不同水稻品种对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育、存活、生殖及飞行能力的影响

系统研究了稻纵卷叶螟在6种不同水稻品种(常规粳稻武育粳3号,杂交粳稻宁粳1号,常规籼稻TN1,杂交籼稻汕优63,超级杂交籼稻两优培九,超级杂交籼粳稻甬优9号)上取食后的发育历期、存活率、卵巢发育进度、繁殖力和飞行能力.结果表明,武育粳3号和宁粳1号能显著延长稻纵卷叶螟未成熟期的发育历期,降低其存活率,延缓卵巢发育进度,降低成虫繁殖率,并提高成虫的飞行能力;不同水稻品种间的影响存在显著差异,其影响从大到小排列为杂交粳稻＞常规粳稻＞常规籼稻＞杂交籼稻＞超级杂交稻.这说明,幼虫期营养对稻纵卷叶螟的生长发育、存活、生殖和飞行能力具有显著影响.     

高温及水稻类型对灰飞虱种群的影响

近年来,灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fall n)在江浙等地呈明显上升态势。采用不同温度及水稻类型处理灰飞虱若虫,获得灰飞虱种群在不同处理组合下的存活率、发育进度及抗寒力。结果表明,35℃的高温下,灰飞虱各龄若虫无论在杂交籼稻还是粳稻上,其发育进度均比25~30℃推迟2~7d。35℃高温下若虫死亡率较高,并且不能正常羽化。粳稻上饲养的灰飞虱若虫的存活率明显高于杂交籼稻,但水稻类型和温度对灰飞虱存活率的影响不存在明显的互作作用。在适宜温度下(27~30℃)用杂交籼稻饲养的灰飞虱,其过冷却点及结冰点均要比在高温(35℃)或低温(25℃)下饲养的低。在26~30.5℃变温条件下,杂交籼稻上饲养的灰飞虱的过冷却点和结冰点显著低于粳稻上饲养的,而且不同温度和水稻类型上的灰飞虱的过冷却点均低于零下10℃。可见江浙稻区冬季低温对灰飞虱的越冬已不存在制约作用。温度和水稻类型的变化是近年灰飞虱暴发成灾的重要原因。     

不同品种水稻对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育和产卵量的影响

研究了4个不同类型水稻品种(中早39、中浙优8号、秀水134和甬优12)对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育和产卵量的影响。取食中早39、中浙优8号、秀水134和甬优12四个不同类型的水稻,对稻纵卷叶螟的幼虫发育历期和存活率无显著影响;取食中早39的稻纵卷叶螟的蛹历期最短,仅9.6 d;在秀水134取食后的稻纵卷叶螟蛹最轻(12.45 mg),羽化后的雌成虫产卵量最低,为34.1粒/雌。综合来看,在供试的4个类型的水稻品种中,与杂交籼稻中浙优8号和籼粳杂交稻甬优12相比,粳稻品种秀水134不利于稻纵卷叶螟的种群发展。     

稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Güenée))在水稻品种上的半自然种群生命表参数及对植株含糖量的影响

在排除天敌情况下,用生命表方法比较了稻纵卷叶螟在5个常用栽培水稻品种扬粳9538、淮稻9号、扬辐粳8号、扬稻6号和汕优63上的半自然种群生命表。结果表明,取食淮稻9号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最低,表现为较强的抗耐性;扬辐粳8号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最高;各品种间稻纵卷叶螟不同虫期的存活率、♀/♂、蛹重、产卵量、卷叶率有一定差异;稻纵卷叶螟为害后,植株内可溶性糖含量品种间无明显差异,但不同品种与对照(未接虫)相比含量有增有减;还原糖含量品种间差异显著。     

稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Gene))在水稻品种上的半自然种群生命表参数及对植株含糖量的影响

在排除天敌情况下,用生命表方法比较了稻纵卷叶螟在5个常用栽培水稻品种扬粳9538、淮稻9号、扬辐粳8号、扬稻6号和汕优63上的半自然种群生命表。结果表明,取食淮稻9号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最低,表现为较强的抗耐性;扬辐粳8号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最高;各品种间稻纵卷叶螟不同虫期的存活率、♀/♂、蛹重、产卵量、卷叶率有一定差异;稻纵卷叶螟为害后,植株内可溶性糖含量品种间无明显差异,但不同品种与对照(未接虫)相比含量有增有减;还原糖含量品种间差异显著。     

稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis（Güenée））在水稻品种上的半自然种群生命表参数及对植株含糖量的影响

在排除天敌情况下,用生命表方法比较了稻纵卷叶螟在5个常用栽培水稻品种扬粳9538、淮稻9号、扬辐粳8号、扬稻6号和汕优63上的半自然种群生命表。结果表明,取食淮稻9号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最低,表现为较强的抗耐性;扬辐粳8号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最高;各品种间稻纵卷叶螟不同虫期的存活率、♀／♂、蛹重、产卵量、卷叶率有一定差异;稻纵卷叶螟为害后,植株内可溶性糖含量品种间无明显差异,但不同品种与对照（未接虫）相比含量有增有减;还原糖含量品种间差异显著。     

几个粳稻品种抗白背飞虱的研究

本研究用苗期群体鉴定法对若干水稻品种进行了抗白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)比较测定,并探讨籼、粳稻品种抗性差异和粳稻抗性性质.结果指出:在供试“80079”,“中国91”、“盐粳2号”等粳稻品种上,白背飞虱生物学表现明显不同.粳稻抗性可分两类:(1)“80079”对白背飞虱取食、生存、发育没有抗生作用,对种群为害还表现有耐虫性;(2)“中国91”、“盐粳2号”对白背飞虱取食、生存、发育没有抗生作用,但却有一定的拒产卵机制,对种群为害还兼有耐虫性,从而能有效地抑制白背飞虱种群的建立.     

红眼突变灰飞虱的生物学特性和交配优势

灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus是我国重要水稻害虫之一, 表型变异可能影响灰飞虱的配偶选择性和种群特性。本实验采用生命表构建法研究了红眼突变灰飞虱的繁殖力、 内禀增长率等种群生命参数, 然后以1红眼雌虫、 1红眼雄虫和1纯合黑眼雄虫（♀rr×♂rr♂BB）或1红眼雄虫、 1红眼雌虫和1纯合黑眼雌虫（♀rr♀BB×♂rr）配对模式以及不同比例红眼成虫群体配对模式研究红眼突变对灰飞虱交配竞争力的影响。结果表明红眼突变灰飞虱除若虫死亡率（17.1%）显著高于正常个体（10.3%） (P<0.05)外, 其他生物学指标如繁殖力、 卵孵化历期、 若虫发育历期、 成虫寿命、 内禀增长率等与正常个体无显著差异。但红眼突变对灰飞虱配偶选择性有一定的影响。♀rr×♂rr♂BB和♀rr♀BB×♂rr组合F1代红眼和黑眼分离比例卡方试验值为18.15和14.99, 大于理论值。当红眼与黑眼个体以2︰8比例配对时, 红眼灰飞虱雄虫存在交配优势, 其后代红眼个体数大于期望值。这些结果为进一步研究灰飞虱红眼突变机理和利用红眼基因标记研究灰飞虱遗传分化奠定了基础     

不同药剂亚致死剂量对褐飞虱不同种群生命表参数的影响

褐飞虱是亚洲地区爆发性再猖獗型害虫.由于吡虫啉等药剂的过度使用导致抗药性显著上升.实验通过室内实验种群生命表的方法,分别在水稻品种协优963和申优1号上研究褐飞虱的吡虫啉抗性种群和敏感种群在溴氰菊酯和三唑磷亚致死剂量作用下适合度的变化.结果表明:抗性种群和敏感种群的生命表参数因水稻品种、杀虫剂类型、杀虫剂浓度的不同而不同.抗性种群的种群增长趋势指数I变化范围为13.1～484.3,敏感种群为5.7～428.2.通过两个种群的比较,在28个处理组合中,抗性种群有6个处理组合的相对适合度显著高于敏感种群,其它处理并不明显低于敏感种群.表明抗性种群在合适的环境条件下有生殖优势.     

辽宁水稻品种抗灰飞虱鉴定及其抗性机制研究

为探明辽宁地区水稻品种对本地灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)的抗性水平及其抗虫机制,本研究利用改进的苗期集团鉴定法,以IR36为抗虫对照品种、武育粳3号为感虫对照品种,对42份辽宁地区主栽水稻品种和研究待推广品种进行了水稻苗期对灰飞虱抗性鉴定,并从中选取20份不同抗性水平的品种进行了排趋性和抗生性的测定。结果表明:从42份水稻材料中仅筛选出1份抗虫材料辽优5218,中抗品种11份,其余均为感虫或高感品种。在不同水稻类型中,杂交稻的抗虫性普遍较常规稻强,而从水稻株型上看,抗性品种大多为披散型。抗虫机制研究发现,抗虫品种辽优5218和中抗品种港育129兼具排趋性和抗生性,是非常理想的抗性种质资源,中抗品种港源8号和粳优558具有很强的排趋性,也是较为理想的抗性资源,为抗性机制的深入研究提供了材料。但大部分省内主栽主推品种不具备对灰飞虱的抗性,应引起重视。     

Inheritance and Mechanism of Resistance to Rice Stripe Disease in cv. Zhendao 88, a Chinese Rice Cultivar

Mechanisms of resistance to rice stripe disease in a Chinese rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L., cv. Zhendao 88) were determined, and molecular markers for the resistance gene were identified. Single tillers at the seedling stage were inoculated with Rice stripe virus (RSV) and its vector, the small brown planthopper (SBPH) Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, to test for non‐preference and antibiosis. The inheritance of resistance in the F₂ and F_{2 : 3} lines from the cross cvs Zhendao 88× Wuyujing No. 3 was also examined by single‐tiller inoculation. Cv. Zhendao 88 was highly resistant to RSV and weakly resistant to SBPH. The resistance gene was mapped by SSR and RAPD analyses to rice chromosome 11 within 4.7 cm of a SSR marker RM229 and a RAPD marker OPO11. Data and inheritance analysis indicated that rice stripe disease resistance in cv. Zhendao 88 was derived principally from resistance to RSV and controlled by a single dominant gene. Breeding for rice stripe resistance could be accelerated by using cv. Zhendao 88 as a resistant parent if the linked marker for virus resistance were used in a marker‐assisted progeny selection programme.     

Analysis of quantitative trait loci which contribute to anther culturability in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Anther culturability of rice is significantly different between indica and japonica varieties. A doubled haploid (DH) population was established via anther culture of an indica/japonica hybrid on SK₃ medium, which had been shown particularly suitable for anther culture of indica/japonica hybrids. For analyzing the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for anther culturability, anthers of the DH lines were again cultured with SK₃ medium and parameters for four traits representing the anther culturability were surveyed and analyzed with the molecular map constructed from the same DH population. The parameters for four major traits were as follows: callus induction frequency (CI), green plantlet differentiation frequency (GPD), albino plantlet differentiation frequency (APD), and green plantlet yield frequency (GPY). All four traits displayed continuous distributions among the DH lines. The correlation coefficients between these traits were also tested and showed that there was no relationship between callus induction and green plantlet differentiation frequencies, but both showed strong positive correlation with the frequency of green plantlet yield. For callus induction frequency, five QTLs were identified on chromosomes 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12. Two QTLs for green plantlet differentiation frequency were located on chromosomes 1 and 9. There was a major QTL for albino plantlet differentiation frequency on chromosome 9. No independent QTL was found for green plantlet yield frequency. The results may be useful in the selection of parents with high response to anther culture for rice haploid breeding and in the establishment of permanent DH populations for molecular mapping.     

Parameters Influencing Stable Transformation of Rice Immature Embryos and Recovery of Transgenic Plants using Electric Discharge Particle Acceleration

Recovery of transgenic rice plants from elite varieties wasreported from the author's laboratory. By using electric dischargeparticle acceleration, recombinant technology was extended tocommercially important japonica and indica rice cultivars notamenable to conventional transformation methodologies. Criticalparameters influencing the recovery of transformed embryogeniccallus from which transgenic plants were recovered have beendefined. Such parameters included the physiological conditionof explants prior to bombardment, DNA and gold particle loadingrates, accelerating voltage, and depth of particle penetration.Selection for recovery of stable transformants was not criticalin this transformation/regeneration system; both selected andnon-selected tissues yielded transformed embryogenic callusand plants at approximately similar frequencies.Copyright 1995,1999 Academic Press Oryza sativa L., transformation parameters, transgenic indica and japonica plants, particle bombardment, ß-glucuronidase     

Photosynthesis and Transpiration in Rice as Influenced by Soil Moisture and Air Humidity

The paper describes the effect of soil moisture content andair humidity on CO₂ exchange (P_N), CO₂ diffusion resistance(Cr) and transpiration (E) in four varieties of japonica rice(Oryza sativa L.). A decrease in soil moisture content reducedthe rate of photosynthesis to a varying degree in the varieties.Reduction in photosynthesis was attributed to increase in Cr.The effect of low soil moisture on photosynthesis and CO₂ diffusionwas further intensified by decrease in air humidity. By maintaininga high humidity in the air around the leaves however, the effectof soil moisture deficiency was reduced considerably, exceptin Rikuto Norin 21 which was very sensitive to soil-moisturedeficiency alone. Dryness of the air enhanced the transpirationrate, although the increase was relatively less in the plantsfacing a simultaneous water crisis at the root surface. In plantsgrowing under flooded conditions, a decrease in air humiditycaused a slight depression in P_N despite the simultaneous decreasein Cr. Oryza sativa L., rice, photosynthesis, transpiration, diffusion resistance, soil moisture, air humidity     

光照条件下低温对水稻籼粳亚种幼苗抗氧化物质含量的影响

与对低温不敏感的粳稻台北309和武育粳相比,对低温敏感的籼稻IR64、CA212和Pusa经光照条件下8℃处理后最大光合速率(Pmax)和原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降较多,出现了O2-·、过氧化氢、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)和氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)的大量累积,其GSSG和DHA的含量分别与叶绿素含量的下降呈极显著负相关,表明光照条件下低温胁迫下,还原态的谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸的再生受阻,不能有效地清除活性氧,导致其叶绿素含量降低和光合能力受抑,而汕优63的变化位于上述两种类型之间。其中AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG的变化与叶绿素含量的变化呈极显著正相关。     

灰飞虱的种群特性及其与温度的关系

调查了南京地区2007～2008年灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)全年的种群结构和数量动态,结合当地温度资料分析了灰飞虱虫量与温度间的关系。结果表明,灰飞虱在南京地区存在明显的春秋季高峰期及冬夏季的低谷期,且夏季的低谷出现在夏季高温时期。越冬种群以高龄若虫为主,越夏种群的年龄结构在年度间变化较大,2007年以高龄若虫为主,而2008年则以低龄若虫为主。夏季采于田间的灰飞虱若虫能在室内稻苗上连续生长发育,并且饲养一个世代后其产卵量显著提高。由此说明,南京地区灰飞虱不是以滞育形式越夏。灰飞虱若虫的耐寒性很强,在不同温度下饲养及田间越冬的不同时期,其过冷却点均在-22℃以下,且无显著差异。     

水稻品种和施肥时间对单季稻田中白背飞虱卵被寄生率的影响

为明确水稻品种和施肥时间对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)卵被稻飞虱缨小蜂Anagrus spp.寄生率的影响,采用产卵苗诱集法和田间双因子设计进行实验研究。与秀水11水稻品种相比,协优413品种上的白背飞虱卵块位置较高且卵块较大。诱集实验表明白背飞虱卵的被寄生率显著受用于诱集的产卵水稻品种的影响, 在协优413上所产卵的被寄生率（24%）显著高于秀水11上的相应值（12%）,而不受由田间品种和氮肥施用时间组合而形成的诱集苗所置放的栖境条件的影响。田间种植的水稻品种对其稻株上的白背飞虱卵被寄生率的影响大于施肥时间, 在卵高峰期,这种影响更为显著, 协优413上的被寄生率（17%）显著高于秀水11上的相应值（9%）。田间寄生率和诱集寄生率二者的反正弦平方根转换值间存在着极显著的直线相关。这些结果表明,水稻品种是加强白背飞虱自然生物防治的重要因子。     

两近缘种烟草上棉铃虫种群适合度的比较研究

分别在室内和自然条件下,比较研究了普通烟草和黄花烟草两种不同寄主植物上棉铃虫生长发育、食物转化和利用及种群增长情况。结果表明： (1) 室内26±1℃、75%±5% RH和16L∶8D光周期条件下,与普通烟草相比,黄花烟草上幼虫的发育历期显著延长,1龄和2龄幼虫的存活率及雌蛾产卵量显著下降,种群净增殖率（R₀=30.5374）和内禀增长率（r_m=0.0951）减小;(2) 6龄幼虫对两种烟草的近似消化率及其相对生长率无显著差异,但对黄花烟草的利用率和转化率显著下降,相对取食量显著提高;(3) 第2代棉铃虫在普通烟田的种群增长（I=1.9922>1）比黄花烟田（I=1.1581>1）快,“烟草和其他”对种群起主要控制作用,特别是对低龄幼虫;第3代棉铃虫在普通烟田的种群增长有所减慢但仍呈上升趋势（I=1.5994>1）,而在黄花烟田则呈下降趋势（I=0.6434<1）,低龄幼虫受烟草抗性和雨水等的影响较大,高龄幼虫被病菌感染的数量增多。这些结果表明,与普通烟草相比,黄花烟草不适合棉铃虫种群的增长和繁殖。