与癌周组织作对照,应用原位杂交法检测78例胃癌组织nm23H1 mRNA、VEGF-C mRNA表达,并以VEGFR-3抗体为标记,经EnVisionTM免疫组织化学及Leica-Qwin计算机图像分析,用Weidner最高血管密度计数法,计数阳性淋巴管数(MLC),以及调查患者术后的生存率。胃癌nm23H1 mRNA阳性表达 69．23％(54例)、nm23H1 mRNA阳性表达与胃癌淋巴结转移、TNM分期、MLC呈负相关(P<0．01), VEGF-C mRNA阳性表达46．15％(36例),其与胃癌淋巴结转移、TNM分期、MLC呈正相关(P<0．01 或P<0．05)．与癌周组织的nm23H1 mRNA和VEGF-C mRNA表达比较,具有显著性差异(P<0．01 或P<0．05)。nm23H1 mRNA在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期胃癌中呈高表达,在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者中呈低或无表达。胃癌组织的MLC(8．37±2．29/mm2)显著高于癌周组织(4．51±2．64/mm2),两者比较具有显著性差异(P<0．05)。 nm23H1 mRNA与VEGFR-3表达之间存在负相关(P<0．05,r=0．8479);VEGF-C mRNA与VEG- FR-3表达之间存在正相关(P<0．05,r=0．8362)。在根治术5年内死亡的61．54％(48例)患者中 MLC(10.82±2．51/mm2)高于5年内生存的患者(6．53±2．09/mm2),两组间有显著性差异(P<0．05);在不同的肿瘤病理学分级中,胃癌未、低分化型与高、中分化型的nm23H1 mRNA阳性表达,有显著性差异(P<0．05),当nm23H1 mRNA高表达时,肿瘤淋巴转移率低,生存率高,故认为nm23H1基因具有抑制胃癌发生和淋巴道转移作用;当VEGF-C mRNA高表达时,肿瘤淋巴转移率高,生存率低。胃癌组织中的VEGFR-3表达水平与肿瘤的淋巴转移密切相关,胃癌组织MLC的显著增高,提示肿瘤组织有新淋巴管的生成。VEGF-C促进了肿瘤诱导的淋巴管新生,在胃癌的淋巴道转移中起重要作用。     

卵巢上皮肿瘤淋巴转移与血管内皮生长因子C的表达

研究卵巢上皮肿瘤血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)的表达与新生淋巴管和血管生成及肿瘤转移的关系。应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学法,检测卵巢上皮癌、交界性肿瘤和良性肿瘤组织VEGF-CmRNA和蛋白的表达,并结合图像分析,计数血管内皮生长因子受体3(VEGFR-3)阳性脉管数和以CD31标记的微血管密度(MVD)。结果显示,卵巢上皮癌VEGF-CmRNA和蛋白表达阳性率、VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD均显著高于交界性肿瘤和良性肿瘤(p<0.05)。卵巢上皮癌组织中,有淋巴结转移患者VEGF-C表达阳性率、VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD高于无淋巴结转移患者,临床分期Ⅲ-Ⅳ期患者VEGF-C表达阳性率、VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ期患者(p<0.05),VEGF-C阳性表达患者的VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD均显著高于阴性表达患者(p<0.05),VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD呈正相关(p<0.01)。研究提示VEGF-C促进了肿瘤诱导的淋巴管生成和血管生成,在卵巢上皮癌的淋巴转移中起重要作用,VEGF-C可作为判断肿瘤淋巴转移的生物学指标之一。     

前列腺癌nm23H1mRNA、TGF-β1mRNA表达及其与肿瘤转移、生存率的相关性研究

应用原位杂交法检测42例前列腺癌组织nm23H1mRNA、TGF-β1mRNA表达,并以CD31抗体为标记,经EnVision~(TM)免疫组织化学及Leica-Qwin计算机图像分析,用Weidner最高血管密度计数法,计数阳性MVD,研究前列腺癌组织nm23H1mRNA、TGF-β1mRNA和CD31的表达与前列腺癌中的新生血管的生成、肿瘤血道转移和调查患者术后的生存率关系。前列腺癌nm23H1mRNA阳性表达66．67%(28例),nm23H1mRNA阳性表达与前列腺癌骨转移、TNM分期、MVD呈负相关(P＜0．05)：TGF-β1mRNA阳性表达78．75%(33例),其与前列腺癌骨转移、TNM分期、MVD呈正相关(P＜0．05),与癌周组织的nm23H1mRNA和TGF-β1mRNA阳性表达比较,具有显著性差异(P＜0．01或P＜0．05)。前列腺癌组织的MVD(78．51±10．29/mm~2)显著高于癌周组织(34．19±9．27/mm~2),两者比较具有显著性差异(P＜0．05)。在根治术后5年内死亡的42．86%(18例)患者中MVD(92．41±15．42/ mm~2),高于5年内生存的患者(62．79±13．58/mm~2),两组间有显著性差异(P＜0．05);在不同的肿瘤病理学分级中,nm23H1mRNA在前列腺癌未、低分化型中阳性表达率高,高、中分化型中阳性表达率低,两组间有显著性差异(P＜0．05)。当nm23H1mRNA阳性表达率高时,肿瘤骨转移率低,生存率高,故认为nm23H1基因具有抑制前列腺癌发生和转移作用。当TGF-β1mRNA阳性表达率高时,肿瘤骨转移率高,生存率低。故认为TGF-β1基因具有促进前列腺癌发生和转移作用。前列腺癌组织中的MVD与肿瘤骨转移密切相关,前列腺癌组织MVD的显著增高,提示肿瘤组织有新血管的生成。TGF-β1促进了肿瘤诱导的血管新生,在前列腺癌的骨转移中起重要作用。     

VEGF、CD34、VEGF—C和VEGFR-3在胃癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨胃癌组织中VEGF、CD34、VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达情况及临床意义。方法：采用免疫组化方法测定81例胃癌组织VEGF、CD34、VEGF—C和VEGFR-3表达情况,并结合患者的临床病理资料进行分析。结果：81例胃癌组织中MVD平均值为（42.95±14．79）个／视野,范围为13．00-68．33个／视野,VEGF、VEGF—C、VEGFR-3阳性表达率分别为74．1％、64．2％、67．9％。VEGF的表达与肿瘤的TNM分期、浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关,CD34的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、TNM分期、浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关,VEGF—C的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关,VEGFR-3的表达与肿瘤的浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关。结论：VEGF、CD34、VEGF—C和VEGFR-3的表达与胃癌的浸润转移密切相关。     

VEGF-C 和VEGFR-3 在胃癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨胃癌患者血管内皮生长因子C(vascular endothelial growth factor-C,VEGF-C及血管内皮生长因子受体-3(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3,VEGFR-3)在胃癌组织中的表达,从而确定胃癌预后的分子标志物。方法:搜集整理临床资料,采用Real-time PCR及ELISA法检测43例胃癌组织VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达。结果:43例胃癌组织中均有不同程度的VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达,Real-time PCR结果显示胃癌组织淋巴结转移组和非转移组VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达分别为0.07±0.01和0.12±0.01,0.03±0.01和0.06±0.02,与正常对照组相比,差异有显著性(p<0.05)。ELISA检测显示,与正常胃组织中VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的蛋白表达相比,胃癌无淋巴结转移组及胃癌并发淋巴结转移组中VEGF-C和VEGFR-3均明显增加。结论:VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达与胃癌淋巴结转移密切相关,提示胃癌标本VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的检测可作为胃癌预后的分子标志物。     

VEGF-C和VEGFR-3在胃癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨胃癌患者血管内皮生长因子C（vascular endothelial growth factor-C,VEGF-C及血管内皮生长因子受体-3（vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3,VEGFR-3）在胃癌组织中的表达,从而确定胃癌预后的分子标志物。方法：搜集整理临床资料,采用Real-time PCR及ELISA法检测43例胃癌组织VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达。结果：43例胃癌组织中均有不同程度的VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达,Real-time PCR结果显示胃癌组织淋巴结转移组和非转移组VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达分别为0.07±0.01和0.12±0.01,0.03±0.01和0.06±0.02,与正常对照组相比,差异有显著性（p〈0.05）。ELISA检测显示,与正常胃组织中VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的蛋白表达相比,胃癌无淋巴结转移组及胃癌并发淋巴结转移组中VEGF-C和VEGFR-3均明显增加。结论：VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达与胃癌淋巴结转移密切相关,提示胃癌标本VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的检测可作为胃癌预后的分子标志物。     

VEGF、CD34、VEGF-C和VEGFR-3在胃癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨胃癌组织中VEGF、CD34、VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达情况及临床意义。方法：采用免疫组化方法测定81例胃癌组织VEGF、CD34、VEGF—C和VEGFR-3表达情况,并结合患者的临床病理资料进行分析。结果：81例胃癌组织中MVD平均值为（42.95&#177;14．79）个／视野,范围为13．00-68．33个／视野,VEGF、VEGF—C、VEGFR-3阳性表达率分别为74．1％、64．2％、67．9％。VEGF的表达与肿瘤的TNM分期、浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关,CD34的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、TNM分期、浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关,VEGF—C的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关,VEGFR-3的表达与肿瘤的浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关。结论：VEGF、CD34、VEGF—C和VEGFR-3的表达与胃癌的浸润转移密切相关。     

测定胰腺癌组织微血管密度及淋巴管密度的临床意义

目的:研究胰腺癌组织中微血管密度(Microvessel density,MVD)和淋巴管密度(Lymphatic vessel density,LVD)的变化、与胰腺癌临床病理的联系。方法:采用免疫组织化学SABC法应用CD34及D2-40分别检测41例胰腺导管腺癌患者配对癌组织内、癌旁及正常胰腺组织中MVD及LVD的表达情况,分析其与肿瘤分化程度、分期和淋巴转移间的相关性;以及癌组织MVD与癌旁组织LVD表达之间的关系。结果:在41例胰腺癌组织配对癌组织及正常胰腺组织平均MVD值分别为46.585±16.935,11.100±4.036,两组之间差别有统计学意义(P=0.000<0.01)。配对癌组织内、癌旁及正常胰腺组织中平均LVD值分别为11.244±4.800,15.829±7.470和13.512±5.139;其中癌旁组织与正常胰腺组织LVD值差别无统计学意义(P=0.060>0.05),癌旁组织与胰腺癌组织的LVD值有显著性差异(P=0.000<0.01)。癌组织内MVD值与癌旁组织LVD值之间有相关性(P=0.025<0.05)。结论:胰腺导管腺癌组织中MVD及LVD与肿瘤分化程度、病理分期及淋巴转移存在关联。胰腺癌组织内MVD值与癌旁组织LVD之间存在相关性。     

VEGF-C、FLt4和结核菌L型感染在前列腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨血管内皮细胞生长因子-C(VEGF-C)与血管内皮细胞生长因子受体VEGFR-3(Flt4),在前列腺癌中的表达以及结核菌L型感染率及临床意义。方法应用免疫组化和原位杂交和抗酸染色等方法检测65例前列腺癌(carcinoma of prostate,PCa)和30例良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)中的VEGF-C、Fit4蛋白及mRNA的表达,以及结核菌L型的检出率。并对前列腺肿瘤主要临床资料和病理分级参数进行比较,用χ2检验进行统计学处理。结果VEGF-C、Flt4蛋白及mRNA阳性表达率和结核菌L型检出率,前列腺癌明显高于前列腺增生(P0.001~0.05)。VEGF-C、Flt4蛋白及mRNA阳性表达率和结核菌L型检出率与前列腺癌的临床分期、病理分级有明显差异(P0.05)。淋巴结转移组中VEGF-C、Flt4蛋白及mRNA的阳性表达率明显高于非转移组(P0.01)。结核菌L型检出率淋巴结转移组明显高于非转移组(P0.05)。结论VEGF-C、Flt4的蛋白及mRNA在前列腺肿瘤中不同程度异常表达以及结核菌L型检出率与肿瘤的临床分期、病理分级和转移呈正相关,提示这2种基因均可作为判断前列腺癌生物学行为及患者预后参考指标;结核菌L型感染可能有协同致瘤作用,与前列腺癌的发生发展可能有一定关系。因此研究VEGF-C、Flt4的阳性表达和结核菌L型感染与前列腺癌的关系,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.