940株血培养分离菌的临床分布及抗菌药物敏感性分析

目的定期对医院血流感染分离菌的分布和抗菌药物敏感性进行分析,为菌血症的治疗提供可靠的药敏结果,提高治愈率。方法对大连市中心医院2010年1月至2013年12月8 277份血标本采用全自动血培养仪Bac T/Alert3D和Micro Scan Walk Away-40全自动细菌鉴定仪进行细菌培养、鉴定和抗生素敏感性试验。结果 8 277份血标本中检出病原菌940株,阳性率为11.4%。940株病原菌中革兰阳性菌441株,占46.9%;以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌和肺炎链球菌为主;革兰阴性杆菌486株,占51.7%,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主;真菌13株,占1.4%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南高度敏感;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、米诺环素高度敏感;粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、葡萄球菌对达托霉素、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普汀高度敏感。结论血液培养意义重大,病原菌分布呈多样化趋势,且表现为多重耐药。     

2013年临床分离菌耐药性分析

目的了解南昌大学第二附属医院2013年临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法进行药敏试验,参照CLSI 2013年版判读结果,用WHONET5.5软件进行数据分析。结果2013年共收集非重复临床分离菌3996株,其中革兰阴性菌2 623株（65.6%）,革兰阳性菌1 373株（34.4%）。标本来源以痰液为主（23.2%）,其次为血液（21.6%）和尿液（17.8%）。居前5位的菌种依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,分别占20.9%、10.1%、9.4%、8.7%和7.4%。甲氧西林耐药金葡菌和CNS（MRSA和MRCNS）分别占各自菌株的21.3%和82.0%,未发现对万古霉素和替加环素耐药的葡萄球菌。肺炎链球菌中青霉素耐药株占16.4%,β溶血性链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素和四环素耐药率较高。屎肠球菌对多数抗菌药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌,共检测出2株粪肠球菌对万古霉素耐药。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属细菌（肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌）中ESBLs的检出率分别为60.2%和27.2%,产ESBLs株对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率高于非产ESBLs株。肠杆菌科细菌对厄他培南和亚胺培南的耐药率均低于10%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为8.7%。鲍曼不动杆菌除对左氧氟沙星耐药率为34.6%外,对其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率均大于50.0%,多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率为74.9%。结论我院临床分离菌仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,细菌耐药性仍是临床重要问题,尤其是耐碳青霉烯类抗生素肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP）增加较快,应引起临床高度重视。     

丽水市中心医院2017年临床分离菌耐药情况

摘要：目的 了解2017年丽水市中心医院临床分离病原菌的分布情况和耐药特征。方法 收集丽水市中心医院2017年全年临床分离病原菌,采用K-B纸片法及Vitek2-Compact系统进行药物敏感性试验,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 共分离到病原菌5 928株,其中革兰阳性菌1 875株（31.63%）,革兰阴性菌4 053株（68.37%）。革兰阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎链球菌为多见。革兰阴性菌中以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、流感嗜血杆菌为多见。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢西丁敏感性较高。产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为53.5%和23.6%。鲍曼不动杆菌复合群对碳青霉烯类抗菌药、喹诺酮类、头孢吡肟的耐药率>70%。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率<15%。葡萄球菌属对喹诺酮类、红霉素、四环素类药物的耐药率>30%,未检到万古霉素和利奈唑胺的耐药株。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为43.6%和68.5%。结论 细菌耐药情况日益严重,特别是多重耐药及泛耐药细菌的不断增加给临床治疗带来了极大的困难,因此须定期监测细菌耐药情况以预防耐药菌的产生和传播流行。     

239株脑脊液标本非重复分离株病原学分布与药物敏感试验结果分析

目的通过回顾性分析脑脊液培养结果的病原菌分布与药物敏感试验结果,分析中枢神经系统感染相关细菌的耐药性及其变化趋势。方法选取西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院2012年1月至2014年9月期间从临床患者脑脊液标本中分离培养出的细菌,所有菌株均采用全自动微生物分析仪进行鉴定,仪器法与纸片法检测其对抗生素的敏感性。用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据统计分析。结果本研究共包含非重复分离菌株239株,其中革兰阳性菌175株(74%),革兰阴性菌59株(24%),真菌5株(2%)。革兰阳性菌主要为葡萄球菌属、肠球菌属与链球菌属细菌,其中表皮葡萄球菌最为常见。革兰阴性菌主要为肠杆菌科细菌与非发酵革兰阴性杆菌,其中鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌最为常见。真菌均为新型隐球菌。分离菌株中革兰阳性菌与革兰阴性菌均有不同程度的耐药现象,革兰阳性菌仅对利奈唑胺、替考拉宁、万古霉素敏感率为100%,革兰阴性菌中肠杆菌仅对阿米卡星、美洛培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南敏感率为90%以上,而鲍曼不动杆菌对各类抗生素耐药率均在80%以上。结论中枢神经系统感染以革兰阳性菌为主,表皮葡萄球菌为最常见的分离菌株。多重耐药菌的出现,使中枢神经系统感染的治疗面临巨大挑战,提示临床合理使用抗生素进行抗感染治疗至关重要。     

2010~2012年老年肺部感染患者病原菌分布及耐药监测

目的探讨肺部感染的老年患者病原菌分布变化及耐药状况,指导临床合理用药。方法对2010~2012年在呼吸内科住院的老年肺部感染患者痰培养阳性的4 709株病原菌及药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果在4 709株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌2 469株,占52.4%,比例呈上升趋势(38.9%~59.7%);其中肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌分别占11.4%、11.8%和11.9%,比例也呈上升趋势。真菌1 904株,占40.4%,主要为白假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母;革兰阳性球菌336株,占7.1%,金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌分别占3.7%、2.6%;革兰阴性杆菌对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南耐药率较低;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替加环素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因100%敏感。结论老年肺部感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对抗菌药物出现了不同程度的耐药,临床应结合药敏结果合理使用抗生素     

外科血培养标本中病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解中山大学附属第一医院外科血标本中病原菌的菌种分布及常见菌株的耐药性。方法血标本用Bact/A lert-120全自动血培养仪进行血培养,阳性血培养转种后用VITEK-60 AMS细菌鉴定仪鉴定,用K-B法进行药敏试验。结果2002年1月至2005年12月血培养标本中共分离出病原菌256株,阳性率为10.6%。122株(47.7%)为革兰阴性杆菌,其中肠杆菌科细菌占72.1%(88/122),非发酵菌占27.9%(34/122);113株(44.1%)为革兰阳性球菌,其中葡萄球菌属占51.3%(58/113),肠球菌占38.1%(43/113);真菌21株(8.2%)。血培养中的革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南治疗敏感;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感。结论肠杆菌科细菌和葡萄球菌是外科血培养中的主要病原菌,其耐药现象严重,宜根据药敏结果选用敏感抗菌药物治疗。     

老年脑梗死并发尿道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:分析老年脑梗死并发尿道感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法:选取2014年9月-2016年9月于我院治疗的240例老年脑梗死并发尿道感染患者为研究对象,收集患者中段尿标本进行细菌分离培养鉴定,分析病原菌分布情况并测定其耐药性。结果:共检出160株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌108株,占67.50%,革兰阳性菌43株,占26.88%,真菌9株,占5.63%,前五位病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、溶血性葡萄球菌及粪肠球菌。在主要革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌对头孢曲松耐药率最高(69.81%),对亚胺培南最敏感(3.77%);铜绿假单胞菌对环氧沙星耐药率最高(88.24%),对头孢曲松、头孢唑啉、头孢他啶、阿米卡星、哌拉西林、亚胺培南最敏感,耐药率均为0.00%;肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑林耐药率最高(75.00%),对呋喃妥因最敏感(6.25%)。在主要革兰阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素耐药率最高(85.71%);肠球菌属(粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌)对氨苄西林耐药率最高(70.00%);凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(溶血性葡萄球菌及表皮葡萄球菌)对头孢曲松耐药率最高(93.75%);主要革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺最敏感,耐药率均为0.00%。结论:老年脑梗死并发尿道感染病原菌种类多,应根据耐药性结果合理选用抗生素。     

379株血培养病原菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解血培养病原菌种类、临床分布及耐药情况。方法对2008年6月至2009年6月的379株血培养病原菌及其药敏情况用WHONET5.4软件进行统计分析。结果 379株病原菌中,分离率从高到低依次是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(133/35.1%)、大肠埃希菌(44/11.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(32/8.4%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(30/7.9%)、铜绿假单胞菌(25/6.6%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(18/4.7%)、肠球菌(13/3.4%)和其他(75/22.2%)。这些菌株主要分布在ICU和普外科。药敏结果分析显示:革兰阳性球菌中,未发现利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药株。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率分别为61.1%和89.5%;屎肠球菌对多数抗生素耐药率超过80%,粪肠球菌对青霉素类抗生素敏感性较高。革兰阴性杆菌中,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株比例分别为36.4%和31.3%,且发现2株耐亚胺培南的肺炎克雷伯菌;鲍曼不动杆菌除对卡那霉素保持敏感外,对其他抗生素的耐药率为50%~100%;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松的耐药率为100%,对其他β-内酰胺类抗生素、氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率相对较低。结论临床上应规范血培养标本留取方法以减少污染,加强细菌耐药监测、严格抗生素使用,以延缓细菌耐药情况的发生和发展。     

2015年至2019年辽宁省某医院血培养病原菌分布及耐药分析

分析2015年至2019年辽宁省人民医院血培养分离菌的科室分布及耐药情况,为临床提供数据参考。利用Whonet5.6软件对2015年至2019年辽宁省人民医院血培养临床数据进行分析。血培养阳性率为12.3%,共分离病原菌1 266株,其中革兰阴性菌546株、革兰阳性菌649株、真菌71株;革兰阴性菌主要为大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli, Eco)占19.1%(234/1 226)和肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kpn)占12.6%(155/1 226);革兰阳性菌主要为人葡萄球菌(Staphylococcushomini, Sho)占13.3%(98/1 226)和表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)占9.7%(82/1 226)。血培养阳性率较高的科室分别为重症医学科、普外科、呼吸内科。耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,Sau)的检出率为40%、未检出对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌(Enterococcus)。肠杆菌科对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率低于25%。鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii, Aba)对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率达到80%以上。临床应重视血培养标本的送检和细菌耐药监测,合理使用抗生素,早期控制血流感染,降低患者的病死率。     

重症监护病房医院感染菌分布与耐药性分析

了解哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院重症监护病房(ICU)病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,为临床治疗提供理论依据。对2003年1月至2010年12月ICU患者送检的标本进行培养,用API鉴定系统或VITEK 2 Com-pact全自动细菌鉴定仪进行菌种鉴定及药敏分析,对检出菌株的构成、标本的分布及药敏结果进行分析。共分离出4 197株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌52.1%、革兰阳性球菌22.3%、真菌25.6%;革兰阴性杆菌中非发酵菌占主要地位(37.5%),以鲍曼不动杆菌为主(13.1%);而肠杆菌科细菌则以肺炎克雷伯菌(9.5%)及大肠埃希菌(5.1%)为主;革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(14.6%)为主,真菌以白假丝酵母菌(11.8%)为主;在检出所有病原菌的标本中,前3位依次为痰液(79.1%)、血液(8.4%)、无菌体液(8.1%);细菌耐药性结果表明,大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性率分别为66.4%、56.3%。几种主要病原菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药程度各不相同,但大部分菌株均呈现多重耐药的现象。产酶菌的耐药率普遍高于非产酶菌,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦对产酶菌及非产酶菌的抑菌效果都很明显;美罗培南、亚胺培南和头孢替坦对肠杆菌科细菌耐药率最低均在40%以下,可作为产酶菌的首选药;鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性严重耐药率均在50%以上。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)检出率为70.1%,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)75.8%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)38.7%。万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑烷可作为革兰阳性球菌严重感染的首选药物。ICU患者以呼吸道感染为主,病原菌以鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主,且多为多重耐药菌。真菌感染率增加且真菌对药物的敏感性好。应动态监测ICU病原菌的流行和耐药情况,从而控制医院内感染,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.