2017–2019年中国南方五省规模化养猪场副猪格拉菌血清型、耐药性及β-内酰胺类耐药基因bla-TEM分子特征分析

【目的】旨在分析当前规模化养殖场副猪格拉菌(Glaesserella parasuis)优势血清型、耐药特性、耐药基因与分子特征。【方法】对源自规模化养猪场21株副猪格拉菌临床分离株,采用PCR鉴定血清型;利用K-B纸片扩散法鉴定其对25种抗生素的耐药表型;采用PCR检测bla-_TEM、bla-_NDM和bla-_CTX等7种耐药基因,并采用Chi-square test和Fisher exact test分析耐药表型和耐药基因型的相关性;耐药基因目的条带测序,并应用CLC Sequence Viewer软件分析β-内酰胺类耐药基因(bla-_TEM)编码蛋白氨基酸关键位点差异与耐药性的关系。【结果】21株副猪格拉菌临床分离株的优势血清型为4和12型;对β-内酰胺类药物苯唑西林的耐药性较强,耐药菌占比达61.9%(13/21);多重耐药菌株占比高达90.5%(19/21);β-内酰胺类耐药基因bla-_TEM携带率较高(52.4%,11/21),且bla-_TEM与β-内酰胺类药物青霉素G、苯唑西林和头孢拉定的耐药性显著相关,部分bla-_TEM编码氨基酸存在可能与副猪格拉菌耐药能力有关的差异位点。【结论】本研究表明,规模化养猪场的副猪格拉菌多重耐药情况仍很严重,并明确了被调查区域β-内酰胺类药物耐药率高的主要原因是携带耐药基因bla-_TEM,为加强对规模化养猪场副猪格拉菌耐药性监测提供理论依据。     

肺炎克雷伯菌质粒p1512-KPC的测序及比较基因组学分析

【目的】对多重耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌1512中的质粒p1512-KPC进行测序及比较基因组学的分析。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因测序进行菌种鉴定,根据7对管家基因(gapA、infB、mdh、pgi、phoE、rpoB和tonB)对菌株进行多位点序列分型(Multilocus sequence typing,MLST)。利用PCR进行耐药基因的筛查,通过接合转移实验及电转化实验将质粒转入受体菌大肠杆菌EC600。采用改良Carba NP法检测细菌碳青霉烯酶的活性以及类型,使用VITEK2Compact全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪检测菌株最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)。最后通过高通量测序技术结合生物信息分析手段明确菌株1512及质粒p1512-KPC的耐药基因谱,并通过比较基因组方法对质粒p1512-KPC的基本结构、耐药基因遗传环境及移动元件等结构基因组学特征进行分析。【结果】菌株1512为产A类碳青霉烯酶的多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌,MLST分型结果显示该菌为ST11型。经PCR筛查,菌株1512包含bla_(KPC-2)、dfrA1和sul1耐药基因,其中bla_(KPC-2)基因位于不可结合转移但电转成功的质粒p1512-KPC上。测序结果显示,质粒p1512-KPC长度为117.69 kb,同时包含IncFII型复制子和属于Rep_3家族但类型未知的复制子repB,并携带耐药基因bla_(KPC-2)、bla_(CTX-M-65)、bla_(TEM-1)及rmtB。其中bla_(KPC-2)、bla_(CTX-M-65)及bla_(TEM-1)分别存在于截短的Tn6296、Tn6367及截短的Tn2的基因环境中。【结论】携带bla_(KPC-2)、bla_(CTX-M-65)、bla_(TEM-1)及rmtB基因的质粒p1512-KPC介导了肺炎克雷伯菌1512对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类、单环β-内酰胺类及氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药,并能引起相应耐药基因的水平传播。此外,本研究还对IncFII型复制子和Rep_3家族复制子repB共存的质粒进行了比较基因组分析,为该类型质粒的多样性和进化提供了更深入的理解。     

野生鸟类分离的多重耐药肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)耐药基因分子进化特征研究

【目的】调查野生鸟类携带菌的耐药状况,探索其在细菌耐药性传播过程中的作用。【方法】从野生鸟类石鸡、绯胸鹦鹉、太阳锥尾鹦鹉和黑领椋鸟的新鲜粪便分离4株Klebsiella pneumoniae,采用微量肉汤稀释法评估其多重耐药表型,并利用全基因组测序技术和细菌全因组关联分析、比较基因组学方法对分离株进行分子溯源,系统解析其携带的多重耐药质粒或基因与其宿主、同源质粒间的关联。【结果】4株肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药谱各不相同,来自石鸡样本的分离株S90-2对9种药物耐受,绯胸鹦鹉样本分离株S141对3种药物耐受,太阳锥尾鹦鹉分离株M911-1仅耐受氨苄西林,黑领椋鸟的样本分离株S130-1对所使用的14种药物完全敏感。S90-2属于ST629型,携带bla_CTX-M-14、fosA6、aac(3)-Iid和bla_SHV-11为主的30个耐药基因和携带1个耐药性质粒pS90-2.3 (IncR型)。S141属于ST1662型,携带fosA5、bla_SHV-217等27个耐药基因,1个质粒pS141.1 [IncFIB(K)(pCAV1099-114)/repB型]仅携带耐药基因adeF。M911-1为新ST类型,携带bla_SHV-1、fosA6等共计27个耐药基因,其质粒pM911-1.1携带了3个耐药基因。S130-1属于ST3753型,携带bla_SHV-11、fosA6等27个耐药基因,pS130-1 [IncFIB(K)型]则仅携带一个耐药基因tet(A)。质粒比对表明,质粒pS90-2.3携带的耐药基因片段源自不同的肠杆菌科菌株染色体或质粒。pS90-2.3的同源质粒主要来自人类宿主菌,且主要在中国分布,这些质粒主要细菌宿主为K. pneumoniae和Escherichia coli,且ST11型K. pneumoniae分离株为重要宿主菌。【结论】本研究中来自野生鸟类的多重耐药K. pneumoniae,其耐药基因主要来自质粒,质粒耐药基因主要由转座子、插入序列、整合子和前噬菌体等可移动元件介导,这些多重耐药质粒与人类的宿主菌密切相关。     

基于CRISPR/Cas13a的金黄色葡萄球菌mecA耐药基因检测方法的建立

【目的】 针对目前耐药基因检测通常需要依赖专业检测设施和设备,仍缺乏耐药基因快速检测方法这一问题,旨在建立一种基于成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR)的金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) mecA耐药基因快速检测方法。【方法】 首先在mecA基因序列的保守区中设计筛选出灵敏度较高的重组酶介导链替换核酸扩增(recombinase aided amplification, RAA)引物和CRISPR RNA (CRISPR RNA, crRNA),通过结合消线法核酸检测试纸技术(easy-readout and sensitive enhanced, ERASE)建立针对mecA基因的检测方法,最后利用模拟样本及临床分离样本对建立的新方法与传统方法进行比较。【结果】 成功筛选出了1组针对mecA耐药基因的高效扩增引物和crRNA,并建立了基于CRISPR-ERASE的mecA耐药基因高灵敏核酸检测方法,最低检出限为10 copies/μL,在32株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌中,该方法共检出24株mecA耐药基因阳性菌株,与药敏试验及荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)检测结果符合率为100%。【结论】 建立了一种基于CRISPR-ERASE核酸检测试纸技术的简单、高灵敏的mecA耐药基因检测方法。     

橡胶树暹罗炭疽菌Zn2Cys6型转录因子CsGcc1的生物学功能

【背景】暹罗炭疽菌（Colletotrichum siamense）是一种重要的病原真菌,可以引起炭疽病,给全球橡胶产业带来巨大的经济损失。Zn₂Cys₆型转录因子是真菌特有的锌指类转录因子,通常参与调控真菌的生长发育过程。【目的】在暹罗炭疽菌中鉴定了一个与稻瘟病菌Gcc1同源的Zn₂Cys₆型转录因子CsGcc1,并研究其功能。【方法】根据同源重组原理构建CsGCC1的基因敲除突变体,并通过营养生长、H₂O₂敏感性、分生孢子产生及萌发、玻璃纸试验和致病性分析,明确CsGcc1的功能。【结果】CsGcc1编码一个含有646个氨基酸的蛋白,而且含有一个GAL4结构域。CsGCC1基因在培养36 h的菌丝及分生孢子中具有较高的表达量。CsGCC1基因敲除突变株营养生长速率降低且对H₂O₂更加敏感。相较于野生型菌株,突变株的分生孢子产量、萌发率及附着胞形成率均降低。此外,CsGCC1的敲除可以明显降低分生孢子的穿透能力,突变株对橡胶叶片的致病力减弱。【结论】Zn₂Cys₆型转录因子CsGcc1参与调控暹罗炭疽菌的营养生长、氧化应激、分生孢子发育及致病性等过程。     

两株不同宿主源化脓隐秘杆菌分离鉴定及其plo基因生物信息学分析

【背景】化脓隐秘杆菌是一种能够感染人类及多种动物的条件致病菌,常引起动物的各种非特异性化脓性感染。【目的】探究不同宿主疑似化脓隐秘杆菌感染的菌属种类和病原特性。【方法】对林麝皮下脓肿和鸭跗关节脓肿进行细菌分离,通过革兰氏染色、细菌16S rRNA基因分析等方法对病原菌进行鉴定,通过生长曲线测定、药敏试验和毒力基因检测分析2株病原菌的生物学特性,对溶血素plo基因进行序列分析和结构预测。【结果】分离鉴定到林麝源和鸭源化脓隐秘杆菌各1株,分别命名为FTP-1和DTP-1;生长曲线测定发现,2株病原菌的生长繁殖速度差异较大;药敏试验表明,2株病原菌对β-内酰胺类、磺胺类和利福霉素类抗生素耐药,对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类抗生素敏感;毒力基因检测显示,2株病原菌均携带plo、nanH、nanP、fimA和fimE基因,鸭源分离株还携带有fimC基因;生物信息学分析软件预测显示,2株病原菌溶血素plo基因核苷酸序列存在宿主特异性差异,但二者氨基酸序列相同,蛋白结构预测发现化脓隐秘杆菌溶血素(pyolysin, PLO)与胆固醇依赖性溶细胞素家族其他成员之间相似性较高。【结论】在云南宜良地区分离到林麝源和鸭源化脓隐秘杆菌各1株,二者plo基因亲缘关系较近,相关生物学特性分析可为推进该病原菌的研究和防控提供参考。     

大熊猫源肺炎克雷伯菌生物学特性

【背景】肺炎克雷伯菌是仅次于大肠杆菌的常见条件致病菌之一,严重时可导致大熊猫发生出血性肠炎、全身性败血症等。【目的】明确大熊猫源肺炎克雷伯菌的生物学特性,对防控该病作出科学指导。【方法】分别采用结晶紫染色法、拉丝实验、K-B纸片法和PCR技术对46株大熊猫源肺炎克雷伯菌的生物被膜形成能力、高黏性表型、耐药表型和15种常见毒力基因等生物学特性进行研究,并根据以上生物学特性选择一株可能具有致病性的分离菌pneumoniae-X-5,研究其对小鼠的致病性。【结果】46株肺炎克雷伯菌均可形成荚膜;12株为高黏性表型肺炎克雷伯菌;能形成生物被膜的菌株占比为65%(30/46);分离出的46株菌中多重耐药菌株占58%(27/46),对氨苄西林、苯唑西林、青霉素、万古霉素呈100%耐药;毒力基因检出率最高的为ureA(91.30%,42/46)。pneumoniae-X-5菌株对小鼠的LD₅₀为8.9×10⁴CFU/mL;该菌株攻毒小鼠肺泡间隔增厚,炎性细胞浸润,肝细胞变性坏死,脾充血,十二指肠黏膜上皮和固有层分离,固有层部分细胞坏死。死亡小鼠脾脏含细菌量最多,其次为肝脏。【结论】本试验阐明了部分大熊猫源肺炎克雷伯菌的多重耐药性、能形成生物被膜、具有高黏表型等病原生物学特性,为大熊猫肺炎克雷伯杆菌病的防控及临床治疗提供了科学依据。     

耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药机制研究

目的了解碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌及耐药机制。方法对2012-2013年临床分离的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌共计12株进行分析,药敏采用MIC方法检测,用WHONET 5.6软件进行分析,KPC表型检测采用改良Hodge试验,基因检测采用PCR方法。结果 12株碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌改良Hodge试验阴性,基因测序为KPC-2型。结论 KPC-2基因是引起本院肺炎克雷伯菌耐药的主要原因。     

猪瘟病毒E2基因主要抗原区的克隆及原核表达

利用反转录PCR（RT-PCR）和套式PCR（nest Polymerase Chain Reaction ,nPCR）技术扩增出当前猪瘟流行毒（广西玉林株,GXYL）与中国猪瘟兔化弱毒（C-株）兔脾组织毒E₂基因的主要抗原区,将其克隆到表达载体pP_ROEX-HTb中,获得重组质粒pP_ROEX-GXYL和pP_ROEX-C,经PCR、酶切和序列分析鉴定表明,插入的位置、大小和读码框均正确。 SDS-PAGE检测表明,经重组质粒pP_ROEX-GXYL和pP_ROEX-C转化、诱导的受体菌能表达E₂基因主要抗原区蛋白,Western-blot检测表明,诱导表达的抗原蛋白能与猪瘟阳性血清发生特异性反应。      

大肠杆菌Zn2+敏感突变株构建及其功能验证

【背景】Zn²⁺在细胞解毒及许多生理过程中发挥着关键作用,Zn²⁺转运蛋白已逐渐引起人们的重视。在大肠杆菌中,zntA和zitB是2个外排Zn²⁺的关键基因。【目的】构建大肠杆菌Zn²⁺敏感突变株,并对其功能进行验证。【方法】以Escherichia coli DH5α为出发菌株,利用λ Red重组系统,通过携带卡那霉素抗性基因的同源重组片段敲除zntA基因。在单基因敲除菌株基础上,利用携带庆大霉素抗性基因的同源重组片段敲除zitB基因,获得一株敲除了zntA和zitB的双基因敲除菌株KZAB04。通过功能互补实验检测基因敲除菌株及对照菌株对不同浓度Zn²⁺的敏感程度。【结果】基因敲除菌株KZAB04比出发菌株E.coli DH5α具有更高的Zn²⁺敏感性。【结论】大肠杆菌Zn²⁺敏感突变株构建成功。该菌株的构建为zntA和zitB基因功能的研究提供了必要条件,同时也为其他Zn²⁺转运蛋白基因的功能鉴定与分析奠定了基础。     

Susceptibility of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Vip3A insecticidal protein expressed in VipCot™ cotton

Susceptibility of laboratory and field colonies of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens F. to Vip3A insecticidal protein was studied in diet incorporation and diet overlay assays from 2004 to 2008. Responses of field populations were compared to paired responses of University of Arkansas laboratory susceptible H. zea (LabZA) and H. virescens (LabVR) colonies. After 7 d of exposure, observations were made on number of dead larvae (M) and the number of larvae alive but remaining as first instars (L1). Regression estimates using M (LC₅₀) and M plus L1 (MIC₅₀) data were developed for laboratory and field populations. Susceptibility of laboratory and field populations exposed to Vip3A varied among different batches of protein used over the study period. Within the same batch of Vip3A protein, susceptibilities of laboratory colonies of both species (LabZA and LabVR) were similar. Field colonies were significantly more susceptible to Vip3A than the respective reference colonies of both species. Within field populations, susceptibility to Vip3A varied up to 75-fold in H. zea and 132-fold in H. virescens in LC₅₀ estimates. Variabilities in MIC₅₀s were up to 59- and 11-fold for H. zea and H. virescens, respectively.     

Phospholipid dependence of membrane-bound phospholipase A2 in ras-transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts

Although the activation of phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) in ras-transformed cells has been well documented, the mechanisms underlying this activation are poorly understood. In this study we tried to elucidate whether the membrane phospholipid composition and physical state influence the activity of membrane-associated PLA₂ in ras-transformed fibroblasts. For this purpose membranes from non-transfected and ras-transfected NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were enriched with different phospholipids by the aid of partially purified lipid transfer protein. The results showed that of all tested phospholipids only phosphatidylcholine (PC) increased PLA₂ activity in the control cells, whereas in their transformed counterparts both PC and phosphatidic acid (PA) induced such effect. Further we investigated whether the activatory effect was due only to the polar head of these phospholipids, or if it was also related to their acyl chain composition. The results demonstrated that the arachidonic acid-containing PC and PA molecules induced a more pronounced increase of membrane-associated PLA₂ activity in ras-transformed cells compared to the corresponding palmitatestearate- or oleate- containing molecular species. However, we did not observe any specific effect of the phospholipid fatty acid composition in non-transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. In ras-transformed cells incubated with increasing concentrations of arachidonic acid, PLA₂ activity was altered in parallel with the changes of the cellular content of this fatty acid. The role of phosphatidic and arachidonic acids as specific activators of PLA₂ in ras-transformed cells is discussed with respect to their possible role in the signal transduction pathways as well as in the processes of malignant transformation of cells.     

Na_2SeO_4对蛹虫草子实体生长的影响

蛹虫草是一种药食两用真菌,具有与冬虫夏草相似的功能,且富硒能力较强。本研究通过大量的人工栽培试验,旨在探究不同浓度Na_2SeO_4对新疆本地蛹虫草子实体生长的影响。试验表明,质量浓度为20 mg/L的Na_2SeO_4对蛹虫草的生长不产生显著影响,但蛹虫草各项生物学指标均随着培养基中外源Na_2SeO_4浓度的增加而呈下降趋势,说明随着外源Na_2SeO_4浓度的增加会对蛹虫草的生长产生抑制效应,当外源Na_2SeO_4质量浓度达到200 mg/L时,生产的蛹虫草已不具备商品价值。由此可见,20 mg/L的质量浓度是以Na_2SeO_4为硒源进行蛹虫草富硒研究的安全浓度。该研究为富硒产品开发寻找新的硒源开辟了新思路,为新疆地区进一步大规模栽培富硒蛹虫草提供一定的参考,但是对以Na_2SeO_4为硒源的最佳富硒浓度还有待于进一步研究。     

微嗜酸寡养单胞菌中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox生物学功能研究北大核心

【目的】研究微嗜酸寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila)CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox(phosphopyridoxamine oxidase,pnpox)在维生素B6(VB6)合成中的贡献及对黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)的降解活性。【方法】采用基因插入突变方式,对菌株CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因pnpox进行突变,得到突变菌株。通过高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测突变株对AFB1的降解活性,以及突变株中吡哆醇和吡哆醛的合成情况,确定基因pnpox在寡养单胞菌体内VB6合成中的贡献和黄曲霉毒素降解代谢作用。【结果】成功构建了磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶基因突变子pnpox::pK19mobΩ2HMB,突变子吡哆醛的合成量较野生型菌株显著减少,吡哆醇合成量与野生型菌株无显著性差异;同时,突变子与野生型株CW117对AFB1的降解活性未发现显著性差异。【结论】菌株CW117中磷酸吡哆胺氧化酶在吡哆醛合成的过程中起着重要作用,该基因突变会导致VB6的严重缺乏,影响寡养单胞菌正常生长,但该基因对CW117降解黄曲霉毒素无显著性贡献。     

黄花棘豆脱水素OoY_2K_4的鉴定及表达分析

该研究以黄花棘豆cDNA为模板,采用同源克隆法,从黄花棘豆转录组数据库中克隆获得1个响应逆境胁迫的胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白基因,命名为OoY_2K_4;OoY_2K_4基因ORF为786bp,编码261个氨基酸,含有2个保守的Y片段和4个K片段,为典型的Y_2K_4类脱水蛋白亚家族成员;OoY_2K_4蛋白不具有跨膜结构域,不存在信号肽,亲水性极强,含有1个糖基化位点和17个磷酸化位点;亚细胞定位显示,OoY_2K_4蛋白定位于细胞质中。多序列比对发现,OoY_2K_4蛋白与其他物种第二组LEA蛋白(脱水素)序列高度保守;进化树分析显示,该序列与三叶草、蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿相似度最高,亲缘关系最近。采用qRT-PCR对OoY_2K_4基因在干旱、高盐、低温以及脱落酸、乙烯、赤霉素处理下的表达分析显示,干旱和高盐胁迫可显著诱导OoY_2K_4基因表达,而低温胁迫下基本无变化;激素处理均可诱导OoY_2K_4基因高效表达,其中脱落酸诱导下OoY_2K_4基因表达最显著。研究推测,OoY_2K_4基因可能通过依赖ABA的信号途径参与黄花棘豆对干旱和高盐逆境胁迫的应答反应。     

Modulation of the reductive metabolism of halothane by microsomal cytochrome b5 in rat liver

To study the modulation of the reductive metabolism of halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) by microsomal cytochrome b₅, formation of 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CTE) and 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene (CDE), major reduced metabolites of halothane, was analyzed in vivo and in vitro. Rats were pretreated with both malotilate (diisopropyl-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate) and sodium phenobarbital (malotilate-treated rats) or only with sodium phenobarbital (control rats). The microsomes of malotilate-treated rats had significantly more cytochrome b₅ than the controls, whereas the cytochrome P-450 content was not different between the two groups. At the end of 2-h exposure to 1% halothane in 14% oxygen, the ratio of CDE to CTE in arterial blood was significantly higher in malotilate-treated rats than in the controls. Under anaerobic conditions, the formation of CDE and the ratio of CDE to CTE were significantly greater in microsomal preparations of malotilate-treated rats than those of the controls. In a reconstituted system containing cytochrome P-450_PB purified from rabbit liver, addition of cytochrome b₅ to the system enhanced the formation of CDE and increased the ratio of CDE to CTE. These results suggested that cytochrome b₅ enhances the formation ratio of CDE to CTE by stimulating the supply of a second electron to cytochrome P-450, which might reduce radical reactions in the reductive metabolism of halothane.     

A novel phospholipase A2/esterase from hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1

An open reading frame of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1 APE2325, which composed of 474 bases, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Codon Plus-RIL. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni-chelation affinity chromatography. It showed a single band with a molecular mass of 18kDa in SDS-PAGE. The purified enzyme exhibited both phospholipase A(2) and esterase activities with the optimal catalytic temperature at 90 degrees C. The enzyme activity was Ca(2+)-independent. Kinetic analysis revealed its Km, k cat, and Vm for the p-nitrophenyl propionate substrate were 103microM, 39s(-1), and 249micromol/min/mg, respectively. The recombinant protein was thermostable and its half-life at 100 degrees C was about 1h.     

Microcalorimetric studies of the interactions between cytochromes c and c1 and of their interactions with phospholipids

Thermotropic properties of purified cytochrome c₁ and cytochrome c have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry under various conditions. Both cytochromes exhibit a single endothermodenaturation peak in the differential scanning calorimetric thermogram. Thermodenaturation temperatures are ionic strength, pH, and redox state dependent. The ferrocytochromes are more stable toward thermodenaturation than the ferricytochromes. The enthalpy changes of thermodenaturation of ferro- and ferricytochrome c₁ are markedly dependent on the ionic strength of the solution. The effect of the ionic strength of solution on the enthalpy change of thermodenaturation of cytochrome c is rather insignificant. The formation of a complex between cytochromes c and c₁ at lower ionic strength causes a significant destabilization of the former and a slight stabilization of the latter. The destabilization of cytochrome c upon mixing with cytochrome c₁ was also observed at high ionic strength, under which conditions no stable complex was detected by physical separation. This suggests formation of a transient complex between these two cytochromes. When cytochrome c was complexed with phospholipids, no change in the thermodenaturation temperature was observed, but a great increase in the enthalpy change of thermodenaturation resulted.     

Purification and Properties of the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Lactate Dehydrogenase LDH-B4 and LDH-C4 Isoenzymes

In the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) is encoded by three loci, Ldh-A, Ldh-B, and Ldh-C. LDH-B₄ isoenzyme restricted its function to eye and brain, while LDH-C₄ isoenzyme functions in the eye. In the Dead Vistula stickleback population, none of LDH loci is polymorphic. The LDH-B₄ and LDH-C₄ isoenzymes from the eye were purified to homogeneity to specific activity of 186 and 229 μmol NADH min⁻¹mg⁻¹, respectively, at 30°C. Some physico-chemical and kinetic properties revealed that eye LDH-C₄ isoenzyme was more thermostable and had a higher affinity to pyruvate than LDH-B₄ isoenzyme. Lower Km for pyruvate of eye LDH-C₄ isoenzyme distinguishes it from fish LDH-C₄ isoenzyme isolated from liver.