温度及光照驯化对南方鲇线粒体代谢补偿调节的影响

为了检验在季节驯化中温度和光周期分别对南方鲇（Silurus meridionalis Chen）组织线粒体代谢补偿效应的调节作用,研究对实验鱼进行了4个系列的驯化处理:（1）低温等光周期12.5℃,12L:12D,体重:（186.362.77） g;（2）高温等光周期27.5℃,12L:12D,体重:（202.807.99） g;（3）短光照中等温8L:16D,20℃,体重:（284.8013.47） g;（4）长光照中等温度16L:8D,20℃,体重:（283.7015.60） g,每组均为24尾鱼。驯化8周后取样,测定了各驯化组鱼体心脏、肝脏和肾脏的器官质量（器官指数）,以及这3种器官组织线粒体在测定温度为12.5℃、20℃和27.5℃时的呼吸率和细胞色素C氧化酶（CCO）活性。结果显示,在等光周期条件下,低温驯化组（12.5℃,12L:12D）实验鱼的心脏、肝脏和肾脏的器官指数均显著高于高温驯化组（27.5℃,12L:12D）;在中等温度条件下不同光照处理的实验鱼之间器官指数无显著差异。在中等温度条件下短光照驯化组（8L:16D,20℃）鱼体的心脏、肾脏和肝脏组织线粒体呼吸率和CCO活性均显著高于长光照组（16L:8D,20℃）;而在等光周期条件下的不同温度驯化并没引起这3种组织线粒体的呼吸率和CCO活性的明显差异。综合认为:在季节驯化过程中,光周期改变是引起线粒体代谢能力的主要因素,温度变化则是调整器官组织重量的主要因素,光周期与温度对南方鲇线粒体代谢机制的调整具有协同作用。       

温度对南方鲇肝组织离体线粒体代谢耗氧率的影响

于2007年2月,把40尾南方鲇1龄幼鱼分为5个不同的温度处理组,用流水式呼吸仪测定每尾实验鱼的静止代谢率(Ms:mg O2/h·kg),随即处死该实验鱼,提取其肝脏线粒体,采用氧电极在与其静止代谢测定相同的温度条件下以琥珀酸为代谢底物测定其线粒体的代谢耗氧率.在12.5、17.5、22.5、27.5和32.5℃条件下,静止代谢率的值分别为26.64、49.03、73.64、102.40、156.72mg O2/h·kg,单位线粒体蛋白重量的线粒体耗氧率(Mp)分别为12.24、11.76、16.28、21.56和31.43nmol O2/min·mg,单位组织重量的线粒体耗氧率(Mt)则分别为64.02、78.72、117.51、121.57和194.20nmol O2/min·g.为了比较南方鲇肝脏离体线粒体的底物偏好性,在27.5℃条件下还测定了其以丙酮酸 苹果酸为底物时的耗氧率.结果显示:该种鱼肝脏离体线粒体对琥珀酸的氧化代谢能力显著高于丙酮酸 苹果酸(p<0.05);在实验温度范围内,鱼体的Ms、Mp和Mt值分别与温度(T: ℃)之间呈显著的双对数直线相关,协方差分析表明,鱼体静止代谢率与线粒体代谢率回归方程的斜率(温度指数b)差异显著(p<0.05),即鱼体静止代谢率与线粒体代谢率随温度变化的趋势不一致.经过计算发现:在最低实验温度条件下(12.5℃)肝器官线粒体代谢总耗氧率占鱼体静止代谢总耗氧率的比例显著高于其他温度梯度(p<0.05).通过讨论认为:在低温条件下,肝脏线粒体代谢水平随温度下降速率的减小是该种鱼抵抗低温的适应性调节机制.     

南方鲇的营养学研究：Ⅲ．饲料脂肪对蛋白质的节约效应

于１９９７年１０月至１２月对南方鲇（Silurus meridionalis)(初始体重：３０－４４g)进行人工配合饲料的喂养实验。实验以白鱼粉和 玉米油作蛋白质和脂肪源,共配制６种不同蛋白质／脂肪比的饲料,其蛋白质（Ｐ）和脂肪（Ｌ）的含是分别为４３％Ｐ／１５％Ｌ,４７％Ｐ／１５％Ｌ,５１％Ｐ／１６％Ｌ,５０％Ｐ／８％Ｌ,５４％Ｐ／８％Ｌ,５８％Ｐ／８％Ｌ。实验每饲料水平设４个重复,采用室内循环水养殖系统,在２７．５℃下以饱足日粮水平喂养６周。实验结果表明：供以高脂肪低蛋白质饲料组鱼体的特殊生长率（ＳＧＲ）和饲料转化率（ＦＣＥ）与低脂肪高蛋白饲料的无显著差异,而前者喂养的实验鱼的蛋白质效率（ＰＥＲ）显著大于后者,因此,南方鲇饲料脂肪对蛋白质有明显的节约效应。     

饲料中不同浓度菲对中华倒刺鲃几种血液学指标和肝胰脏的影响

以中华倒刺鲃（Spinibarbus sinensis）幼鱼初始体重为（42.800.32） g为研究对象,在实验室条件下分别饲喂菲（PHE）含量为0、429.17、861.38和1289.87 g PHE/g的人工配合饲料16周,测定鱼体的血液学指标以及肝胰脏指数的变化,以检验中华倒刺鲃受到含PHE食物暴露胁迫后的毒理学反应。结果显示:血清中的红细胞数目、血红蛋白和总蛋白在各实验处理组之间均无显著差异;血糖含量随PHE浓度的升高表现出先升高后降低的趋势,且各染毒组均显著高于对照组（P0.05）;球蛋白含量在500 g PHE/g组显著高于对照组（P0.05）,白蛋白含量则在500 g PHE/g组显著低于对照组（P0.05）,而这两个指标在其余含毒饲料组与对照组间均无显著差异;谷丙转氨酶活力随饲料中PHE浓度的升高表现出升高的趋势,仅在最高浓度组（1500 g PHE/g组）时与对照组的差异达到显著水平（P0.05）;谷草转氨酶活力也随饲料中PHE浓度的升高而升高,在1000和1500 g PHE/g组与对照组之间差异显著（P0.05）;肝糖原随饲料中PHE浓度的升高而降低,且各组间的差异均达到了显著水平（P0.05）;各实验处理组的肌糖原含量均显著低于对照组（P0.05）,而3个染毒饲料组之间无显著差异;肝胰脏指数随饲料中PHE浓度的升高而升高,且各染毒组显著高于对照组（P0.05）。通过讨论我们认为:中华倒刺鲃受到含PHE食物胁迫后血糖升高,而糖原含量和血清蛋白降低的现象应当是动物受到胁迫后能量需求升高的适应性反应,肝胰脏指数的升高是鱼体对PHE食物暴露胁迫在器官水平上的代偿性反应,而两种转氨酶在有毒饲料处理组鱼体的升高则表明PHE对肝脏造成了细胞损伤。       

饲料中棕榈油替代鱼油和豆油对黄颡鱼生长和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究不同棕榈油替代水平对黄颡鱼生长性能、肌肉脂肪酸组成、形体指标和肝脏组织结构的影响, 实验采用5组等氮(400 g/kg)等脂(100 g/kg)等能(15.70 MJ/kg)饲料饲喂黄颡鱼[(16.15±0.04) g], 对照饲料以鱼油鲶豆油1鲶2混合为脂肪源, 实验饲料以棕榈油分别替代10、25、40和55 g/kg的混合脂肪源。经过8周的养殖实验, 结果表明棕榈油替代水平对黄颡鱼的摄食量、终末体重、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白沉积率未产生显著性的影响(P>0.05), 但是上述指标均呈现先升高后略微下降的趋势, 并在25 g/kg替代组达到最大值。背肌肌肉中亚油酸和n-3HUFA含量随着棕榈油替代水平的上升而显著下降(P<0.05), 但n-3/n-6比值随着棕榈油替代水平的上升而显著上升(P<0.05), 棕榈油替代水平对各组黄颡鱼的肥满度和脏体比未产生显著性的影响(P>0.05), 但是55 g/kg棕榈油替代水平组肝体比显著高于25 g/kg棕榈油添加组(P<0.05), 且55 g/kg棕榈油替代水平组黄颡鱼的肝脏组织出现细胞肿胀, 细胞核移位, 肝血窦和脂肪细胞数量明显增多等不良影响。据上所述: 对于黄颡鱼幼鱼, 棕榈油可以替代25 g/kg的混合脂肪源(鱼油鲶豆油=1鲶2)不影响鱼体生长性能并且在一定程度上改善了背肌肌肉脂肪酸组成。     

南方鲇继饥饿后的恢复生长

1996年1月至4月在27．5℃条件下,对南方鲇幼鱼（初始体重：73．65±9．82g）进行了不同时间的饥饿处理后再供食的恢复生长实验。实验鱼饥饿60d后,鱼体比能值、蛋白质含量及脂肪含量明显下降,灰分含量及含水量明显上升。分别将饥饿处理0（对照）、10、20、30、40、50和60d的南方鲇再恢复喂食,在饱足摄食水平下生长20d。各饥饿处理组的鱼体化学组成及比能值均接近,并恢复到对照生长组水平。饥饿处理50d组的干重及能量生长率,湿重、干重及能量摄食率显著高于对照组的相应值。通过讨论认为：（1）饥饿处理50d的南方鲇在恢复生长过程中产生了显著的补偿效应;（2）该补偿现象主要因摄食水平显著升高所致。     

饲料淀粉水平对南方鲇免疫的影响

为研究饲料碳水化合物水平对南方鲇免疫力的影响,配制含0%、15%和30%糊化玉米淀粉的等能饲料分别作为对照、中水平和高水平碳水化合物（CHO）饲料,以体重为20.7±0.5g的南方鲇幼鱼为实验对象,在水温27.5±0.2℃的条件下以对照饲料驯化15d后,测定以3种饲料投喂02、、48、、12和16周时南方鲇鱼体的血清溶菌酶活性、抗菌活性和血清总蛋白含量。结果发现,中水平CHO组血清溶菌酶活性在4周和12周时显著低于对照组（p〈0.05）,其他各时间点均与对照组无显著差异;高CHO组在2—12周期间均显著低于对照组（p〈0.05）,而在16周时与对照组之间差异不显著。从第4周到第16周,中、高CHO组血清抗菌活性均显著低于对照组（p〈0.05）,而中、高CHO组之间在各时间点均无显著差异。在16周时,中CHO组和高CHO组血清总蛋白含量显著高于对照组（p〈0.05）,在其余时间点三组间差异均不显著。以上结果表明：饲料中含15%的CHO对南方鲇生长无显著影响,但明显抑制了鱼体免疫力,且免疫抑制作用随碳水化合物水平的提高而加强。综合分析本研究的结果提出,饲料碳水化合物是抑制南方鲇免疫力的一个重要因子。提高溶菌酶类蛋白质的合成速率是该种鱼在长期饲料CHO营养胁迫下的适应机制之一,表观上反映为血清蛋白含量的升高。通过比较观察饲料CHO对南方鲇生长和免疫力的抑制作用,提出应当综合二者的观测结果来评价CHO饲料对鱼类的营养胁迫及适合状况。     

不同蛋白含量饲料对南方鲇胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

为探讨营养、饲料与鱼类消化酶之间的相互作用,采用蛋白含量分别为44．8％、29．1％和13．3％的饲料饲养南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis),并在第0d、15d、25d和50d对胰脏、胃黏膜、前肠黏膜和后肠黏膜的胃蛋白酶(酸性蛋白酶)和淀粉酶活性进行了动态分析。结果显示：1)饲料中蛋白含量为29．1％—44．8％时南方鲇的生长速度显快于低蛋白含量饲料(13．3％);2)在实验后期(25d后),中等蛋白含量饲料组南方鲇的生长速度比其他两组快,此阶段该组鱼胃黏膜的胃蛋白酶活性呈上升趋势,而另两组该酶活性则呈下降趋势;低蛋白饲料组前肠黏膜和后肠黏膜的淀粉酶活性在实验后期急剧下降,与该组鱼的生长最慢相关联;3)在实验的50d内,不同蛋白含量饲料对胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性在各组织器官中的分布特征影响不大。实验期间,南方鲇消化器官中这两种消化酶活性的变化情况表明,在实验的不同阶段,饲料中的蛋白含量对南方鲇胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶的合成、分泌和活性大小的影响是不同的。     

南方鲇不同组织间线粒体代谢的比较研究

采用人工繁殖的同批南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)幼鱼为研究对象,分别在7.5、10、12.5、17.5、22.5、27.5、32.5、35和37.5℃条件下测定其心脏、肾脏、肝脏、脑和白肌的线粒体呼吸率、细胞色素c氧化酶(CCO)的活性,以检测不同组织线粒体的含量及代谢特征的差异性。在27.5℃下,南方鲇心脏、肾脏、肝脏、脑和白肌线粒体状态3呼吸率分别为69.94、30.98、32.36、18.89和7.34 nmol O2/min.mg;CCO活性分别为676.54、327.46、294.34、153.23和65.73 nmol O2/min.mg。统计检验表明,状态3呼吸率和CCO活性均表现为:心脏显著高于其他4种组织(P<0.05),白肌则要显著低于其他4种组织(P<0.05),肾脏和肝脏之间差异不显著,但均显著高于脑(P<0.05)。试验测定了以上5种组织的柠檬酸合酶(CS)活性来表征组织中线粒体含量。在27.5℃条件下CS的活性则分别是17.93、7.20、8.42、6.12和1.35 U/mg,心脏显著高于其他4种组织(P<0.05),肝脏、肾脏和脑之间差异不显著,但都显著高于白肌(P<0.05)。在7.5℃—32.5℃范围内,南方鲇的心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脑和白肌5种组织的线粒体状态3呼吸率和CCO活性均随着温度的升高而增加,但在高温端,心脏中这两种代谢指标开始出现随温度上升而下降的趋势。在低温端(7.5℃—10℃)和高温端(35℃—37.5℃),各组织线粒体呼吸率RCR值多数小于4,在37.5℃下的心脏和7.5℃下的白肌的RCR值分别低至1.76和1.85。研究结果提示,南方鲇不同组织间线粒体含量可以由CS活性作为间接指标进行比较,而各组织间线粒体含量及其代谢能力存在较大的差异。心脏表现出高含量、高代谢能力和低的耐受高温能力;白肌为低含量、低代谢能力和低的耐受低温能力;肝脏、肾脏和脑表现为中等含量、中等活性和较高的耐受极端温度能力。     

饲喂不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1饲料对草鱼幼鱼生长和毒素积累的影响

以含不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)(0、10、20、100、1000和5000 μg/kg饲料)的6种等氮等能(32.96%蛋白质, 14.55 kJ/g能量)配合饲料饲喂平均初始体质量为(2.90±0.16) g草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼84d, 探讨AFB₁对草鱼幼鱼生长、肝胰脏和肾脏组织结构以及鱼体肌肉中的毒素积累的影响。实验分为6个实验组, 每组3个平行。结果表明, 在整个实验过程中各实验组幼鱼的行为均未表现出异常, 各组幼鱼的存活率、终末体重、摄食率、特定生长率、饲料效率、肝体比、脏体比均无显著差异。饲料AFB₁水平对草鱼幼鱼血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均无显著影响。各毒素组和对照组肝胰脏、肾脏组织学观察中未发现病理变化。摄食AFB₁≤1000 μg/kg的草鱼幼鱼肌肉中未检测出AFB₁残留, 仅在5000 μg/kg实验组中检测出肌肉中含有(1.21±0.18) μg/kg的AFB₁, 低于FDA食品安全限定标准。由此可见, 草鱼幼鱼至少可耐受AFB₁含量达5000 μg/kg饲料(实测值: 4979.2 μg/kg饲料) 84d。     

Nutritional homeostasis in carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis): is there a mechanism for increased energy expenditure during carbohydrate overfeeding?

In previous growth experiments with carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis), the non-fecal energy lose was positively related to dietary carbohydrate level. To test whether metabolic energy expenditure accounts for such energy loss, an experiment was performed with southern catfish juveniles (33.2-71.9 g) to study the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on fasting metabolic rate and specific dynamic action (SDA) at 27.5 degrees C. The fasting metabolic rate in this catfish was increased with dietary carbohydrate level, and the specific dynamic action (SDA) coefficient (energy expended on SDA as percent of assimilated energy) was not affected by dietary carbohydrate level. The results suggest that in southern catfish, carbohydrate overfeeding increases metabolic rate to oxidize unwanted assimilated carbohydrate. A discussion on the poor capacity of intermediate metabolism for adapting dietary carbohydrate in carnivorous fish and its possible relationship with facultative component of SDA was also documented in this paper.     

黄颡鱼饲料中添加谷胱甘肽降低藻毒素毒性作用的研究

通过60d的生长实验研究饲料中不同含量的谷胱甘肽(GSH)对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson)摄食含蓝藻粉饲料后的毒性保护作用。共配制6种近似等氮等能(粗蛋白45%,总能19.5kJ/g)的实验饲料。以不添加蓝藻粉、不添加GSH的饲料组作为正对照,其他5种饲料均添加7.5%的藻粉,微囊藻毒素(Microc ystins,MCs)含量约为58μg/g,GSH添加量分别为:0(负对照)、200、500、800和1400mg/kg。实验结果表明,第1至第30天时,负对照组与正对照组实验鱼的摄食率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。第31至第60天时,负对照组实验鱼的摄食率显著高于正对照和其他GSH添加组(P0.05),但各GSH添加组肾脏中GSH显著低于正对照而高于负对照(P<0.05)。200、500和800mg/kg GSH添加组肝脏和肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于负对照(P<0.05)。在整个实验期间,随着饲料中GSH含量的增加,肝脏、肾脏、全肠和肌肉中微囊藻毒素含量先显著下降,当GSH添加量为500和800mg/kg时达到稳定,直至GSH添加量为1400mg/kg时显著上升。根据对黄颡鱼增重,肝脏和肌肉中MDA的含量以及组织中毒素的分析,在饲料中添加500-800mg/kg GSH可以有效缓解黄颡鱼饲料中微囊藻毒素的毒性。       

Effects of dietary soybean protein levels on metabolic response of the southern catfish, Silurus meridionalis

A closed respirometer was used to measure oxygen consumption of the southern catfish Silurus meridionalis fed with six isonitrogenous (48% crude protein) diets replacing 0%, 13%, 26%, 39%, 52% and 65% fish meal (FM) protein by soybean meal (SBM) protein, in order to investigate the effects of dietary soybean protein level (SPL) (replacing FM) on metabolic rates of the southern catfish. The results showed that there were no significant differences in routine metabolism among dietary treatments. Either the total metabolic rate or specific dynamic action (SDA) was positively correlated with assimilated food energy at each diet, respectively (P<0.05). The SDA coefficient (means the energy spent in metabolism per unit of assimilated dietary energy) significantly increased with increasing dietary SPL (P<0.05). Fish fed the diet with 13% SPL had a significantly lower SDA coefficient (0.1528) than fish fed the diet with 52% or 65% SPL (0.1826 or 0.1932) (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in SDA coefficient among fish fed the diets with 13%, 26% and 39% SPL (P>0.05). Results of the present study suggested that an imbalance of essential amino acids at higher dietary SPL resulted in more energy channeled into metabolism, and subsequently increased the SDA coefficient.     

A dietary dairy/yeast prebiotic and flaxseed oil enhance growth,hematological and immunological parameters in channel catfish at a suboptimal temperature (15°C)

Channel catfish raised in the southern United States require two growing seasons to reach market size. Growing seasons are separated by a cool period of about 3 months when feed intake and growth are greatly reduced. A cool-weather feeding strategy to improve feed intake, growth or health of catfish might improve survival and reduce the time needed to achieve market size. We conducted a feeding trial with channel catfish at a suboptimal temperature (15°C) to determine the effects of supplementing diets with either a dairy/yeast prebiotic or flaxseed oil (high in 18:3n-3) compared with a control with soybean oil (high in 18:2n-6). The trial was conducted in recirculating systems with 1140-l tanks containing 100 fish each (mean initial weight 61.4 g±0.43 s.e.m.). A 28%-protein basal diet was supplemented with 20 g/kg cellulose and 20 g/kg soybean oil (SBO, control), 20 g/kg cellulose and 20 g/kg flaxseed oil (FLAX) or 20 g/kg of a dairy/yeast prebiotic and 20 g/kg soybean oil (PREB). Fish were fed once daily to satiation and weighed every 3 weeks to track growth. Hematology, non-specific immune responses, proximate and fatty acid composition of muscle were determined to assess diet effects. Catfish-fed FLAX or PREB had higher weight gain, feed consumption and lysozyme activity than fish fed SBO. Total n-3 fatty acids in muscle were higher in fish fed SBO or FLAX than those fed PREB. Total n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated acids were higher in muscle of fish fed PREB than those fed SBO. Fatty acids in the PREB and SBO diets were similar, so the PREB appeared to increase elongation and desaturation of n-6 fatty acids in muscle. Flaxseed oil and the dairy/yeast prebiotic both have potential to increase catfish performance at a low temperature.     

Total mercury in commercial fishes and estimation of Brazilian dietary exposure to methylmercury

BackgroundMercury, in particular its most toxic form methylmercury, poses a risk to public health. Dietary methylmercury exposure is mainly by fish, and it can vary with fish contamination and by dietary habits of the population. This study aimed to quantify total mercury levels in different fish from Brazil and to estimate Brazilian exposure to methylmercury by fish consumption.MethodsTotal mercury occurrence was investigated in 18 different fish species by atomic absorption spectrometry with thermal decomposition and gold amalgamation. Dietary exposure to methylmercury was estimated by a deterministic method for different groups considering consumption by sex, different Brazilian geographical regions and habitat (rural or urban).ResultsCarnivorous fish showed higher levels of mercury (0.01 to 0.93 mg/kg) compared to non-strictly carnivorous fish (<0.01 to 0.30 mg/kg). Farmed fishes showed significantly lower levels compared to wild fish. Mean Brazilian fish consumption achieves FAO/WHO health recommendation of about two portions of fish per week. However, there is a large difference between fish consumption at urban and rural homes and among Brazilian geographic regions. These differences in consumption impacted estimated methylmercury intake that was higher in the Northern (1.85 μg/kg bw week) and in the Northeastern (0.72 μg/kg bw week) regions and also by rural population (1.08 μg/kg bw week). These values were compared with the toxicological reference dose for neurotoxicity of 1.6 μg/kg bw week.ConclusionEven though total levels of mercury in fish were lower than Brazilian and international legislations, in the Northern Brazilian region methylmercury intake overpassed the toxicological reference dose for neurotoxicity and in rural areas it achieved 68% of this reference dose.     

Evaluation of blood mercury and serum selenium levels in the pregnant population of the Community of Madrid,Spain

BackgroundThe main exposure route to methylmercury (MeHg) is from eating fish and shellfish containing this compound. Since 2004, women of childbearing age in Spain have been urged not to eat some species (eg, tuna, shark, and swordfish), instead choosing low-MeHg seafood as part of a healthy diet.ObjectiveTo describe maternal total blood mercury (THg) and serum selenium (Se) in a cohort of pregnant women living in Spain as it relates to fish intake during the three trimesters and to assess whether or not Spanish women of childbearing age follow the recommendations listed in fish advisories and choose fish species with lower mercury levels.MethodsWe studied 141 female volunteers of childbearing age (16–45 years), interviewing all participants about their overall eating habits and seafood intake. Hg and Se levels were tested using cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), respectively.ResultsAverage THg levels in pregnant women were 2.89 μg/L (standard deviation [SD], 2.75 μg/L, geometric mean [GM], 2.19 μg/L), and THg GM was positively associated with fish intake. Mean Se levels in pregnant women were 73.06 μg/L (SD, 13.38 μg/L), and Se levels were found to increase with tuna intake. In 16 (12%) pregnant women, THg was higher than the level recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (6.4 μg/L). A positive association was also found between THg and serum Se.ConclusionWomen of childbearing age in Spain had higher THg levels than women in other Western studies. Our study observed that 12% of women had THg levels above the safety limit set by the EPA (6.4 μg/L), and 31% had levels above the relevant benchmark level of 3.5 μg/L suggested by various researchers.     

饲料中不同水平鱼蛋白水解物对军曹鱼稚鱼生长及体组成的影响

设计4种等能等氮试验饲料,对照组以鱼粉为单一蛋白源,处理组分别以鱼蛋白水解物替代鱼粉蛋白的17%、34%和51%,军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)稚鱼的初始重为(3.79±0.22)g,实验在室内流水养殖系统中进行6周的饲养试验,每种饲料随机3个重复。试验结果显示不同水平鱼蛋白水解物对试验鱼的存活率没有显著影响(P>0.05),除了以鱼蛋白水解物替代鱼粉蛋白51%组外,其他各组的增重率(WG)和饲料摄入量(FI)都是随着饲料中鱼蛋白水解物替代鱼粉蛋白量的增加而增加。试验结果表明,在军曹鱼稚鱼饲料中用鱼蛋白水解物替代34%的鱼粉蛋白对于军曹鱼稚鱼的生长和饲料摄入量具有一定的促进作用。军曹鱼稚鱼血浆中胆固醇含量随着饲料中鱼蛋白水解物添加水平的升高而升高,而血浆中的总蛋白含量则无此规律,各处理组血浆中的甘油三酯无显著差异(P0.05)。       

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对黄颡鱼幼鱼组织谷胱甘肽含量、免疫及抗氧化性能的影响

研究旨在探讨饲料中添加还原型谷胱甘肽(Glutathione, GSH)对黄颡鱼幼鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)组织谷胱甘肽含量、免疫及抗氧化性能的影响。选用初始体重为(1.32±0.01) g的黄颡鱼800尾, 随机分为5组, 每组4个重复, 每个重复40 尾鱼, 分别投喂基础饲料和添加100、300、500和700 mg/kg GSH的试验饲料, 饲养56d后采样分析, 并采用氯化铵进行96h氨氮应激试验。结果表明: 除100 mg/kg组外, 饲料中添加GSH显著提高黄颡鱼肝脏、血清GSH含量(P<0.05), 当GSH添加量≥300 mg/kg时, 肝脏和血清GSH含量均呈现稳定状态。随着饲料中谷胱甘肽水平的增加, 血清免疫和肝脏抗氧化指标均呈现先升高后降低的趋势, 其中300和500 mg/kg组溶菌酶与碱性磷酸酶活性、300 mg/kg组免疫球蛋白M与补体4含量、500 mg/kg组酸性磷酸酶活性与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.05)。与对照组和700 mg/kg组相比, 300 mg/kg组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力与血清超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性均显著高升高(P<0.05); 且300 mg/kg组血清丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05)。氨氮应激96h时, 与对照组相比, 300 mg/kg组肝脏和血清超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性力均显著升高(P<0.05), 且300 mg/kg组血清丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见, 饲料中添加谷胱甘肽能提高黄颡鱼幼鱼组织谷胱甘肽含量、免疫及抗氧化性能, 其中以300—500 mg/kg为宜。     

Growth and hepatic acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase activity are affected by dietary protein level in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Two trials were undertaken with European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to estimate the protein requirements for maintenance and growth as well as the effect of dietary protein level on the activity of hepatic acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACoAC). Six diets were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (from 5 to 55% crude protein (CP)) at a constant (12%) lipid level. Three other diets were also formulated to contain 35, 45 and 55% CP, but with a higher lipid level (19%). Groups of 10 individually marked fish (IBW: 100 g) and groups of 8 fish (IBW: 160 g) were used in trial I and II, respectively. Fish were fed to visual satiety and intake was recorded. At the end of both studies, whole body, liver and plasma samples were withdrawn for analyses. Growth rate was improved with increasing dietary CP level. Despite not being the object of a statistical analysis, feed efficiency tended to be enhanced at higher dietary CP level and protein efficiency ratio tended to decrease with increased protein intake. The reduction of the dietary protein/energy ratio, due to the increase of dietary lipids further improved growth and feed utilisation. Data from both experiments indicate 4.5+/-0.5 g kg(-1) d(-1) as the daily protein intake for maximum N gain and 520+/-50 mg kg(-1) d(-1) as the maintenance needs for nitrogen balance. An increase of dietary CP level, up to 25%, increased ACoAC activity. A further increase in dietary CP level (35 to 55%) did not affect liver ACoAC activity. The increase in dietary lipid level depressed significantly liver ACoAC specific activity.