草鱼致病性类志贺邻单胞菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】分离鉴定引起草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肌肉糜烂的类志贺邻单胞菌(Plesiomonas shigeloide)菌株JX-09。【方法】从患病草鱼分离致病菌,经形态学观察、人工感染试验、生理生化特性测定和16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行分类鉴定和致病性检验;同时对分离到的菌株做药物敏感性试验。【结果】从回归感染后的草鱼体内再次分离到菌株JX-09,表明该菌株为致病菌;菌株JX-09对草鱼的半致死量为6.4×104cfu/g。通过生化特征和分子系统学分析,将菌株JX-09鉴定为类志贺邻单胞菌。药敏试验表明该菌株对氨曲南、头孢唑林、头孢噻吩、头孢曲松等头孢类药物敏感,对卡那霉素、麦迪霉素、万古霉素和哌拉西林等耐药。【结论】类志贺邻单胞菌是草鱼肌肉糜烂病的致病菌,这是首次报道了该菌对草鱼有致病性。     

草鱼致病性类志贺邻单胞菌的分离与鉴定

摘要:【目的】分离鉴定引起草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肌肉糜烂的类志贺邻单胞菌(Plesiomonas shigeloide)菌株JX-09。【方法】从患病草鱼分离致病菌,经形态学观察、人工感染试验、生理生化特性测定和16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行分类鉴定和致病性检验;同时对分离到的菌株做药物敏感性试验。【结果】从回归感染后的草鱼体内再次分离到菌株JX-09,表明该菌株为致病菌;菌株JX-09对草鱼的半致死量为6.4×104cfu/g。通过生化特征和分子系统学分析,将菌株JX-09鉴定为类志贺邻单胞菌。药敏试验表明该菌株对氨曲南、头孢唑林、头孢噻吩、头孢曲松等头孢类药物敏感,对卡那霉素、麦迪霉素、万古霉素和哌拉西林等耐药。【结论】类志贺邻单胞菌是草鱼肌肉糜烂病的致病菌,这是首次报道了该菌对草鱼有致病性。     

鲟致病性类志贺邻单胞菌的鉴定及药物敏感性

【目的】2012年夏季北京地区多地养殖的鲟鱼发病,主要临床症状为肛门红肿、伴有黄色分泌物,腹腔内有大量腹水,腹腔内壁有出血点,肝脏点状出血,脾脏肿大等,累计死亡率达60%。本文目的为研究其病原。【方法】从具有临床症状的濒死鱼中分离病原菌,分析病原菌的形态特征、理化特性、分类地位及药物敏感性等特性,经过人工感染及引起的组织病理确认致病性。【结果】结果显示病原菌的16S rDNA序列构建的进化树,与类志贺邻单胞菌同源性最高,在99%以上;结合其生理生化特征和API细菌鉴定系统的结果,确认为类志贺邻单胞菌。该菌对鲟鱼的半致死量LD50为1.0×105.8CFU/mL,引起肝、肾和脾组织病变。胞外产物不具有淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶和明胶酶活性,也无溶血性,推测其毒性可能来源于内毒素。该菌对恩诺沙星、盐酸多西环素、氟苯尼考和甲枫霉素敏感,药物敏感浓度均小于2μg/mL;而对试验的其它抗菌药物不敏感。【结论】确认类志贺邻单胞菌是引起北京地区鲟鱼发生上述临床症状疾病的主要致病菌,可优选盐酸多西环素、氟苯尼考和恩诺沙星进行防治。     

台湾泥鳅源维氏气单胞菌Zy01株的分离鉴定及药敏特性研究

【目的】从患病台湾泥鳅体内分离到一株优势菌Zy01,通过鉴定并筛选敏感药物,为台湾泥鳅维氏气单胞菌病的防控提供参考。【方法】从患病台湾泥鳅肌肉溃烂处分离细菌,经理化特性及16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定,通过人工感染试验确定病原,并利用K-B法进行药敏分析。【结果】菌株Zy01为2015年11月引发台湾泥鳅疾病的病原菌,其对台湾泥鳅的LC50为2.0×10~6 CFU/m L。菌株Zy01理化特性与维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)基本一致,16S rRNA基因序列与维氏气单胞菌相似性为99%,综合判断该病原菌为维氏气单胞菌。菌株Zy01对环丙沙星、头孢拉定、诺氟沙星、阿奇霉素及庆大霉素等10种抗生素高度敏感;对苯唑西林、青霉素、阿莫西林等9种抗生素不敏感。【结论】分离菌株Zy01对台湾泥鳅有致病性,养殖时可选用庆大霉素及新霉素等药物进行防控。     

异育银鲫源杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种的分离鉴定

【目的】分离鉴定江苏省扬州市养殖场异育银鲫患病病原。【方法】采用常规的理化特性和分子生物学的方法,对从濒死异育银鲫肝脏处分离到的菌株YZ-1进行表型生物学、分子生物学及药敏试验的系统研究。【结果】该菌株16S r RNA基因(序列长度1 446 bp,Gen Bank登录号为JX164202)与其它杀鲑气单胞菌16S r RNA基因一致性在99%-100%之间,构建发育树确定该菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种(Aeromonas salmonicida subsp.salmonicida)。人工回感可导致异育银鲫死亡。药敏试验结果显示:对头孢呋辛、复方新诺明、恩诺沙星等23种抗生素敏感;对阿米卡星、四环素、大观霉素、头孢拉定等11种抗生素中度敏感;对青霉素G、链霉素、庆大霉素、氟苯尼考、万古霉素等10种抗生素耐药。【结论】研究结果证实引起异育银鲫死亡的病原为杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种。     

黄颡鱼暴发性出血病病原菌的分离鉴定及其生物膜形成特性

【背景】安徽省当涂县某池塘养殖黄颡鱼发生暴发性出血病,而当前对该病的病原存在争议。【目的】确定引起黄颡鱼暴发性出血病的病原菌,并明确分离菌株的生物膜形成特性,为从抗生物膜形成角度防治病原菌感染提供参考。【方法】取濒死期黄颡鱼病变脏器分别接种EPC细胞与培养基(TSB琼脂平板和血琼脂平板)分离病原,并通过人工感染回归试验确定其致病性;采用表型鉴定与16S rRNA基因序列分析相结合的方法鉴定分离菌株,并对其生物膜形成最佳条件、成膜能力及携带的生物膜形成相关基因进行研究。【结果】从病变脏器中分离纯化到一株优势菌株(HSY-2),对黄颡鱼的半数致死量为1.05×106 CFU/mL。经形态学、生化特性和细菌16S rRNA基因测序等分析确定分离株HSY-2为简达气单胞菌。其形成生物膜的最佳条件是将细菌接种TSB培养基于30 °C培养静置96 h,可形成中等强度的生物膜。同时,分离菌株携带气单胞菌甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶D编码基因glpD、S-核糖同型半胱氨酸裂解酶基因luxS和LuxI家族蛋白同系物编码基因ahyI三种生物膜形成相关基因,但未检测到甘露糖敏感型血凝素菌毛合成蛋白Q编码基因。【结论】本实验为进一步研究简达气单胞菌生物膜形成的调控机制打下基础,并且从抗生物膜形成角度防治简达气单胞菌感染提供了参考。     

安徽部分湖泊养殖鱼类暴发性出血病的病原分离与鉴定

目的确定引起安徽省部分湖泊养殖鱼类暴发性出血病的病原,为防治该病提供理论依据。方法随机取濒死期鲫鱼和白鲢的肌肉组织分别进行细菌和病毒分离培养,联合采用细菌表型鉴定法和16S rRNA基因序列分析法鉴定分离菌株,并使用分离菌株进行人工感染实验。结果从5尾患病鱼的肌肉组织中分离获得5株细菌,综合分离菌株的形态特征、理化特性和16S rRNA基因序列与系统发育学分析的结果,确定L1菌株为温和气单胞菌、L2菌株为维氏气单胞菌、J1、J2和L3菌株为嗜水气单胞菌。人工感染实验表明这5个气单胞菌分离株均具有较强的致病性。结论气单胞菌是该次鱼类暴发性出血病的病原,水温剧变、水质恶化和缺氧是疾病暴发的诱因,应采取改善环境、加强饲养管理、提高鱼体抵抗病力和及时杀灭病原体的综合措施防控该病。     

一株凡纳滨对虾源维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏特性

【目的】凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)是世界范围内最主要的对虾养殖品种之一,2017年5-6月上海某凡纳滨对虾养殖场出现不明原因的死亡病例,发病急,死亡率高。从患病凡纳滨对虾体内分离到一株优势菌AVZ01,旨在确定病因并筛选出敏感药物,为今后凡纳滨对虾维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)的防治提供参考。【方法】从患病凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺和肠道中分离致病菌,通过理化特性及16S r RNA基因序列分析进行鉴定,通过人工感染试验确定病原,使用Bliss法计算出半数致死剂量(LD50),并通过纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。【结果】从患病凡纳滨对虾体内分离到一株优势菌AVZ01,进行人工回归感染试验后,对虾发病症状与自然发病症状相似,凡纳滨对虾的LD50为8.7×105 CFU/m L。根据该菌株的形态特征、理化特性、16S r RNA基因序列分析,综合判断该病原菌为维氏气单胞菌。药敏试验结果显示,该菌株对米诺环素、诺氟沙星、庆大霉素等16种抗生素高度敏感,对青霉素、苯唑西林、头孢氨苄等9种抗生素耐药。【结论】分离菌株AVZ01对凡纳滨对虾有较强的致病性,养殖过程中可选用庆大霉素及新霉素等药物进行防控。     

罗非鱼源无乳链球菌肠道拮抗芽孢杆菌的筛选及其生物学特性

【目的】从健康尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)肠道中筛选一株对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌等病原菌具有拮抗功能的益生菌。【方法】取健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道,匀浆后进行10倍系列梯度稀释,然后涂布BHI平板,培养1–2d,挑取单克隆菌落。采用点种法初步筛选对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌有拮抗作用的菌株,选取其中一株拮抗效果较好的菌株LF01,通过形态学、生理生化特征以及分子生物学分析,对LF01菌株进行鉴定。然后对LF01菌株的生长特性、水解淀粉和酪蛋白能力、药物敏感特性、抗菌谱和生物安全性进行测定和分析。【结果】根据菌落形态和生长时间的差异,从健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道中筛选出64株细菌,通过拮抗试验筛选出6株具有明显拮抗效果的菌株,其中LF01菌株的拮抗效果最好。根据LF01的形态、生理生化特征和gyr A基因的进化分析,确定该菌株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)。LF01菌株的最适生长温度为30°C,最适p H值为7,最适盐度为5‰,而且该菌株具有水解淀粉和酪蛋白的功能。药敏试验结果显示,LF01菌株对多数抗生素敏感,仅对杆菌肽耐药。拮抗试验结果显示LF01株对无乳链球菌、海豚链球菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌、鮰爱德华氏菌、嗜水气单胞菌、舒氏气单胞菌、维氏气单胞菌、简氏气单胞菌、鰤鱼诺卡氏菌等病原菌均具有拮抗作用,其中对鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的拮抗作用最强,平均抑菌圈直径达28.3 mm。生物安全试验表明,LF01菌株对尼罗罗非鱼、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和乌鳢(Channa argus)等3种鱼均无致病性,具有良好的安全性。【结论】本研究筛选了一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌LF01株,该菌的生物安全性良好,而且可拮抗常见的水产病原菌,具有防控多种水产经济动物疾病的潜力,应用前景十分广阔。     

雏鸡源致病性粪肠球菌的分离鉴定及其耐药性分析

【背景】粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)是人和动物肠道正常菌群之一,也是一种条件性致病菌。近年来,粪肠球菌引起人和动物感染的报道越来越多。【目的】探明引起某养鸡场雏鸡发病死亡的病原及其致病性和有效治疗药物。【方法】结合临床症状和病理剖检,开展病原菌分离、生理生化特性检测和16S rRNA基因序列分析、致病性试验、耐药分析和对患病鸡群的药物治疗。【结果】患病鸡有昏睡、瘫痪或共济失调等临床症状;肝、脾肿大,肝脏发黄、少量出血点、质脆易碎,肠道粘膜增厚、出血,脑轻微水肿;从肝脏组织分离得到一株革兰氏阳性球菌,经纯化培养后命名为CJ517;依据该菌株形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为粪肠球菌;致病性试验显示CJ517菌株能致死小鼠,致死率为66.67%;该菌对头孢噻肟、磷霉素、丁胺卡那等药物敏感,对多西环素、卡那霉素、新霉素、氟苯尼考等药物耐药;经用敏感药物和提高免疫力结合治疗后,鸡群病情得到控制。【结论】研究结果可为临床诊断和治疗动物粪肠球菌感染提供参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.