稻病毒病介体昆虫灰稻虱的研究

灰稻虱是水稻黑条矮缩病和条纹叶枯病的介体昆虫。黑条矮缩病毒在虫体内循回期多数为17—19天,终生带毒,但不经卵传毒。获毒最低温度在8℃以下,在4—5℃不能传毒。 灰稻虱在浙北平原一年发生6代,第1和第3代长翅型成虫大量迁飞,通过麦→早稻→晚稻途径,完成病毒和介体的生活环。病毒的主要感染期,早稻在5月下旬到6月上旬的早栽本田前期,单季晚稻在6月下旬到7月上旬,双季晚稻在7月中旬到8月初的早栽本田前期和秧田期,大、小麦在年内苗期。 在连片种植,选用耐病品种等农业防治的基础上,抓住冬前麦苗期,早栽晚稻本田前期喷药杀灭介体,能基本控制本病害。     

荔枝蝽传播龙眼鬼帚病的研究

荔枝蝽2龄以内若虫不会传病．3,4和5龄若虫及成虫均会传病．获毒着虫蜕皮后的高一龄若虫或羽化后的成虫不经再饲毒也能传病．荔枝蝽在田间的传病虫态主要是成虫,龙眼鬼帚病原病毒在成虫体内的循回期为4天(或短于4天）至34天．生产上治虫防病的关键时期是越冬成虫恢复活动,进入交尾产卵期和春夏之交若虫盛发期开展化防。把荔枝蝽防治在羽化传病之前．     

取食不同寄主植物的灰飞虱对药剂敏感性和解毒酶活性的影响

为了探索取食不同寄主植物的灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus对药剂敏感性和体内解毒酶活性的影响,本研究在室内采用稻苗浸渍法分别测定了4种杀虫剂对取食水稻、小麦和稗草后的灰飞虱3龄若虫的毒力,同时比较了灰飞虱体内酯酶(ESTs)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)的活性.结果表明,用5种寄主植物连续饲养灰飞虱3代后,灰飞虱对三氟苯嘧啶的敏感性无明显变化,对吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和溴氰虫酰胺的敏感性存在一定差异但不显著.取食不同寄主植物的灰飞虱体内3种解毒酶活性存在明显差异,取食稗草的灰飞虱体内ESTs和MFO活性最高,取食水稻紫香糯2315的灰飞虱体内GSTs活性最高.研究结果表明取食不同寄主植物可影响灰飞虱对杀虫剂的敏感性和体内解毒酶的活性.     

一种适合粉虱实验观察的新型微虫笼

介绍了一种适合粉虱实验观察的新型微虫笼。该微虫笼利用具盖塑料杯、条形发夹等材料制作而成,底部直径3 0mm ,高约3 5mm ,单个重量约5g。虫笼可开启的底板上特制一小圆孔,便于接入粉虱成虫。可将单头或小群体粉虱罩在植物叶片上饲养观察,使用方便。可用于粉虱的基本生物学特性、寄主植物适应性、交配行为以及饲毒和传毒等试验研究。     

不同寄主植物上灰飞虱种群生命表的比较

为比较不同寄主植物上灰飞虱种群发展趋势,通过室内实验,组建了灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallèn在武育粳3号、盐稻8号、徐稻3号、Ⅱ优084、Ⅱ优42、扬麦12、稗草和千金子这8种寄主植物上的实验种群生命表;通过田间调查,比较了粳稻武运粳7号和籼稻Ⅱ优084上灰飞虱自然种群发生动态。不同寄主植物上灰飞虱实验种群生命表的比较结果表明,灰飞虱的若虫发育历期在稗草上最短,其次为扬麦12和粳稻上,而在杂交籼稻Ⅱ优084、Ⅱ优42和杂草千金子上的发育历期长达近30 d;灰飞虱在稗草上的种群趋势指数亦最高,为45.57,其次为粳稻品种盐稻8号（39.36）、徐稻3号（34.54）和武育粳3号(31.70)上,其中盐稻8号与稗草上无显著差异;杂交稻Ⅱ优084和Ⅱ优42上灰飞虱的种群趋势指数显著低于粳稻上的;而灰飞虱在千金子上的种群趋势指数最低,仅为11.04。大田调查则表明,一定时期粳稻武运粳7号上灰飞虱种群个体数量显著高于籼稻Ⅱ优084上。研究表明灰飞虱的适宜寄主植物依次为稗草、粳稻品种和小麦。     

四种常见稻田飞虱若虫田间识别检索表

<正> 稻田飞虱是一个由多种飞虱组成的害虫群落。在我国南方稻区,主要种类为褐飞虱Nilaparvata Lugens(Stal)、白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera(Horváth),灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén )三种,另有一定数量的稗飞虱Sogatellalongifurcifera(Esaki et Ishihara)混杂其中。随着我国对稻田飞虱研究的日益深入,如何迅速、准确地识别上述四种飞虱若虫和虫龄,成了有关科技人员首先面临的问题。为此,我们从1979年以来,采用室内饲养与田间取样对照的方法,进行了观察,并编制了在田间凭肉眼识别其种类和龄期的检索表。一般通过10天左右     

中稻褐稻虱的发生及其发生趋势预测的初步探讨

<正> 我们通过初次虫源调查、发生规律和迁飞习性观察、年最早发生世代的饲养等,初步整理出以褐稻虱迁入主峰的迟早、迁入虫量的多少为主要依据,预测中稻上第二代发生趋势的方法以及用当地第一代若虫稳定期(我市为6月25日前后)田间加权平均虫量,预测中稻上第二代田间平均虫量的方法。 一、有关中稻褐稻虱发生的几个问题 1.褐稻虱虫源的调查与分析 1971年冬季直至1975年春季分别在全市12个区剥查了稻飞虱产卵较多的双穗雀稗、千金子、狗牙根、李氏禾、水蜈蚣等十多种禾本科     

华北稻区灰稻虱的研究

灰稻虱为华北稻区主要害虫之一,在天津地区每年发生4-5代,以第4代或第5代的3-4龄若虫在稻田沟边、荒地杂草、土缝、稻茬内越冬;10月中旬能出现第6代的卵期,但由此孵出的若虫至11月中旬相继死去,故第6代若虫能否安全越冬尚待进一步考查。各代的发生期间互相重迭。 当春天2月末越冬若虫迁到杂草上取食、活动;4月末羽化为成虫迁入返青麦田,并在麦田内繁殖第1代;5月末以羽化后第1代成虫转入秧田,6月初至7月初移到本田,9月中水稻收获后转到荒地或新麦苗上为害。 灰稻虱卵期平均5.5-19.5天,若虫有2-7龄,一般为5龄,各龄期随不同世代而异:平均第1龄期3.1-8.9天,第2龄期2.6-8.8天,第3龄期2.2-11.1天,第4龄期2.2-10.1天,第5龄期3.5-6.8天,第6龄期3.3天,第7龄期2.5天。成虫有长翅型及短翅型两类,在天津地区—般可见短翅型雌虫而短翅型雄虫却极为稀罕。短翅型雌虫的发生和温度及饲料有关:高温和以稗子、三棱草为饲料者,短翅型雌虫发生较多。不同翅型在不同时期的成虫其产卵量不同:长翅型成虫平均每雌产卵119.2粒,而短翅型为158.1粒。 灰稻虱在本田中的消长与水稻生育期中的温湿度有关:其发生高峰处于水稻抽穗期及乳熟期。下雨后,高温有利于灰稻虱的发生。 灰稻虱每年在大田中发生数量的多寡可能受当年7-9月份降雨量的影响,7月份干旱以及7-9月降雨量较少,可能使短翅型雌虫增加,从而引起灰稻虱的猖獗。     

水稻条纹叶枯病毒对灰飞虱生物学特性及若干生理生化特性的影响

【目的】为明确水稻条纹叶枯病毒(Rice stripe virus,RSV)侵染对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)生长发育的影响,本文比较研究了带毒与无毒灰飞虱发育历期及寿命、卵巢发育及体内相关酶活力等生物学特征和生理生化指标间的差异。【方法】利用单管饲养法,比较分析了带毒与无毒灰飞虱若虫历期与成虫寿命;通过解剖灰飞虱卵巢,观察并统计不同卵子级别与数量,研究携带RSV病毒对灰飞虱卵巢发育的影响;利用多种酶活力测定方法,比较带毒与无毒灰飞虱若虫期5种相关酶活力的差异。【结果】无毒灰飞虱雌、雄若虫历期分别为(16.30±0.33)d和(15.62±0.21)d;带毒灰飞虱雌、雄若虫历期分别为(19.08±0.43)d和(18.50±0.58)d,表明RSV侵染显著延缓了灰飞虱若虫的生长发育(t-test,P0.001);而无毒灰飞虱雌、雄成虫寿命分别为(10.74±0.81)d和(14.46±1.34)d;带毒灰飞虱雌、雄成虫寿命分别为(9.09±1.27)d和(13.55±2.38)d,表明RSV侵染对灰飞虱成虫发育没有显著影响。解剖羽化后的灰飞虱卵巢经统计分析后,发现RSV侵染后灰飞虱的卵巢发育及卵子发生并未受到明显影响。对发育至3龄若虫后12、24、120 h的无毒与带毒灰飞虱进行相关的酶活力测定,包括保护酶系超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT、解毒酶系谷胱甘肽-S转移酶GST和乙酰胆碱酯酶Ach E,发现RSV侵染对灰飞虱体内相关生化酶活力大小无明显影响,但可改变酶活力的变化趋势。【结论】RSV侵染显著延长灰飞虱若虫发育历期,但对成虫的寿命和卵巢发育无明显影响,对体内保护、解毒等相关代谢酶活力大小没有显著影响,但却可以改变酶活力的变化趋势,推测RSV与灰飞虱不存在典型的互惠互利关系。     

安徽江淮地区灰飞虱的春季迁飞与扩散

通过2009,2010年春季对江淮地区安徽凤台麦田及灯诱灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)种群的系统调查和雌虫卵巢的系统解剖,明确了本地越冬后灰飞虱的种群性质,作为灰飞虱能否迁飞的判据;运用美国NOAA网站的HYSPLIT平台对本地的迁入高峰做了数值模拟和虫源分析。结果表明:(1)江淮稻区灰飞虱麦田种群的迁移动态为远距离迁飞与本地扩散相结合;(2)在本地范围内,灰飞虱的本地繁殖型长翅成虫于麦收前可从麦田向秧田迁移扩散,在不利于长翅成虫起飞进行远距离迁飞的天气条件,如降雨、大风等的影响下,麦田迁飞型种群可向附近的秧田扩散;(3)灯诱与田间长翅雌虫卵巢解剖表明本地2010年6月5日和12日出现迁入虫群;虫源轨迹分析显示2010年6月5日迁入虫峰来自苏中的扬州地区,6月12日迁入虫源来自鲁南济宁地区。     

灰飞虱室内大量繁殖及越冬饲养方法

灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Falln)作为多种植物病毒病的传毒介体,近年来发生数量呈逐年增加趋势,给水稻生产造成严重损失。杀虫剂室内毒力测定和抗性选育工作的顺利进行,必须长期饲养大量的标准试虫。文章介绍采用稻苗饲养室内大量繁殖灰飞虱的方法,饲养盒的使用使该方法更加方便,而越冬用麦苗饲养更接近田间的实际情况。     

室内饲养灰飞虱的一种简便方法

介绍一种以海绵为介质培育稻苗,进行灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Falln大批量饲养的方法。水稻种子经24h浸种后,平铺在垫有海绵的塑料盒中。在26℃下,10d左右稻苗可长至6～8cm高,此时可以用于饲养灰飞虱。在一般饲养条件下稻苗能保持较好的长势,并且一批稻苗可持续30d左右。灰飞虱的单头饲养可采用单苗单管饲养法,该方法饲养的灰飞虱若虫存活率高、产卵量大。21～27℃、光周期12∶12条件下,灰飞虱世代历期约为20～35d,各龄若虫的存活率均在80%以上。     

Influence of pymetrozine on feeding behaviors of three rice planthoppers and a rice leafhopper using electrical penetration graphs

Pymetrozine reportedly inhibits feeding of plant sap-sucking insects, such as aphids and brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)). By using electrical penetration graph (EPG), this study was conducted to investigate any differential effect of pymetrozine on the feeding behaviors of four major rice sap-sucking insect species, 1) N. lugens, 2) white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)), 3) small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen)), and 4) green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler). On pymetrozine-free TN1 rice plants, white-backed planthopper and small brown planthopper showed a significantly less activity in the phloem phases than brown planthopper or green rice leafhopper while green rice leafhopper engaged in relatively more xylem ingestion than brown planthopper, white-backed planthopper, and small brown planthopper. On the plants treated with 100 mg liter(-1) of pymetrozine, all four insect species showed significant increases, in total duration of nonprobing and significant decreases in the activities in phloem tissue, while all species showed similar feeding behavior during the pathway and xylem phases. This study revealed that, regardless of whether the insects on untreated plants spent more time feeding on phloem than xylem (brown planthopper) or more time on xylem than phloem (green rice leafhopper) or similar times on phloem and xylem (white-backed planthopper and small brown planthopper), their feeding behavior was disturbed by pymetrozine and exhibited similar patterns of sharp decline in activity in the phloem tissue and a significant increase the nonprobing.     

Evolutionary divergence of field and laboratory populations of Manduca sexta in response to host‐plant quality

1. The tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, has been an important model system in insect biology for more than 50 years. In nature, M. sexta successfully utilises a range of host plants that vary in quality. The consequences of laboratory domestication and rearing on artificial diet for fitness of phytophagous insects on natural host plants have not been explored. 2. We examine the evolutionary divergence of two domesticated laboratory populations and a field population (separated for more than 40 years, or > 250 laboratory generations) of M. sexta with respect to performance and fitness on two natural host plants: a typical host plant, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and a novel host plant, devil's claw (Proboscidea louisianica). 3. For both field and laboratory populations, rearing on devil's claw resulted in animals with lower survival, smaller final size, longer development time, and reduced size‐corrected fecundity than animals reared on tobacco. Reductions in some fitness components (survival and fecundity) were greater for the laboratory population animals than the field population animals. 4. When reared on tobacco, the laboratory population animals had similar or larger pupal masses and slightly shorter development times than when reared on artificial diet, suggesting that laboratory domestication on artificial diet has not greatly affected the ability of M. sexta to perform well on a typical natural host plant. 5. Although field and laboratory populations exhibited qualitatively similar responses to host‐plant quality, i.e. reduced performance on devil‘s claw, the magnitude of this reduction differed across populations, with the domesticated laboratory populations having greater reductions in performance than the field population. The use of domesticated populations as models for responses of field populations may therefore be more appropriate for considering environmental conditions that are relatively benign or near‐optimal, than when exploring responses to extreme or stressful conditions.     

Plant virus infection modifies plant pigment and manipulates the host preference behavior of an insect vector

Insect-borne plant viruses may modify the phenotype of their host plants and thus influence the responses of insect vectors. When a plant virus modifies host preference behavior of a vector, it can be expected to influence the rate of virus transmission. In this study, we examined the effect of Maize Iranian mosaic virus (MIMV) infection on host preference behavior of the nymphs and adults of its vector, the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus Fallén (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), feeding on barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L., Poaceae). We found that both viruliferous nymphs and adults significantly preferred healthy plants, whereas non-viruliferous planthoppers preferred virus-infected barley. Further investigations revealed significant reductions in the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of infected barley leaves. Based on these results, a possible association between insect host preferences and the pigment contents of the plants was observed. In summary, we suggest that host preference of L. striatellus could be affected by the propagative plant virus, possibly through association of this modification with some phenotypic traits of infected plants. These effects may have a critical impact on MIMV transmission rate, with significant implications for the development of virus epidemics.     

Intraspecific Variation in Chemical Attraction of Rice to Insect Predators

The olfactory response of predators of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugensStål, to different genotypes of rice (14 cultivars and breeding lines ofOryza sativaL. and 1 wild species,Oryza nivaraSharma et Shastry) was measured in an airflow olfactometer. Odor from rice plants attracted more females of the mirid predatorCyrtorhinus lividipennisReuter than plain air (control) on only 6 of the 15 rice genotypes. Orientation ofC. lividipennistoward volatiles of certain rice genotypes was apparent even when the plants were free of the brown planthopper. However, the predator distinguished between prey-infested and uninfested plants and preferred plants with eggs over plants with nymphs. The predator did not distinguish different stages of plant growth (vegetative, booting, or flowering). Plants artificially injured to simulate brown planthopper oviposition wounds were not as attractive to the predator as plants on which the planthopper had oviposited. The preassay preconditioning on the cultivar TN1 did not produce a predator bias for this genotype. This suggests that rearing effects or chemically mediated associative learning reported for some natural enemies did not influenceC. lividipennis'host response. Results with another predator, the coccinellidMicraspis hirashimaiSasaji, produced less consistent behavior. Planthopper-infested plants attracted more females ofM. hirashimaithan unifested plants in only 1 of the 12 rice genotypes evaluated. Implications for augmenting predators by rice cultivar selection and modification are discussed.     

饲养黄曲条菜跳甲实验种群的一种新方法

介绍一种简便可行的饲养黄曲条菜跳甲Phyllotretastriolata(F.)的新方法———整苗大瓶罩养法。用5种植物根部饲养越冬代,黄曲条菜跳甲均可成功地完成其生活周期,未成熟期最高存活率为63.3%,成虫平均寿命最长为219.2d,平均产卵量最大为192.4粒雌。     

Heart rate responses to predation risk in Salmo trutta are affected by the rearing environment

Both wild‐ and hatchery‐reared brown trout Salmo trutta , 18 months of age and of the same genetic origin, responded with increased heart rates (tachycardia) to a simulated predator attack on 2 consecutive days. Brown trout reared in the hatchery showed a more rapidly induced tachycardia compared with wild‐reared fish at day 1, but not day 2. During an undisturbed period several hours after attacks, hatchery‐reared brown trout maintained higher heart rates compared to wild‐reared fish on both days. Behavioural responses to the attack were very low for all fish, although hatchery‐reared fish tended to be more active than wild fish after the attack day 2. The observed differences may have had a genetic background caused by different selection regimes in the hatchery‐ and wild‐rearing environments, or could have been due to different phenotypic responses in the two environments.     

Characteristics of resistance in rice to rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) and its vector, Tagosodes orizicolus (Muir)

This paper characterises resistance to rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) which is transmitted by the planthopper Tagosodes orizicolus (Muir). Resistance is expressed as decreased proportion of plants infected compared to susceptible lines, although severity of symptom expression is similar in both types. This resistance is not due to differences in vector feeding behaviour. Vectors reared eight generations on resistant plants showed no increased ability to transmit to resistant lines or decreased ability to transmit to susceptible ones. Longevity of vectors was similar when reared either on virus-resistant or susceptible plants. Incubation period of the virus in resistant plants are significantly longer than in susceptible plants. Resistance increased with plant age in resistant and susceptible cultivars. Increased virus dosage, as determined by increased number of viru-liferous vectors per inoculated plant, caused an increase in transmission to both resistant and susceptible cultivars. However, the ranking of resistant and susceptible remained the same across the experimental range of dosage and plant age. It is concluded that the resistance studied is to virus infection and there is little risk of “breakdown” occurring as a result of genetic or behavioural changes in the vector population. This will permit the use of economic thresholds to planthopper feeding damage with little risk of RHBV epidemic outbreak.     

Influence of rice black streaked dwarf virus on the ecological fitness of non-vector planthopper Nilaparvata lugens （Hemiptera： Delphacidae）

Rice black streak dwarf virus （RBSDV） is transmitted by the small brown planthopper （SBPH）, Laodelphax striatellus （Fallen）. Non-vector rice brown planthopper （BPH）, Nilaparvata lugens （Stal）, shares the same host rice plants with SBPH in paddy fields. The changes in nutritional composition of rice plants infected by RBSDV and the ecological fitness of BPH feeding on the infected plants were studied under both artificial climate chamber and field conditions. Contents of 16 detected amino acids and soluble sugar in RBSDV infected rice plants were higher than those in the healthy ones. On the diseased plants BPH had significantly higher nymphal survival rates, nymphal duration of the males, weight of the female adults, as well as egg hatchability compared to BPH being fed on healthy plants. However, there was no obvious difference in female nymph duration, longevity and fecundity. Defense enzymes （superoxidase dismutase, SOD and catalase, CAT） and detoxifying enzymes （carboxylesterase, CAE and glutathione S-transferase, GST） in BPH adults fed on diseased plants had markedly higher activities. The results indicate rice plants infected by RBSDV improved the ecological fitness of the brown planthopper, a serious pest but not a transmitter of the RBSDV virus.