蛋白质组学技术对不同性别中国美利奴细毛羊(军垦型) 皮肤差异蛋白的筛选

旨在了解性别因素对绵羊毛性状的影响。以周岁雄性和雌性中国美利奴羊（军垦型）为研究对象,利用液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术和数据非依赖性采集策略的定量蛋白质组学技术筛选皮肤组织差异表达蛋白,并对筛选获得的差异蛋白进行基因本体（gene ontology,GO）功能注释、京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG）代谢通路和蛋白互作分析。结果显示,共计筛选获得差异表达蛋白674种,其中,280种蛋白表达上调,394种蛋白表达下调;通过进一步分析发现,与皮肤毛囊发育及羊毛表型相关的差异蛋白有43种,上调差异蛋白30种,下调差异蛋白13种。GO注释结果显示,在分子功能方面,差异蛋白在氧结合、硫酸软骨素结合、亚铁血红素结合、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和转运活性等37个过程显著富集;在生物过程方面,差异蛋白在细胞氧化解毒作用、肌肉收缩调节、Notch信号通路、钙离子跨膜转运和谷胱甘肽新陈代谢等120个过程显著富集;在细胞组分方面,主要富集在肥大细胞颗粒、细胞核、肌质网状组织和内质网等31个过程。KEGG通路结果表明,这些差异蛋白涉及16条信号通路,其中,MAPK、P53信号通路和羊毛生长发育密切相关。蛋白质网络互作结果显示,COL1A1蛋白与MMP2、SPARC、THBS1等差异表达蛋白联系较为紧密,其可能在羊毛生长发育过程中发挥着关键作用。本研究为揭示不同性别绵羊毛性状的分子机制积累了基础数据。     

伞裙追寄蝇滞育关联基因的转录组学分析

【目的】本研究旨在探讨调控伞裙追寄蝇Exorista civilis滞育的重要关联基因以及代谢途径,为明确该虫在转录组水平下的滞育分子机制提供理论基础。【方法】采用新一代高通量测序平台Illumina HiSeq^TM2000对伞裙追寄蝇非滞育以及滞育的蛹进行转录组测序分析以及生物信息学分析;应用KAAS在线pathway比对分析工具对筛选出的满足padj＜0.05且fold change≥32或padj＜0.05且fold change≤1/32条件的差异表达基因进行KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】根据测序结果,共获取58 050个基因。差异倍数在32倍以上的滞育关联基因(diapause-associated genes, DAGs)有454个,其中406个表达上调,共涉及134条通路,包括氧化磷酸化、柠檬酸循环及其他重要通路;48个表达下调,涉及32条通路。KEGG通路富集分析结果表明,滞育关联基因主要集中在信号转导、内分泌系统、碳水化合物代谢等途径中。【结论】本研究获得的伞裙追寄蝇转录组数据揭示了其滞育调控的重要代谢途径与关联基因。     

马立克病病毒pUL56蛋白对DF-1细胞免疫通路相关基因的转录调控研究

马立克病病毒（Marek’s disease virus,MDV）UL56基因编码α-疱疹病毒同源蛋白pUL56。为全面了解该病毒蛋白与宿主细胞的互作关系,本研究首先将表达红色荧光蛋白标记的MDV pUL56质粒转染鸡DF-1细胞系,瞬时表达蛋白的细胞经流式细胞术分选,富集阳性细胞群进行高通量测序及mRNA转录组分析。测序结果显示,表达pUL56的DF-1细胞存在914个差异表达基因,其中462个上调,452个下调。通过GO、KEGG和Reactome通路富集分析,发现富集的显著差异表达基因分布于先天性免疫反应、细胞因子产生等相关信号通路。在此基础上,随机选取了I型干扰素信号通路和促炎症细胞因子基因进行RT-qPCR验证,IFI6、IFIH1、CD83、HSP90AA1、IL-1β和IL-8L1基因的表达量均为上调,而IL-12β表达则下调,该结果与高通量测序相符。本研究提示pUL56作为非结构蛋白,可能对宿主细胞过程有广泛的调节作用。     

基于转录组测序技术进行静原鸡差异miRNA与mRNA的关联分析

为探究静原鸡肌肉组织肌苷酸沉积过程的分子调控机制,本研究以静原鸡胸肌和腿肌组织作为试验材料,通过转录组测序技术,利用生物信息学分析方法筛选出差异表达miRNA及其靶基因.分析结果表明,静原鸡胸肌和腿肌组织的比较组合中有39个差异表达miRNAs(19个显著上调,20个显著下调).通过miRNA-mRNA互作网络分析可知,一个miRNA可以靶向多个mRNA参与调控多个靶基因的表达.GO富集分析表明,候选靶基因的功能主要富集于三个分支的单一生物过程、细胞内和结构分子活性等.KEGG通路注释表明,候选靶基因显著富集到碳代谢、蛋白酶体通路和氨基酸的生物合成等通路中.选取4个差异表达miRNA的与肌苷酸合成和代谢相关的候选靶基因(POLR2C,GMPR,IMPDH2和APRT)进行实时荧光定量PCR验证,结果表明,定量结果与转录组测序结果趋势一致.该研究结果为阐明地方鸡种肌苷酸特异性沉积过程中miRNA介导的靶基因与肉品风味的关系及其表达分析提供理论依据.     

苗期水稻响应褐飞虱取食的基因差异表达分析

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)是水稻的重要害虫之一,主要刺吸水稻韧皮部汁液为害,对水稻生产造成严重的产量和经济损失。为研究水稻响应褐飞虱取食的分子机制,对褐飞虱取食6 h后的苗期水稻进行转录组测序及基因差异表达分析。【方法】采用illumina二代测序技术获得褐飞虱取食前后水稻组织的转录组数据,利用RSEM软件进行基因表达定量和DEseq2进行差异表达分析;从差异表达基因中随机选取20个基因采用荧光定量PCR技术进行验证;采用GeneMerge软件对差异表达基因进行KEGG和GO富集分析。【结果】褐飞虱取食后,水稻转录组中的1 104个基因出现了差异表达,其中435个基因表达上调,669个基因表达下调。荧光定量PCR结果显示,20个差异表达基因中18个基因的表达变化趋势和测序结果一致,证明了转录组分析结果可靠。GO和KEGG富集分析表明,表达上调基因主要与水稻氧化应激、海藻糖合成及次生化合物代谢有关,显著富集在14个KEGG通路和30个GO功能分类中;而表达下调基因主要参与水稻纤维素、蛋白质及脂肪酸合成过程,显著富集在29个KEGG通路和26个GO功能分类。在差异表达基因中,分别有61个转录因子和13个水杨酸和茉莉酸信号通路相关基因。【结论】褐飞虱取食激发了水稻的应激反应和保护机制,同时还降低了营养合成的过程,是飞虱为害造成水稻减产的原因之一。本研究初步揭示了苗期水稻响应褐飞虱取食的差异表达基因,为研究水稻-褐飞虱互作机制以及褐飞虱抗性水稻品种培育提供了参考和依据。     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

产双羔彭波半细毛羊发情期卵巢基因表达差异研究

彭波半细毛羊是西藏自治区第一个国家级家畜新品种,对其产羔性状的研究有助于推动藏绵羊繁殖力研究工作。为研究产双羔彭波半细毛羊发情期内卵巢基因的特异调控模式,采用转录组测序对其差异表达基因进行了筛选和分析。结果发现,双羔组相对于单羔组有1 021个基因表达上调,1 468个基因表达下调。GO和KEGG分析发现,上调基因主要与细胞膜结构相关,下调基因主要与物质代谢等相关。其中,上调基因显著富集于与细胞膜相关的细胞粘附、细胞运动、物质运输、信号转导等生命活动。研究结果表明,双羔组卵巢内细胞的物质运输和信号转导频率加快,以促进卵泡的分化和发育;同时,双羔组卵巢内细胞的粘附及运动功能增强,有利于卵母细胞的发育和成熟卵子的排出。此外,卵巢中细胞粘附因子、TGF-beta信号通路和溶质运载蛋白家族基因的上调表达可作为彭波半细毛羊产双羔性状的潜在信号进行更深入的研究。研究结果不仅有利于对彭波半细毛羊产双羔性状的研究和利用,更有利于人们对藏绵羊繁育力的深入研究。     

基于Illumina HiSeq测序技术研究吡虫啉对意大利蜜蜂雄蜂的影响

[目的]雄蜂对蜂群繁衍有着非常重要的作用.本研究旨在探究吡虫啉对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera Ligustica雄蜂生长发育和基因表达产生的影响.[方法]以意大利蜜蜂雄蜂为研究对象,分别以0.00001、0.0001和0.001 μg/μL浓度的吡虫啉对雄蜂幼虫进行连续饲喂处理.每天观察并记录幼虫的发育形态及死亡率,在雄蜂幼虫后期(移虫后6d)测量幼虫体重.利用Illumina HiSeq测序技术对经吡虫啉处理的雄蜂进行转录组测序,进而对差异表达基因进行深入分析.[结果]取食吡虫啉后的雄蜂幼虫,体重低于正常雄蜂,当浓度高于0.0001μg/μL时差异显著;雄蜂幼虫取食吡虫啉后出现死亡现象,且死亡率随吡虫啉浓度的升高而增大;差异表达基因分析结果上调与下调基因数量分别为390个和130个.GO富集分析结果上调基因共分布于55个GO条目,富集基因数量最多的是细胞进程、细胞、细胞组件、细胞膜、细胞膜组件、结合,下调基因共分布于48个GO条目,富集基因数量最多的是细胞进程、细胞、细胞组件.富集在有关生殖功能的差异表达基因中,上调基因数量为21个,下调基因数量为5个.KEGG代谢通路富集分析结果上调基因富集在159个通路上,其中富集基因数最多的是蛋白质消化吸收和神经活性配体-受体相互作用通路.下调基因富集在71个通路上,其中富集基因数最多的是溶酶体、胰液分泌、神经活性配体-受体相互作用通路.[结论]吡虫啉能抑制意大利蜜蜂雄蜂的生长发育,甚至造成幼虫死亡,同时,可以影响雄蜂的神经系统、代谢系统和生殖系统等.本研究结果为蜜蜂资源保护提供理论依据.     

冰菜盐胁迫下的转录组分析

为了解冰菜(Mesembryanthemum crystallinum)叶片抗盐相关基因组学,利用Illumina Hi-seq TM2500高通量测序技术研究冰菜叶片在400 mmol L~(–1) NaCl胁迫下转录组基因的差异表达。结果表明,从400 mmol L~(–1) NaCl胁迫和对照的冰菜叶片中共获得13.01 Gb Clean data,Q30碱基均大于90.08%。共获得123个差异表达基因(DEGs),包括73个上调基因,50个下调基因,其中功能注释的基因有96个。根据Unigene库序列进行GO、COG和KEGG注释,筛选出8个与抗盐性相关差异表达基因,植物激素代谢相关基因,脱落酸8'-羟基化酶、吲哚-3-乙酰酸酰胺合成酶和茉莉酮酸酯ZIM结构域蛋白基因均下调表达,生长素响应蛋白、细胞分裂素合酶基因则上调表达,糖代谢相关基因棉子糖合成酶基因上调表达,质膜H+-ATPase基因上调表达,脱水蛋白基因下调表达。这为冰菜耐盐基因组学和分子生物学的研究奠定基础。     

用改进的模式系统克隆红细胞发育相关基因(英文)

红细胞发生的研究主要依赖于MEL细胞系和分离到的少量的小鼠成红细胞。MEL细胞由Friend病毒转化而来 ,对促红细胞生成素不敏感 ;而成红细胞主要来源于鸡、人、小鼠、大鼠胎肝、小鼠肾脏或骨髓 ,因量少 ,所以严重困扰着红细胞发生在分子水平上的研究。本文采用现宰杀的胎羊血液 ,不仅满足了分子生物学起始材料量的要求 ,又能直接反映出红细胞发生在体内的真实状况。通过对mRNA差异显示技术的改进 ,在DNA测序胶上比较胎羊成红细胞和怀孕母羊淋巴细胞扩增的cDNA片段 ,发现两条差异条带 :其中一个片段是新基因 ,进行蛋白质序列预测发现与UV敏感的锥状视蛋白、视紫红质有一定的同源性 ,由于其血细胞对辐射很敏感 ,故推测该片段与辐射造成的细胞杀伤作用有关 ;另一个片段为葡萄糖诱导基因 /延伸因子 2的 3′非编码区 ,该片段最早在葡萄糖诱导后的牛主动脉平滑肌细胞被克隆到。通过反向Northern杂交证明 ,所发现的新基因具有真实性。     

“多利”的真正年龄

从衰老机理的角度深入探讨了人类首例克隆动物“多利”的实际年龄及预期寿命,强调了生理功能和其它寿命指数应该比染色体中的端粒更能代表动物的真正年龄。     

The site of the acrosome reaction during in vivo penetration of the sheep oocyte

In vivo fertilization of sheep eggs has been studied by electron microscopy. Remnants of the acrosome reaction were present at the zona surface of every penetrated egg, indicating that the acrosome reaction in sheep occurs at the surface of the zona pellucida. To determine whether follicular oocytes could specifically bind spermatozoa, oocytes isolated from different size classes of antral follicles were transferred into the oviducts of mated ewes, recovered 4 hr 30 min later, and analyzed by electron microscopy. Oocytes from follicles up to 1 mm in diameter failed to bind spermatozoa and were not penetrated. In contrast, the zona of oocytes from follicles ? 2 mm in diameter induced the acrosome reaction. These oocytes were penetrated but failed to achieve cortical granule exocytosis and so to mount a block to polyspermy. Moreover, sperm nuclei incorporated into the ooplasm did not decondense although the sperm nuclear envelope was dispersed.     

The influence of haemoglobin types on reproduction and production in Hungarian Merino sheep

Fewer Hb A and AB lambs were born than expected in the investigated Hungarian Merino population but the factors responsible for these differences could not be identified. The Hb A and AB breeding ewes were not inferior to their B type herd mates with respect to average daily weight gain (when lambs), reproductive performance (prolificacy) and survival rate. Their reproductive performance was, in some cases, even better than that of the ewes with other haemoglobin types. The haemoglobin types cannot be used as markers when selecting for higher prolificacy.     

Mitochondrial diversity and the origin of Iberian sheep

Mitochondrial DNA diversity was analysed in 19 Iberian and six foreign sheep breeds. Three mtDNA lineages (B, A and C) were found in the Iberian sheep, with type B clearly predominating over the others. The results were analysed for each of the morphologically determined breed groups in Iberian sheep: Merino, Entrefino, Churro and Iberian trunks. MtDNA lineage C was found only in the Iberian trunk composed of Montesina and Ojalada. These two populations had high mtDNA variability, and in the Iberian sheep only Merino Branco had more variation. The other three Merino types studied showed moderate variability, including the most authentic Merino, the Spanish Merino. These three Merinos clustered closely in a multidimensional scaling representation of distances, while the fourth breed (Merino Branco) showed a clear separation. As for the other two trunks, breeds from the Churro group showed greater maternal uniformity while results for populations included in the so-called Entrefino trunk seemed to have a more heterogeneous maternal origin. The results obtained are discussed with available data from nuclear markers and with morphological classifications, and all this information is analysed in relation to the origin of the different Iberian sheep breeds.     

Factors influencing the efficiency of a marker-assisted introgression programme in Merino sheep

This study investigated a marker-assisted introgression programme in Australian Merino sheep. The goal was to introgress an allele with a large negative effect on fibre diameter into a Merino flock possessing medium average fibre diameter. The influence of two factors was explored: the strategy used to select animals from the purebred and backcross line for backcrossing purposes and the use of selection on background markers to accelerate the return to the purebred line''s genome. The results were compared to introgression based on EBVs only. Introgression using EBVs only produced almost the same response in the dollar index as marker-based introgression methods. However, this study did not account for some of the costs associated with implementing the programmes, including the costs of phenotyping and genotyping. Given that the cost of measuring fibre diameter is low, it was concluded that introgression on EBVs only would be the preferred method since the marginal profit of marker-assisted introgression would not be large enough to cover the additional cost of genotyping. In marker-assisted introgression, reciprocal crossing of male and female selection candidates from the backcross and the purebred line was the most advantageous strategy from a practical and profit point of view. Selection for background markers was less profitable in this study than recovering the donor genome by selection on phenotype.     

高原型藏羊和小尾寒羊睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉的解剖学特征

分别从青海和甘肃采集高原型藏羊(Ovis aries)和小尾寒羊睾丸各20枚,用血管铸型技术和扫描电镜方法,研究两品种绵羊睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉的超微形态特征。结果显示,两品种绵羊的睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉走形呈一定程度的弯曲,其中睾丸小叶内离心动脉、离心小动脉及向心小动脉均呈"树枝"状分布。研究发现,与低海拔地区的小尾寒羊相比,高原型藏羊睾丸的绳结状动脉具有更密集的螺旋状排布,小动脉分支也较多,并且向心动脉、绳结状动脉、离心动脉、附睾头微动脉的管径也较粗。此外,高原型藏羊睾丸小叶和附睾头微动脉表面的"梭形"压痕较浅,而小尾寒羊的则较深;高原型藏羊睾丸小叶毛细血管前微动脉的表面缢痕较多且密集,而小尾寒羊的则相对少而稀疏。研究认为,高原型藏羊睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉的超微形态特征,有利于血管的收缩、睾丸供血及高原环境下精子的成熟,是睾丸对高原环境的适应性特征。     

Nematode parasitism in sheep in North-East England: The epidemiology of Ostertagia species

This investigation was undertaken to determine the epidemiology of a single parasite genus, Ostertagia, in natural parasite populations in sheep raised under intensive conditions in North-East England.Over the 2 years of study, striking differences were found in the overall level of parasitism which were related to different climatic conditions, specifically rainfall. Despite the low source of infection derived from the ewes grazing on clean pasture in 1973 the overall level of parasitism in the lamb crop was high, this was attributed to the ideal climatic conditions for parasite translation during Spring and Summer. Ostertagia spp. was found to survive well over Winter and to initiate early infections in the young lambs in the following year. Despite the two sources of egg contamination, from the ewes and lambs, unusually dry conditions were experienced from March to June which resulted in much lower levels of infection in the second year of investigation.Regulation of the parasite population within the lambs was clearly demonstrated. Inhibition of Ostertagia was recorded somewhat earlier in the season than had been hitherto reported and was considered to be induced by a multiplicity of factors.     

The relationship between MHC-DRB1 gene second exon polymorphism and hydatidosis resistance of Chinese Merino (Sinkiang Junken type), Kazakh and Duolang sheep

The present study aimed at detecting the association of ovine major histocompatibility complex class II (Ovar II) DRB1 gene second exon and susceptibility or resistance to hydatidosis in three sheep breeds of Sinkiang. The MHC-DRB1 second exon was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from DNA samples of healthy sheep and sheep with hydatidosis. PCR products were characterized by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. Five restriction enzymes, Mval, Haelll, Sacl, Sacll, Hin1l, were used, yielding 14 alleles and 31 restriction patterns. Frequencies of patterns Mvalbc, Hin1lab, Sacllab, Haelllde, Haellldf, Haellldd (P < 0.01) in Kazakh sheep, Saclab (P < 0.05) in Duolang sheep, and Haelllab, Haelllce, Haelllde, Haelllee (P < 0.01) in Chinese Merino (Sinkiang Junken type) sheep, were significantly higher in healthy sheep compared with infected sheep. These results indicated a strong association between these patterns and hydatidosis resistance. In contrast, the frequencies of Mvalbb, Saclaa, Hinl lbb, Haelllef (P < 0.01) and Haelllab (P < 0.05) in Kazakh sheep, Saclbb, Haelllae, Hin1lab (P < 0.05), Haelllaa, Haelllbe, Haelllef (P < 0.01) in Duolang sheep, Sacllaa (P < 0.05) and Haelllbd, Hin1lbb, Haelllcf, Haelllef (P < 0.01) in Chinese Merino sheep (Sinkiang Junken type) were significantly lower in healthy sheep compared with infected sheep. This indicated a strong association between these patterns and hydatidosis susceptibility. In addition, sheep with the pattern of Haelllef demonstrated a high hydatidosis susceptibility (P < 0.01) in all three breeds, while sheep with the pattern Haelllde demonstrated significant hydatidosis resistance (P < 0.01) in Kazakh and Chinese Merino sheep (Sinkiang Junken type). These results suggest that the Ovar-DRB1 gene plays a role in resistance to hydatidosis infection in the three sheep breeds.