从广西蚕区分离的家蚕质型多角体病毒生物学特征研究

【背景】家蚕中肠型脓病是一种传染性强、危害大的病毒病,其病原为家蚕质型多角体病毒（Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,BmCPV）,该病原抗逆性强、宿主域广,防控难度大。【目的】调查广西蚕区家蚕中肠型脓病发生情况,并研究家蚕质型多角体病毒的感染性、形态特征和分子鉴定,为养蚕生产中有效防控该病提供参考依据。【方法】通过外观和解剖观察病症与显微镜检验相结合,调查养蚕生产家蚕中肠型脓病的发生率;采用生物试验方法测定多角体病毒对家蚕的半数感染浓度（IC₅₀）;利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察多角体病毒的外部形态,利用透射电子显微镜观察多角体病毒的内部结构;采用PCR扩增和测序进行分子鉴定。【结果】广西蚕区家蚕中肠型脓病普遍存在,金城江蚕区和东兰蚕区的家蚕中肠型脓病平均发生率分别为6.06%和13.02%,最高发生率达到30.41%;分离获得2株BmCPV病原（暂命名为BmCPV-J和BmCPV-D）,它们的半数感染浓度（IC₅₀）分别为4.88×10³ PIBs/mL和1.63×10⁴ PIBs/mL,都具有很强的致病性;2株BmCPV的形态均为六角形多角体,大小有差异,多角体直径为1.0-3.4 μm;从2株BmCPV内部结构观察到球形病毒粒子,直径为30-50 nm,有刺状突起;可以扩增出BmCPV-J和BmCPV-D的RNA复制酶基因目的片段,BmCPV-J的目的片段序列与BmCPV参考株一致,而BmCPV-D的目的片段序列与参考株有2个碱基的差异。【结论】广西蚕区家蚕中肠型脓病危害严重,该病病原感染力强、分布广,多角体病毒具有典型的质型多角体病毒特征,属于家蚕质型多角体病毒。研究结果为养蚕生产中有效防控家蚕中肠型脓病提供重要依据。     

猪链球菌和猪多杀性巴氏杆菌多重实时荧光PCR方法的建立

【背景】猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis,SS)和猪多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida,Pm)都是能引起宿主致病的人畜共患病原菌,常出现混合感染,临床诊断上易与猪瘟、猪丹毒等混淆。【目的】快速、有效鉴别猪链球菌病和猪多杀性巴氏杆菌病,建立一种能同时检测2种病原的多重实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。【方法】基于猪链球菌的gdh基因和猪多杀性巴氏杆菌的plpE基因,设计2对特异引物及TaqMan探针,以细菌16S rRNA基因设计通用引物及探针,通过对反应条件优化,建立了一种能同时检测猪链球菌和猪多杀性巴氏杆菌的多重实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。【结果】该方法能够特异性地检测猪链球菌和猪多杀性巴氏杆菌,与细菌分离后的测序结果验证完全一致。此方法对重组质粒标准品的最低检出浓度分别为4.53×10²copies/μL和3.97×10²copies/μL。重复性试验结果显示,该方法的组内和组间变异系数均小于3%。【结论】本实验所建立的方法准确、简便、可靠,能够用于2种病原菌的同时检测,为猪链球菌病和猪多杀性巴氏杆菌病的防治提供了有效的检测工具,具有重要的流行病学意义和临床应用价值。     

利用杆状病毒表达系统表达金鱼生长激素I基因

以不含起始密码ATG的质粒Psxivvi⁺X3为转移载体,将编码金鱼生长激素I的Cdna插入粉纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(TnNPV)基因组中,构建了形成多角体的重组病毒株TnNPV—SX⁺gfGHl21a。该毒株能利用合成多角体XIV串联启动子,在重组病毒感染的草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda,Sf)昆虫细胞及银纹夜蛾幼虫中表达金鱼生长激素I基因。感染离体细胞及虫俸后的蛋白SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳表明．所表达的蛋白分子量为22．5kDa,与理论计算值相符。Westem印迹证实。金鱼生长激素特异蛋白得到表达。     

猪肠病毒G (EV-G)荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与四川地区分子流行病学调查

【背景】猪肠病毒G (Enterovirus G,EV-G)在猪群中普遍存在,可引起猪的皮肤损伤、肌肉麻痹、肺炎、发热、腹泻等,也存在无症状感染。【目的】建立检测EV-G的荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)方法并开展四川地区分子流行病学调查。【方法】根据EV-G的5ʹUTR基因保守序列设计特异性引物,建立可检测EV-G各基因型的RT-qPCR,并评估其灵敏性、特异性和重复性,开展四川地区EV-G的流行调查。【结果】标准品在1.89×10²-1.89×10⁸ copies/μL浓度范围内线性关系良好;在特异性试验中,其他9种猪病毒(猪德尔塔冠状病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒、传染性胃肠炎病毒、日本乙型脑炎病毒、猪萨佩罗病毒、猪细小病毒、猪圆环病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒)检测均为阴性;最低检测浓度为1.89×10¹ copies/μL;组内和组间变异系数分别小于1%和2%。检测2013-2021年四川省431份猪腹泻样品,EV-G总体阳性率为31.1%,表明该病毒在四川地区的感染较普遍。随机选取9份四川的EV-G阳性样品扩增VP1基因并测序分析,发现四川EV-G流行的基因型包括G1、G3、G4和G9,但以EV-G1为优势基因型。【结论】本研究建立了一种检测EV-G各基因型的RT-qPCR方法,并初步掌握了四川EV-G的流行现状,为后续深入开展该病毒的研究奠定了基础。     

Bacillus sp.ZJS3基因组测序及砷胁迫下相关基因表达分析

【背景】环境中高毒性As³⁺的微生物氧化在砷的生物地球化学循环中起重要作用,具有潜在的应用价值。【目的】Bacillus sp.ZJS3菌株是本实验室前期分离鉴定的一株As³⁺耐受菌株,而且对多种重金属具有耐受性,期望进一步明确该菌株在As³⁺胁迫下菌体形态变化及应对砷胁迫的遗传基础,为As³⁺耐受细菌的研究提供基础数据。【方法】使用单分子实时测序（single-molecule real-time sequencing,SMRT）及Illumina测序技术对Bacillus sp.ZJS3菌株进行全基因组测序,对其基因进行功能注释和生物信息学分析,并结合绝对定量PCR技术对砷抗性及砷代谢相关基因进行分析。【结果】Bacillus sp.ZJS3菌株基因组大小为5.82 Mb,GC含量为35.9%,包含染色体1个、质粒3个、CDS数量为5 981个、tRNA 104个、sRNA 136个、rRNA 42个、串联重复序列173个、基因岛13个、转运蛋白1 023个、跨膜蛋白1 717个和双组分调控基因160个。NR、Swiss-Prot、Pfam、COG、GO和KEGG数据库分别可注释Bacillus sp.ZJS3菌株基因组中97.66%、69.30%、78.52%、65.49%、67.65%和43.87%的基因。绝对定量PCR结果表明,arsC基因在砷处理条件下显著高于对照组,而arsB基因在砷处理条件下显著低于对照组。【结论】Bacillus sp.ZJS3菌株在As³⁺胁迫下可能导致细胞分裂无法正常进行,进而影响细胞形态。基因组中aqpZ、arsA、arsB、arsC等基因的存在表明该菌株具有As³⁺外排和还原As⁵⁺的能力,phoUpstBACS的存在表明菌株可以吸收As⁵⁺,但菌株受到外界环境As³⁺胁迫时arsB表达水平降低。     

基于双重芯片式数字PCR快速鉴定KPC型碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的方法

【背景】由于碳青霉烯类药物的泛用和滥用,致使肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯耐药株与日俱增,产碳青霉烯酶是肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类药物耐药的主要原因。目前对肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯耐药株的检测方法存在费时费力、特异性差、灵敏度低等问题。【目的】建立一种能同时检测肺炎克雷伯菌和碳青霉烯酶基因bla_KPC的双重芯片式数字PCR方法。【方法】依据肺炎克雷伯菌的特有基因yhaI和碳青霉烯耐药基因bla_KPC保守序列设计特异性引物和探针,确定双重芯片式数字PCR同时对yhaI和bla_KPC两个基因核酸浓度绝对定量的检测范围、检出限和最佳实验体系,并进行方法特异性、灵敏度、重复性分析及临床菌株的检测。【结果】双重芯片式数字PCR检测灵敏度比双重实时荧光定量PCR提高了约1.5个数量级,在两基因同时检出的情况下,最低检出限分别为3.74 copies/μL (yhaI基因)和1.93 copies/μL (bla_KPC基因);优化后的双重芯片式数字PCR对参考菌株检测特异性的结果与双重实时荧光定量PCR结果一致;利用优化后的双重芯片式数字PCR方法共检测58株临床菌株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌43株,属肺炎克雷伯菌且含有bla_KPC基因的菌株13株,这与质谱及耐药谱检测结果一致。【结论】利用双重芯片式数字PCR技术建立了产KPC型碳青霉烯酶肺炎克雷伯菌的绝对定量检测方法。该方法特异性强、灵敏度高、准确度好,可用于检测具有碳青霉烯酶基因bla_KPC的肺炎克雷伯菌的核酸检测和定量分析,也为产其他类型碳青霉烯酶的病原菌检测提供了新的技术参考。     

表达短lef-1 dsRNA的转化细胞对家蚕核型多角体病毒的抗性

为了探讨RNAi抑制家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)增殖的效果,用带有lef-1 dsRNA表达盒的转基因载体pigA3-LEF- Neo转染家蚕BmN培养细胞,通过G418(750～800 mg/L)筛选,获得了稳定转化细胞系．病毒感染试验显示,稳定转化细胞的病毒感染率比正常细胞低53%、转化细胞形成的多角体数量为普通细胞中的2/3、细胞培养上清中的游离病毒减少了90%以上,表明病毒在转化细胞中的增殖受到明显抑制;半定量RT-PCR结果显示,转化细胞中病毒lef-1的转录水平仅为正常细胞的2/5～3/5,表明转化细胞表达的lef-1 dsRNA抑制了病毒lef-1基因的表达．通过反向PCR分析外源DNA片段插入基因组位点,结果表明,在转化细胞中外源DNA可通过随机整合或按照piggyBac特定的转座位点TTAA插入细胞基因组．     

利用Red系统快速敲除家蚕核型多角体病毒orf60基因

用Red重组系统和最近构建的家蚕核型多角体病毒（BmNPV）bacmid在大肠杆菌BW25113中快速地敲除BmNPV orf60基因。从大肠杆菌BmDH10Bac中提取BmNPV bacmid,将其电转化到含有质粒pKD46（能表达Red重组酶）的大肠杆菌菌株BW25113中,获得了可用于BmNPV基因打靶的菌株BW25113-Bac。设计一对长63bp的引物（5′端为orf60基因的左右同源臂,长45bp;3′端长18bp,为氯霉素抗性基因（cat）的首尾序列）,以pKD3质粒（含cat）为模板,PCR扩增携带orf60左右同源臂的cat,即打靶线性化片段。将该线性化片段电转入BW25113-Bac菌株,在Red重组酶的作用下,线性化片段与BmNPV bacmid中的orf60基因发生同源重组。设计3对特异引物,用PCR方法证明cat成功地替换了BmNPV orf60基因。重组bacmid DNA转染BmN细胞后,Western blot分析未检测到orf60基因的表达。     

利用Red系统快速敲除家蚕核型多角体病毒orf60基因

用Red重组系统和最近构建的家蚕核型多角体病毒（BmNPV）bacmid在大肠杆菌BW25113中快速地敲除BmNPV orf60基因。从大肠杆菌BmDH10Bac中提取BmNPV bacmid,将其电转化到含有质粒pKD46（能表达Red重组酶）的大肠杆菌菌株BW25113中,获得了可用于BmNPV基因打靶的菌株BW25113-Bac。设计一对长63bp的引物（5′端为orf60基因的左右同源臂,长45bp;3′端长18bp,为氯霉素抗性基因（cat）的首尾序列）,以pKD3质粒（含cat）为模板,PCR扩增携带orf60左右同源臂的cat,即打靶线性化片段。将该线性化片段电转入BW25113-Bac菌株,在Red重组酶的作用下,线性化片段与BmNPV bacmid中的orf60基因发生同源重组。设计3对特异引物,用PCR方法证明cat成功地替换了BmNPV orf60基因。重组bacmid DNA转染BmN细胞后,Western blot分析未检测到orf60基因的表达。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.