饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对黄颡鱼幼鱼组织谷胱甘肽含量、免疫及抗氧化性能的影响

研究旨在探讨饲料中添加还原型谷胱甘肽(Glutathione, GSH)对黄颡鱼幼鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)组织谷胱甘肽含量、免疫及抗氧化性能的影响。选用初始体重为(1.32±0.01) g的黄颡鱼800尾, 随机分为5组, 每组4个重复, 每个重复40 尾鱼, 分别投喂基础饲料和添加100、300、500和700 mg/kg GSH的试验饲料, 饲养56d后采样分析, 并采用氯化铵进行96h氨氮应激试验。结果表明: 除100 mg/kg组外, 饲料中添加GSH显著提高黄颡鱼肝脏、血清GSH含量(P<0.05), 当GSH添加量≥300 mg/kg时, 肝脏和血清GSH含量均呈现稳定状态。随着饲料中谷胱甘肽水平的增加, 血清免疫和肝脏抗氧化指标均呈现先升高后降低的趋势, 其中300和500 mg/kg组溶菌酶与碱性磷酸酶活性、300 mg/kg组免疫球蛋白M与补体4含量、500 mg/kg组酸性磷酸酶活性与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.05)。与对照组和700 mg/kg组相比, 300 mg/kg组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力与血清超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性均显著高升高(P<0.05); 且300 mg/kg组血清丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05)。氨氮应激96h时, 与对照组相比, 300 mg/kg组肝脏和血清超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性力均显著升高(P<0.05), 且300 mg/kg组血清丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见, 饲料中添加谷胱甘肽能提高黄颡鱼幼鱼组织谷胱甘肽含量、免疫及抗氧化性能, 其中以300—500 mg/kg为宜。     

饲料中棕榈油替代鱼油和豆油对黄颡鱼生长和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究不同棕榈油替代水平对黄颡鱼生长性能、肌肉脂肪酸组成、形体指标和肝脏组织结构的影响, 实验采用5组等氮(400 g/kg)等脂(100 g/kg)等能(15.70 MJ/kg)饲料饲喂黄颡鱼[(16.15±0.04) g], 对照饲料以鱼油鲶豆油1鲶2混合为脂肪源, 实验饲料以棕榈油分别替代10、25、40和55 g/kg的混合脂肪源。经过8周的养殖实验, 结果表明棕榈油替代水平对黄颡鱼的摄食量、终末体重、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白沉积率未产生显著性的影响(P>0.05), 但是上述指标均呈现先升高后略微下降的趋势, 并在25 g/kg替代组达到最大值。背肌肌肉中亚油酸和n-3HUFA含量随着棕榈油替代水平的上升而显著下降(P<0.05), 但n-3/n-6比值随着棕榈油替代水平的上升而显著上升(P<0.05), 棕榈油替代水平对各组黄颡鱼的肥满度和脏体比未产生显著性的影响(P>0.05), 但是55 g/kg棕榈油替代水平组肝体比显著高于25 g/kg棕榈油添加组(P<0.05), 且55 g/kg棕榈油替代水平组黄颡鱼的肝脏组织出现细胞肿胀, 细胞核移位, 肝血窦和脂肪细胞数量明显增多等不良影响。据上所述: 对于黄颡鱼幼鱼, 棕榈油可以替代25 g/kg的混合脂肪源(鱼油鲶豆油=1鲶2)不影响鱼体生长性能并且在一定程度上改善了背肌肌肉脂肪酸组成。     

饲料脂肪水平对瓦氏黄颡鱼生长及脂蛋白脂酶基因表达的影响

研究采用脂肪水平分别为4.7%、7.9%、10.9%、15.4%、18.9%的五种等氮配合饲料饲喂瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼,进行了为期30d的生长实验,探讨了瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼的脂肪需求。并克隆了瓦氏黄颡鱼脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)cDNA序列片段,采用实时荧光定量PCR研究了饲料脂肪水平对肝脏LPL基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,饲料脂肪水平从4.7%增加到10.9%显著促进了瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼的生长(P<0.05)。饲料脂肪水平显著影响了实验鱼的鱼体体成分,随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,鱼体干物质和脂肪含量显著增加而蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.05)。高脂诱导了瓦氏黄颡鱼肝脏LPL基因表达,摄食15.4%、18.9%这两组较高脂肪水平的实验鱼肝脏LPLmRNA表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。根据特定生长率通过折线回归分析得出瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼最适脂肪水平为11.2%。       

饲料中维生素D3的添加水平对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长和Toll样受体TLR18、TLR19和TLR21的影响

为了探讨饲料中维生素D₃添加水平对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长和Toll样受体的影响, 研究设计了5个不同浓度梯度的维生素D₃饲料(1120、2260、3950、8030和16600 IU/kg), 对体重为(5.0±0.2) g的黄颡鱼进行了为期12周的生长实验, 并在生长实验结束后进行鮰爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)攻毒72h。于攻毒前(0)和攻毒后(72h)采样, 每个饲料组分别取6尾鱼的脾脏、头肾、肝脏和前肠四个组织, 检测不同浓度维生素D₃处理对攻毒前和攻毒后TLR18、TLR19和TLR21基因表达量的影响。同时另取6条新鲜黄颡鱼的肌肉、头肾、肾脏、皮肤、脑、鳃、脾脏、胃上皮、小肠和肝脏, 检测TLR18、TLR19和TLR21基因在黄颡鱼中的组织分布。结果表明: 不同的维生素D₃添加水平会显著影响黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能; TLR18、TLR19和TLR21基因在所检测的组织中均有表达, 但在脾脏中表达量最高; 饲料中不同维生素D₃含量在攻毒前后均会显著影响TLR18、TLR19和TLR21在头肾、脾脏、肝脏和前肠中的表达, 攻毒后基因的表达显著高于攻毒前; TLR18、TLR19和TLR21在不同组织中的表达和饲料中维生素D₃的浓度相关, 研究结果表明饲料中添加合适剂量的维生素D₃, 可以促进相关免疫基因的表达, 从而增强黄颡鱼对病原微生物的抵抗力。     

罗伊氏乳杆菌对组胺引起黄颡鱼肝肠损伤修复效果评价

以黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)(14.23±0.65) g为实验对象, 分别饲喂3组等氮饲料(C组: 组胺含量147 mg/kg; H组: 479 mg/kg和H+B组: 496 mg/kg+1×105 CFU/g罗伊氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus reuteri), 进行56d的养殖实验, 研究组胺及罗伊氏乳杆菌对黄颡鱼的影响。结果显示, H+B组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著低于H组(P<0.05), 而与C组无差异(P>0.05); H+B组肝脏谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GSH-ST)活力及丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于H组(P<0.05), 与C组无差异(P>0.05); 肝脏HE染色显示, H组肝脏中有较多炎症细胞浸润, 而H+B组肝脏细胞结构完整, 无明显损伤; 肠道HE染色显示, H组肠道皱襞数量明显减少、长度显著变短, 有水肿发生, 而H+B组肠道皱襞数量、长度与对照组无差异, 水肿程度不明显。结果表明: 组胺会引起黄颡鱼肝脏、肠道损伤, 而罗伊氏乳杆菌对组胺引发的肝肠损伤有保护功效。     

饲喂不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1饲料对异育银鲫成鱼的生长和毒素积累的影响

以含不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)的配合饲料饲喂异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)成鱼56d,研究异育银鲫成鱼[(122.3±0.7)g]生长、生理反应、肝脏组织学变化、卵巢发育以及鱼体各组织中的AFB1的毒素积累状况。实验分为5个实验组,不同实验组饲料中AFB1含量分别为0、5、20、50、500μg/kg饲料(实测值分别为2.59、4.12、12.39、46.23、454.07μg/kg饲料),每个处理3个平行。在整个实验过程中各实验组均未表现出外部形态和行为异常,各组存活率均达到100%。各实验组异育银鲫成鱼终末体重、摄食率(FR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)均无显著差异。饲料AFB1水平对异育银鲫血清总胆固醇(TC)含量、血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均无显著影响。各毒素组血清超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性与对照无显著差异。各毒素组肝脏和卵巢均未见明显的组织学病理变化。肌肉和性腺中的AFB1积累量低于FDA食品安全限定标准(5μg/kg)。肝胰脏中的AFB1积累和饲料中的AFB1水平呈对数关系。饲喂AFB1≥50μg/kg饲料使异育银鲫成鱼肝脏AFB1积累超过安全限量标准。结果表明,异育银鲫成鱼至少可耐受AFB1含量达500μg/kg饲料(实测值:454.07μg/kg饲料)56d。     

紫苏子提取物对异育银鲫存活、生长以及体生化组成的影响

以初始体重(5.73±0.36)g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)幼鱼为实验对象,在室内水族箱中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验.以基础饲料为对照,分别添加紫苏子提取物100、300、500和800 mg/kg 配制实验颗粒饲料,研究饲料中不同剂量紫苏子提取物(Extractives of Perilla seeds,EPS)对异育银鲫生长、存活和体生化组成的影响.结果显示:基础饲料中添加300 mg/kg的紫苏子提取物的实验C组对异育银鲫有显著的促生长作用.该组(C组)异育银鲫不仅增重率最大(99.5%)、饲料效率和蛋白质效率最高(分别为42.74%和118.72%),而且脏体比最小;添加EPS各实验组与对照组异育银鲫躯体的水分(76%左右)、粗蛋白(16%-17%)和粗脂肪(4%-5%)含量没有显著影响.不过C组与其他各组相比,脂肪含量最低(4.11%), 低于对照组;而其蛋白含量最高(17.03%),高于对照组(16.45%);此外C组的内脏脂肪含量(5.23%)最低,显著低于对照组(9.21%).添加紫苏子提取物能相应提高躯体和内脏的PUFA和HUFA的含量,综合效果以C组添加300mg/kg紫苏子提取物的效果最好.实验表明,在饲料中添加300mg/kg的紫苏子提取物能显著提高异育银鲫的生长和食物利用率.     

饲料中三聚氰胺对花鲈生长、生理机能及组织残留的影响

研究以花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)为实验对象, 通过在花鲈饲料中添加不同剂量的三聚氰胺进行56d的花鲈摄食生长实验, 探讨三聚氰胺对花鲈的生长性能、生理机能、组织残留及肾脏组织学的影响。实验设计为5个不同剂量的三聚氰胺(0、500、2000、5000及10000 mg/kg)处理组, 每个处理组3个重复。花鲈初始体重(30.6±0.1)g在半流水养殖系统中进行养殖, 定期检测水质。实验结果表明:56d实验期内5个处理组花鲈的三聚氰胺日摄入量分别为0、8.26、32.38、80.34及148.83 mg/kg.w/d。三聚氰胺显著影响了花鲈的摄食与生长(P0.05)。三聚氰胺对花鲈的饲料系数及存活率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。实验结束时, 各处理组全鱼的水分、粗灰分及粗蛋白质含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着三聚氰胺添加量的升高, 花鲈血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活性逐渐升高, 5000 mg/kg组的血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。花鲈的肝脏和肌肉中均检测到了三聚氰胺的残留, 在三聚氰胺日摄入量为148.83 mg/kg.w/d时,肝脏三聚氰胺残留量达到57.9 mg/kg,肌肉中三聚氰胺的残留量在三聚氰胺日摄入量80.34 mg/kg.w/d和148.83 mg/kg.w/d处理组分别为47.63 mg/kg和73.17 mg/kg。5000和10000 mg/kg饲料组花鲈的肾脏受到严重损伤,但没有发现结晶样物质存在。三聚氰胺对花鲈56d的最大未观察到有害作用剂量(NOAEL,no-observed-adverse-effect-level)为8.26 mg/kg.w/d。       

VE对草鱼成鱼肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响

在VE含量为24.1 mg/kg的实用基础饲料中分别添加VE 0(对照组)、25、50、100、200 mg/kg,饲喂平均体重为(614.9±60.5)g的草鱼60d.考察VE对草鱼成鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明,各组草鱼增重率分别为51.6%、53.5%、53.4%、53.5%、54.8%,饲料系数分别为2.28、2.17、2.20、2.19、2.15,饲料中添加25-200 mg/kg VE对草鱼成伍增重率、饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05);在肌肉品质方面,饲料中添加VE对肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05).肌肉保鲜肉滴水损失和冷冻肉渗出损失随VE添加量的增加而降低;随饲料中VE添加量的增加,肌肉、肝脏中VE含量增加,丙二醛含量则显著降低(P<0.05),其中VE添加量为200 mr,/kg组的肌肉、肝脏VE含量较对照组增加431.0%、353.7%,丙二醛含量则下降67.2%、61.3%(P<0.01);在血清抗氧化能力方面,当VE添加量≥50 mg/kg后,草鱼血清SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),而血清总抗氧化能力在VE添加量0-100 mg/kg各组间尤显著差异,200 mg/kgVE组的血清总抗氧化能力较对照组显著增高(P<0.05).上述研究表明,饲料中添加VE能促进草鱼生长,改善肌肉品质,增强机体抗氧化能力.以生长性能为标准,草鱼成鱼饲料(基础饲料含VE 24.1 mg/kg)中的VE添加量25 mg/kg;以肌肉品质、抗氧化能力指标为标准,草鱼成鱼饲料中的VE添加量为200 mg/kg.     

杂交黄颡鱼与普通黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能及耐低氧能力的比较

实验以杂交黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)和普通黄颡鱼幼鱼为实验对象, 拟通过8周的投喂生长和低氧胁迫实验, 比较研究杂交黄颡鱼与普通黄颡鱼的生长性能及耐低氧抗逆性。投喂生长实验: 经过8周的养殖, 杂交黄颡鱼平均体重为(19.60±0.88) g/尾, 显著高于普通黄颡鱼平均体重为(15.74±0.42) g/尾(P<0.05), 杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼较普通黄颡鱼幼鱼体重生长快24.52%; 杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼存活率为(87.78±1.92)%, 显著高于普通黄颡鱼幼鱼存活率(67.78±1.92)% (P<0.05), 杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼比普通黄颡鱼幼鱼存活率高 29.51%; 杂交黄颡鱼的饲料系数为1.18±0.14, 普通黄颡鱼饲料系数为1.36±0.21。低氧胁迫实验: 同时将杂交黄颡鱼和普通黄颡鱼置于在溶氧量(1.48 ± 0.27) mg/L的水体中, 分别在低氧胁迫0、6h、12h和24h后, 检测血清和肝脏中抗氧化酶活性以及脑和肝脏中缺氧诱导基因(HIF-1α)的相对表达量发现: 杂交黄颡鱼和普通黄颡鱼血清和肝脏中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在低氧胁迫后 6h以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)在低氧胁迫后 12h较低氧胁迫 0均出现显著性变化(P<0.05)且在低氧胁迫6h、12h和24h杂交黄颡鱼抗氧化酶活性均高于普通黄颡鱼; 杂交黄颡鱼和普通黄颡鱼脑和肝脏中缺氧诱导基因(HIF-1α)的相对表达量均在低氧胁迫后出现显著性上升(P<0.05)且在低氧胁迫6h、12h和 24h杂交黄颡鱼缺氧诱导基因(HIF-1α)的相对表达量均高于普通黄颡鱼。从无氧代谢能力、抗氧化能力以及缺氧诱导基因相对表达量3方面分析表明杂交黄颡鱼和黄颡鱼低氧胁迫短时间均具有一定的低氧耐受能力但随着胁迫时间延长均会出现氧化损伤且杂交黄颡鱼的耐低氧能力要显著性高于普通黄颡鱼。     

异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中维生素K需求的研究

以不同维生素K水平(0.13、2.15、3.25、6.40、12、17.20和23.20 mg/kg饲料)的7种精制饲料喂养初始体重约为(2.17±0.01) g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)10周, 每个处理3个重复, 研究异育银鲫对维生素K的需求量。结果显示: 饲料中维生素K的添加可以明显降低摄食率, 饲料中维生素K含量为2.15 mg/kg时, 摄食率出现最大值, 之后显著下降(P<0.05), 在12 mg/kg时达到最低值。特定生长率随着维生素K的添加表现出升高的趋势, 饲料中维生素K含量为12 mg/kg时, 出现最大值, 但是差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中维生素K的含量从0.13 mg/kg升至3.25 mg/kg时, 饲料效率显著升高(P<0.05), 随着饲料中维生素K的进一步添加, 趋于稳定(P>0.05), 在12 mg/kg时达到最大值, 并且与特定生长率呈正相关关系(SGR=0.01 FE+0.95, R²=0.95)。血液红细胞数目随着饲料维生素K含量的增加先显著升高(P<0.05), 在6.40 mg/kg时达到最大值, 之后趋于稳定(P>0.05)。血红蛋白含量、血球容积比、血清钙含量与血液中红细胞数目表现出相似的趋势, 均在不添加维生素K组出现最低值, 但是差异不显著(P>0.05)。肝体比、肥满度及鱼体生化组成均不受饲料维生素K水平的影响(P>0.05)。分别对饲料效率、红细胞数目进行折线回归得出异育银鲫幼鱼对维生素K的最适需求量为3.73—6.72 mg/kg饲料。     

Use of soybean flour (dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean) as a fish meal substitute in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): growth, feed utilization and digestibility

Growth and digestibility trials were conducted using African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): (1) to obtain apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values for capelin fish meal, soybean flour and corn meal; (2) to formulate diets based on ADC values of the protein feedstuffs; and (3) to evaluate the effects of replacing 25%, 50% and 75% of fish meal in control diets with soybean flour on growth, feed utilization efficiency and carcass composition. Supplemental methionine was added to the diet formulation in which soybean flour replaced 75% of the diet. Diets were formulated (400 g digestible protein kg⁻¹ and 15 kJ digestible energy g⁻¹ dry diet) and fed to catfish fingerlings (13.1 ± 0.5 g) to apparent satiation twice daily for 70 days. The protein and energy digestibilities of fish meal and soybean flour were high (>90% and >80%, respectively; P < 0.05). At 75% fish meal replacement with soybean flour (without methionine supplementation), growth and feed utilization efficiency indicators were depressed compared with other diet treatments which had a similar (P > 0.05) growth and feed utilization efficiency to those fed the control diet. The carcass compositions of catfish in all diets were similar (P > 0.05) and the liver histology of catfish fed any of the diets showed no alterations. The results obtained indicate that 50% of fish meal protein in practical catfish diets can be replaced with soybean flour and that catfish can effectively utilize supplemental methionine, thereby allowing up to 75% of the dietary fish meal protein to be replaced by soybean flour.     

不同添加方式植酸酶处理豆粕对牙鲆生长和饲料利用率的影响

以初始平均体重(2.02±0.02)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70d的摄食生长实验,研究不同添加方式的植酸酶对牙鲆生长和饲料利用的影响。在5000.0g豆粕中添加2.5g植酸酶,然后用产朊假丝酵母(Candidautilis)进行发酵预处理,得到植酸酶预处理豆粕。共制作4种等氮等能(粗蛋白49.7%、总能20.9kJ/g)饲料,对照饲料主要以鱼粉为蛋白源;在对照饲料的基础上,用豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白配制成豆粕组饲料;在每千克豆粕组饲料中添加1000IU植酸酶,配制成植酸酶组饲料;用植酸酶预处理豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白配制成植酸酶预处理豆粕组饲料。结果表明,与对照组相比较,用豆粕蛋白替代饲料中45%的鱼粉蛋白,若不添加植酸酶则显著降低牙鲆的特定生长率(P0.01)、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮贮积率(P0.05);直接添加植酸酶组、植酸酶预处理豆粕组牙鲆的特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮贮积率与鱼粉对照组相比较没有出现显著差异(P0.05);与不添加植酸酶的豆粕组相比较,在含豆粕饲料中添加1000IU/kg饲料的植酸酶显著提高牙鲆的特定生长率(P0.01)、氮贮积率(P0.05)和磷贮积率(P0.01),显著降低氮排放率(P0.05)和磷排放率(P0.01),但饲料效率和蛋白质效率没有显著变化(P0.05);在豆粕中添加植酸酶进行发酵预处理,降低了豆粕中植酸含量,在饲料中添加植酸酶预处理豆粕显著提高牙鲆的特定生长率(P0.01)、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮贮积率(P0.05),显著降低氮(P0.05)、磷和钙的排放率(P0.01)。       

斑点叉尾鲖对不同形式赖氨酸利用的比较研究

为比较斑点叉尾鲖(Ictalurus punctatus)对不同形式赖氨酸的利用效果, 设置了鱼粉含量5%、豆粕含量15%的正对照饲料, 及鱼粉含量2.5%、豆粕含量0的负对照饲料, 在负对照饲料基础上, 分别添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐、晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐以及微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐, 使其赖氨酸含量达到与正对照饲料一致的水平, 共配制5组等氮等能饲料, 饲养平均体重为(54.40.1) g的斑点叉尾鲖60d, 考察不同形式赖氨酸对斑点叉尾鲖生长、血清生化指标和蛋白质消化酶活性的影响。结果表明, 与负对照组相比, 添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐和晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐对斑点叉尾鲖的生长性能影响不显著(P0.05), 而添加微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐提高斑点叉尾鲖增重率20.7% (P0.05), 降低饲料系数16.0% (P0.05), 在增重率与饲料系数方面达到与正对照组基本一致的水平(P0.05)。与负对照组相比, 在饲料中添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐、晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐以及微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐对血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶及肠蛋白酶活性的影响均不显著(P0.05), 但显著提高了胃蛋白酶活性(P0.05)。此外, 添加微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐还显著提高了肝胰脏蛋白酶活性(P0.05)。上述结果表明, 在低赖氨酸实用饲料中补充晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐或赖氨酸硫酸盐对斑点叉尾鲖的生长性能改善作用不显著(P0.05), 而补充微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐则能显著提高斑点叉尾鲖增重率, 降低饲料系数。     

Effects of exogenous enzymes (phytase, non-starch polysaccharide enzyme) in diets on growth, feed utilization, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous enzymes (phytase, non-starch polysaccharide enzymes: WX and VP, supplied by DSM) on growth performance and excretion of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) (initial mass 6.26+/-0.10 g). A basal diet was used as a control that contained a mixed protein source, and lysine, methionine and valine were supplemented to simulate the essential amino acid pattern of fish meal. Four other diets were supplemented with 200 mg phytase (500 IU), 400 mg VP, 800 mg WX, or a combination of 800 mg WX and 400 mg VP per kg diet, respectively. Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of fish in floating sea cages, and each cage was stocked with 60 fish. The results showed specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were not significantly improved by the phytase supplementation. However, supplementations with WX and VP significantly enhanced the SGR and FER (P<0.05). Phosphorus retention was significantly increased by the supplementation with phytase, whereas nitrogen retention was also enhanced by supplementations of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes (P<0.05). The excretion experiment showed that the soluble phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen in starved fish were constant, irrespective of dietary treatments. The total phosphorus effluent in fish fed the diet with phytase supplementation was significantly lower compared with the control group after feeding to satiation (P<0.05), but soluble phosphorus excretion was still independent of dietary treatments. The ammonia excretion in satiated fish significantly decreased with supplementations of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes.     

Growth response of African catfish,Clarias gariepinus (B.), larvae and fingerlings fed protease‐incorporated diets

African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), is one of the promising freshwater fish species in African aquaculture but the expansion of its farming needs more production of its larvae. The use of live food organisms at first feeding for larvae is still obligatory. That increases the cost of larvae production. Hence, the incorporating of exogenous enzymes especially protease in artificial microdiets may provide affordable alternatives for enhancing the larvae performance. The present study was carried out to evaluate the growth and survival of larvae or fingerlings of African catfish fed artificial diets incorporated with different protease levels. Four artificial diets were formulated and enriched with protease enzyme at levels of 0.0, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 unit/kg diet; after that diets were made into crumbles (100–200 µm diameter). After absorption of the yolk sac, diets were offered to fish larvae (3.6 ± 0.2 mg) in triplicates as a starter feed up to apparent satiation every two hours for 30 days. In another treatment, fish larvae were fed on newly hatched Artemia nauplii (2,500 Artemia/L) as a starter food. In another experiment, African catfish fingerlings (10.1 ± 1.6 g) were fed on the same diets up to satiation twice a day for 2 months. It was noticed that the dietary protease improved larval growth and survival but not as Artemia nauplii did where fish larvae fed on Artemia nauplii showed highest growth and survival followed by those fed a diet enriched with 1,250 unit/kg diet of protease. The mortality of larvae fed protease‐enriched diets as well as the control diet was occurred mostly at the first week reaching its maximum at the third week. The poor growth was observed with fish larvae fed the control diet. Meanwhile, catfish fingerlings fed protease‐enriched diets showed higher growth over those fed the control diet. The larvae survival (11.0%–41.7%) was enhanced by increasing protease levels and it was lower than that of fingerlings (95.6%–100.0%). Furthermore, protein retention and digestibility were significantly improved with protease supplementation over the control diet especially at a level of 1,000 unit/kg diet. As compared with the previous studies, live food should be used in larvae rearing for the first week after that a starter diet enriched with protease at levels of 1,250 unit/kg diet should be used. In case of fish fingerlings, the dry diets should be enriched with 1,100 unit/kg diet to improve diet digestibility and subsequently enhance their growth.     

Synergies between vaccination and dietary arginine and glutamine supplementation improve the immune response of channel catfish against Edwardsiella ictaluri

Channel catfish was used to investigate the enhancement of vaccine efficacy following dietary supplementation with arginine (ARG, 4% of diet), glutamine (GLN, 2% of diet), or a combination of both. After vaccination against Edwardsiella ictaluri, humoral and cellular immune responses, along with lymphoid organ responses were evaluated. E.?ictaluri-specific antibody titers in plasma were higher (P?相似文献   

Effects of dietary pyridoxine on immune responses in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary pyridoxine (PN) on the immune responses of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Purified diets supplemented with 0, 40, 800 mg PN kg(-1) or 80 mg kg(-1) of 4-deoxypyridoxine (PN antagonist) were fed to adult abalone (initial weight 45.77 +/- 0.25 g; initial shell length 68.02 +/- 0.78 mm) for 90 days. The air-dried brown kelp, Laminaria japonica, was used as a control diet. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of abalone in a recirculation system using a completely randomised design. The results showed that weight gain ratio (WGR) of the abalone generally increased with the level of dietary PN supplementation though no significant differences were found among the treatments (P > 0.05). Phagocytic and phenoloxidase activities were significantly higher in abalone fed diets supplemented with 800 mg PN kg(-1) than those fed the PN-free diet or the one with 4-deoxypyridoxine (P < 0.05). Agglutination titre and respiratory burst activity were significantly higher in abalone fed diets supplemented with 40 mg PN kg(-1) than those fed the PN-free diet or the one with 4-deoxypyridoxine (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in immunological characteristics between the abalone fed the diet containing 40 mg PN kg(-1) and those fed the diet containing 800 mg PN kg(-1) (P > 0.05). L. japonica resulted in significantly lower agglutination titre, respiratory burst and phagocytic activities than the artificial diets supplemented with 40 or 800 mg PN kg(-1) (P < 0.05). Total haemocyte count (THC), serum protein concentration, and the activities of lysozyme and acid phosphatase were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that dietary deficiency of pyridoxine suppresses the immune functions in H. discus hannai, and further investigations are needed to optimise the dietary level of this vitamin for maintaining the best immune responses in abalone.     

Effect of high levels of dietary vitamin C on the blood responses of matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus)

Juvenile matrinx? (Brycon amazonicus) were fed with different dietary vitamin C (ascorbic acid or AA) concentrations for 2 months in order to evaluate its effect on the physiological condition of this species. Five treatments were tested: Reference diet-RD (350 mg AA kg(-1) and 45% crude protein commercial feed); C400, C500, C600 and C800 with supplementation of 400, 500, 600 and 800 mg AA kg(-1). Fish fed 800 mg AA kg(-1) supplemented diets presented greater weight gain and survival. Hematocrit, hemoglobin concentrations and erythrocytes showed significant increase (p<0.05) in C600 and C800 relatively to the others. Total leukocyte values were significantly higher in fish fed vitamin C supplemented diets relatively to those fed RD and leukocytes count of C600 and C800 were the highest among the treatments. Monocytes were the only cells of fish defense mechanism that presented variation, and C600 and C800 presented the lowest values (P<0.05). Glucose level was significantly different relatively to RD only in C400 and the plasmatic total protein values for fish fed vitamin C supplemented diets were higher than for fish fed the RD. Fish plasmatic ions (Na(+) and Cl(-)) were significantly lower for C500, C600 and C800 relatively to C400 and RD. The physiological profile and the growth performance of matrinx? suggest that diet supplemented with 800 mg AA kg(-1) can improve its performance and increase the survival rate.