菌株CICC 6287发酵特性研究及其在辣椒发酵中的应用

旨在对从新疆乳制品中分离菌株CICC 6287的发酵特性进行研究,并通过辣椒发酵试验评价菌株CICC 6287作为发酵菌株的优势。采用多相分类技术确定该菌株的分类学地位,通过测定耐酸耐盐特性、产酸能力、降解亚硝酸盐能力、氨基酸脱羧酶活性和抑菌能力表征其发酵特性。在此基础上,将菌株CICC 6287应用于新疆特色辣椒发酵中,评价其在辣椒发酵过程中的作用。菌株CICC 6287鉴定为产马乳酒乳杆菌,能够降解亚硝酸盐,耐受8%Na Cl和p H3,抑制大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特菌和沙门氏菌,产生生物胺的四种氨基酸脱羧酶活性为阴性。接种菌株CICC 6287的发酵辣椒亚硝酸盐的含量1.06 mg/kg,生物胺的含量为5.62 mg/kg,总酸含量达到2.54%。研究结果表明,菌株CICC 6287具有良好的发酵特性,能够应用于辣椒发酵,提高发酵辣椒的安全性。     

产生物胺乳酸菌的筛查与检测

目的对上海市场上食品和药品中分离出的20株乳杆菌,13株链球菌,3株乳球菌和3株肠球菌的产生物胺能力进行检测,以揭示其潜在的安全性问题。方法检测的生物胺共包括6种：分别为酪胺、精胺、尸胺、组胺、腐胺和色胺。利用添加了前体氨基酸的氨基酸脱羧酶筛选培养基对各菌株的产胺能力进行初筛,通过培养基中指示剂的颜色变化判定产胺能力。结果在检测的39株菌中,8株菌具有产酪胺的能力,7株菌具有产精胺的能力,1株菌具有产组胺的能力,1株菌具有产腐胺的能力。尤其是精胺和酪胺的产量较为引人关注。结论生物胺的危害水平取决于个体解毒的能力,但在筛选食品药品用菌株时应运用规范的方法来检测其产生物胺的能力,以保障相应食品药品的安全问题。     

1株耐高温生物表面活性剂产生菌的特性研究

研究了耐高温生物表面活性剂产生菌ZY-3的生理生化特性,并通过测定发酵液的菌体密度、表面张力和乳化活性等指标,研究不同碳源和初始pH对菌株ZY-3生长和产生物表面活性剂的影响,同时对其所产生物表面活性剂进行了初步分离和性质分析。菌株ZY-3被初步鉴定为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus),具有产酸、不产H_2S、还原硝酸盐等特性。在以淀粉为碳源、初始pH 6.0的培养基中发酵,产生物表面活性剂多且稳定;在种子培养基和发酵培养基中都有淀粉的条件下,菌体生长较多,降低表面张力和乳化的作用均较强,所产生物表面活性剂可以使发酵液的表面张力从72.1 mN/m降到53.1 mN/m,乳化活性从0升高到24%。初步判断产物为糖脂类阴离子表面活性剂。     

薏苡仁多菌发酵液的菌种优选及其抑制黑色素生成的作用研究

以薏苡仁作为发酵基质,确定利于提高发酵液体外活性的较优乳酸菌种,并分析优势乳酸菌种薏苡仁发酵液对斑马鱼胚体黑色素生成的抑制作用。通过比较分析乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）、嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermophilus）和保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus）3种单一乳酸菌和三者复合乳酸菌的薏苡仁发酵液的还原糖、总酚、游离氨基酸、蛋白、总酸和乳酸含量等理化指标及体外羟自由基清除能力和酪氨酸酶活抑制率确定较优发酵菌种,采用高通量测序测定发酵过程中微生物菌群结构;利用斑马鱼模型研究发酵液对黑色素生成的抑制作用。研究结果表明,采用乳酸乳球菌、嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌3种乳酸菌复合发酵比单一乳酸菌发酵更具优势。使用以上菌种复合发酵薏苡仁过程中,乳酸乳球菌和嗜热链球菌为发酵前期优势菌群,发酵中后期则以保加利亚乳杆菌为优势菌群。经复合乳酸菌发酵后,薏苡仁发酵液的羟自由基清除率和酪氨酸酶活抑制率分别提高了20.82%和87.26%;斑马鱼模型实验结果表明,薏苡仁发酵液可以显著减少斑马鱼体表黑色素分布,当使用含量为2.0%时,对黑色素生成抑制率达到59.45%。研究结果为利用薏苡仁多菌发酵液开发为具美白肌肤性能的功能性新原料提供了科学数据支撑,并希望进一步推进薏苡产业的升级。     

22株中国优良酒酒球菌代谢生物胺的检测

葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸菌在葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵中对氨基酸进行脱羧反应产生具有毒性作用的生物胺.利用PCR技术及HPLC检测方法对22株中国优良酒酒球菌的生物胺代谢安全性进行研究.结果表明,PCR检测结果与HPLC测定结果一致,从我国葡萄产区筛选的优良酒酒球菌均不产生组胺、酪胺和腐胺,从生物胺角度.我国筛选的22株优良酒酒球菌具有较高的生物胺代谢安全性.     

生产γ-氨基丁酸乳酸菌的选育及发酵条件优化

通过对食品安全级 (GRAS)乳酸菌的筛选 ,得到一株可高产谷氨酸脱羧酶的菌株。并且对菌株的发酵培养基与发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明 :采用优化后的培养基 ,调初始pH为 7.0 ,在 33℃进行发酵培养 3d后 ,发酵液中GABA含量可达到31 0g·L-1 以上 ,比优化前提高了约 4倍     

信息库

1 氧初始浓度对乳酸乳球菌、乳酸亚种、双乙酰乳酸生物变种产生双乙酰和乙偶姻的影响 许多乳酸菌,特别是乳酸乳球菌、乳酸亚种、双乙酰乳酸生物变种,能利用柠檬酸产生芳香化合物,例如乙偶姻和双乙酰。后者是新鲜、未熟奶酪中最需要的芳香化合物。柠檬酸发酵途径中,柠檬酸通过柠檬酸透性酶进入细胞,再由柠檬酸裂解酶裂解成草酰乙酸和乙酸。草酰乙酸经脱羧作用产生丙酮酸,再转化成乙醛-硫胺焦磷酸和α-乙酰乳酸。α-乙酰乳酸通过氧化脱羧作用形成双乙酰。乙偶姻     

一种提高尸胺杆菌L-赖氨酸脱羧酶活性的培养基

某些细菌能产生特异性很强的L-赖氨酸脱羧酶,将其用于L-赖氨酸脱羧以测定L-赖氨酸含量,是行之有效的方法之一。我们用Gale等、日野哲雄和Soda等先后报道过的三种培养基培养尸胺杆菌(Bacte-     

产酸克雷伯氏菌赖氨酸脱羧酶的异源表达及粗酶性质

赖氨酸脱羧酶,可以催化赖氨酸脱羧生成戊二胺。戊二胺是重要的平台化合物,可以合成新型聚酰胺材料、脂肪族异氰酸酯等新材料。本研究对来自于产酸克雷伯氏菌的赖氨酸脱羧酶进行异源表达。以pUC18质粒为载体,将来源于产酸克雷伯氏菌的赖氨酸脱羧酶基因ldc克隆到大肠杆菌,得到菌株LN18。在添加0.5 mmol/L IPTG的LB培养基中,对LN18进行摇瓶培养,发酵液酶活可达到35 U/g发酵液,从发酵液制备的赖氨酸脱羧酶粗酶蛋白的酶活可以达到30 000 U/g粗蛋白。产酸克雷伯氏菌赖氨酸脱羧粗酶蛋白大小约80 kDa,粗酶的最适温度和pH值分别为55℃和5.5,与文献中报道的大肠杆菌的赖氨酸脱羧酶Cad A在pH 8.0几乎没有酶活不同,产酸克雷伯氏菌的赖氨酸脱羧酶在pH 8.0的酶活达到最优pH下酶活的30%以上。金属离子对酶活有一定的影响,Mg~(2+)对酶活有促进作用,Fe~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)有一定的抑制作用。     

羊骨酶解液的植物乳杆菌发酵

为进一步提高羊骨酶解液的营养价值和生物利用度,探讨乳酸菌发酵对钙离子释放、短肽形成以及酶解液抗氧化活性的影响。首先从7株乳酸菌中筛选出了产蛋白酶能力最强的植物乳杆菌,接种羊骨酶解液,以发酵液中Ca~(2+)浓度为指标,响应面法优化得到发酵工艺:酶解液中添加1%的麦芽糖,调节起始pH为5.5,以4%接种量接种驯化好的植物乳杆菌,37℃摇床发酵14 h。发酵过程中,植物乳杆菌活菌数与Ca~(2+)含量(R=0.495,P0.01)和短肽得率(R=0.655,P0.01)呈极显著正相关,而多肽生成量与短肽得率呈负相关(R=–0.013)。发酵液中的Ca~(2+)浓度(P0.05)、水解度(P0.01)、短肽得率(P0.01)、羟脯氨酸含量(P0.01)均显著高于酶解液(P0.01),植物乳杆菌活菌数达到94.6×10~8 CFU/m L。发酵还可使酶解液对DPPH、·OH、O_2~-·三种自由基的清除能力显著提高(P0.01,P0.05)。综上所述,以植物乳杆菌发酵羊骨酶解液可进一步促进骨钙的转化和胶原短肽的生成并显著提高其体外抗氧化能力,短肽和Ca~(2+)反过来促进植物乳杆菌的繁殖,增强了酶解液的益生功能,乳酸菌产生的维生素、胞外多糖等物质使羊骨酶解液更富营养。     

Improved multiplex-PCR method for the simultaneous detection of food bacteria producing biogenic amines

This study describes a simple and rapid multiplex-PCR method to determine the ability to produce histamine, tyramine and putrescine by bacteria. The assay is an improved method based on an assay designed for lactic acid bacteria. This improved method includes a pair of primers based on sequences from histidine decarboxylases from Gram-negative bacteria. Under the optimised conditions, the assay yielded a 367-bp DNA fragment from histidine decarboxylases of Gram-positive bacteria, 534-bp fragment from histidine decarboxylases of Gram-negative bacteria, 924-bp from bacterial tyrosine decarboxylases, and 1446-bp fragment from bacterial ornithine decarboxylases. The method was successfully applied to several biogenic amine-producing bacterial strains, even when DNAs of several target organisms were included in the same reaction. This simple method could be easily incorporated in food control laboratories to detect potentially biogenic amine-producing bacteria in foods.     

A proteomic approach to studying biogenic amine producing lactic acid bacteria

All fermented foods are subject to the risk of biogenic amine contamination. Histamine and tyramine are among the most toxic amines for consumers' health, exerting undesirable effects on the central nervous and vascular systems, but putrescine and cadaverine can also compromise the organoleptic properties of contaminated foods. These compounds are produced by fermenting microbial flora that decarboxylate amino acids to amines. Little is known of the factors which induce biosynthesis of decarboxylating enzymes and/or which modulate their catalytic activity: the accumulation of amines is generally considered to be a mechanism that contrasts an acidic environment and/or that produces metabolic energy through coupling amino acid decarboxylation with electrogenic amino acid/amine antiporters. Two Lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus sp. 30a (ATCC 33222), and a Lactobacillus sp. strain (w53) isolated from amine-contaminated wine, carrying genetic determinants for histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), were studied and the influence of some environmental and nutritional parameters on amine production and protein biosynthesis was analyzed through a proteomic approach; this is the first report of a proteomic analysis of amine-producing bacteria. HDC and ODC biosynthesis were shown to be closely dependent on the presence of high concentrations of free amino acids in the growth medium and to be modulated by the growth phase. The stationary phase and high amounts of free amino acids also strongly induced the biosynthesis of an oligopeptide transport protein belonging to the proteolytic system of Lactic Acid Bacteria. At least two isoforms of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, with different M(r), pI and expression profiles, were identified from Lactobacillus sp. w53: the biosynthesis of one isoform, in particular, is apparently repressed by high concentrations of free amino acids. Other proteins were identified from the Lactobacillus proteome, affording a global knowledge of protein biosynthesis modulation during biogenic amine production.     

Determination of lactic acid bacteria producing biogenic amines in wine by quantitative PCR methods

Aims: To develop rapid methods allowing enumeration of lactic acid bacteria producing biogenic amines in wines and to analyse wine samples by the methods. Methods and Results: Methods based on quantitative PCR targeting bacterial genes involved in histamine, tyramine and putrescine production were developed and applied to detect and quantify the bacteria producing these biogenic amines in wine. Analysis of 102 samples revealed low populations of the targeted bacteria in grape must samples, an increased bacteria biomass in wine samples after alcoholic fermentation, reaching the highest population levels (above 10⁶ cells ml^?1) during spontaneous malolactic fermentation. A minimum of 10³ ml^?1 producing cells was required for production of more than 1 mg l^?1 of biogenic amines. Accumulation of putrescine in wine was correlated with the presence of bacteria carrying an ornithine decarboxylation pathway. Trials of winemaking showed that the use of selected bacteria for inducing malolactic fermentation was efficient to limit the proliferation of undesirable bacteria and the production of biogenic amines. Conclusion: Methods using quantitative PCR are efficient to enumerate biogenic amines‐producing cells in wine. Significance and Impact of the Study: The methods can help to better control and to improve winemaking conditions in order to avoid biogenic amine production.     

Biogenic amine production by lactic acid bacteria isolated from cider

AIMS: To study the occurrence of histidine, tyrosine and ornithine decarboxylase activity in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from natural ciders and to examine their potential to produce detrimental levels of biogenic amines. METHODS AND RESULTS: The presence of biogenic amines in a decarboxylase synthetic broth and in cider was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Among the 54 LAB strains tested, six (five lactobacilli and one oenococci) were biogenic amine producers in both media. Histamine and tyramine were the amines formed by the LAB strains investigated. Lactobacillus diolivorans were the most intensive histamine producers. This species together with Lactobacillus collinoides and Oenococcus oeni also seemed to produce tyramine. No ability to form histamine, tyramine or putrescine by Pediococus parvulus was observed, although it is a known biogenic amine producer in wines and beers. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that LAB microbiota growing in ciders had the ability to produce biogenic amines, particularly histamine and tyramine, and suggests that this capability might be strain-dependent rather than being related to a particular bacterial species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Production of biogenic amines by food micro-organisms has continued to be the focus of intensive study because of their potential toxicity. The main goal was to identify the microbial species capable of producing these compounds in order to control their presence and metabolic activity in foods.     

富锌产γ-氨基丁酸乳酸菌的筛选及初步鉴定

用含0.2%-0.25%Zn^2＋的MRS培养基从发酵酸菜、酸奶中分离出6株具富锌能力细菌,经形态和生理生化特性鉴定,初步判断菌株为乳酸菌。采用纸层析检测MRSG培养基培养的6株菌上清液后,初步确定有4株能产γ-氨基丁酸。以此4菌株基因组为模板PCR扩增到540 bp的片段,经测序和序列分析,证明是谷氨酸脱羧酶基因高度保守区域,初步证明谷氨酸脱羧酶基因的存在。此4株菌发酵液经HPLC检测和分析后,证实2号菌株能转化谷氨酸钠生成GABA,产量为4.8 g/L,在应用方面具有很大的潜力。     

Structural analysis and biochemical properties of laccase enzymes from two Pediococcus species

Prokaryotic laccases are emergent biocatalysts. However, they have not been broadly found and characterized in bacterial organisms, especially in lactic acid bacteria. Recently, a prokaryotic laccase from the lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici 5930, which can degrade biogenic amines, was discovered. Thus, our study aimed to shed light on laccases from lactic acid bacteria focusing on two Pediococcus laccases, P. acidilactici 5930 and Pediococcus pentosaceus 4816, which have provided valuable information on their biochemical activities on redox mediators and biogenic amines. Both laccases are able to oxidize canonical substrates as ABTS, ferrocyanide and 2,6-DMP, and non-conventional substrates as biogenic amines. With ABTS as a substrate, they prefer an acidic environment and show sigmoidal kinetic activity, and are rather thermostable. Moreover, this study has provided the first structural view of two lactic acid bacteria laccases, revealing new structural features not seen before in other well-studied laccases, but which seem characteristic for this group of bacteria. We believe that understanding the role of laccases in lactic acid bacteria will have an impact on their biotechnological applications and provide a framework for the development of engineered lactic acid bacteria with enhanced properties.     

Three-Component Lysine/Ornithine Decarboxylation System in Lactobacillus saerimneri 30a

Lactic acid bacteria play a pivotal role in many food fermentations and sometimes represent a health threat due to the ability of some strains to produce biogenic amines that accumulate in foods and cause trouble following ingestion. These strains carry specific enzymatic systems catalyzing the uptake of amino acid precursors (e.g., ornithine and lysine), the decarboxylation inside the cell, and the release of the resulting biogenic amines (e.g., putrescine and cadaverine). This study aimed to identify the system involved in production of cadaverine from lysine, which has not been described to date for lactic acid bacteria. Strain Lactobacillus saerimneri 30a (formerly called Lactobacillus sp. 30a) produces both putrescine and cadaverine. The sequencing of its genome showed that the previously described ornithine decarboxylase gene was not associated with the gene encoding an ornithine/putrescine exchanger as in other bacteria. A new hypothetical decarboxylation system was detected in the proximity of the ornithine decarboxylase gene. It consisted of two genes encoding a putative decarboxylase sharing sequence similarities with ornithine decarboxylases and a putative amino acid transporter resembling the ornithine/putrescine exchangers. The two decarboxylases were produced in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized in vitro, whereas the transporter was heterologously expressed in Lactococcus lactis and functionally characterized in vivo. The overall data led to the conclusion that the two decarboxylases and the transporter form a three-component decarboxylation system, with the new decarboxylase being a specific lysine decarboxylase and the transporter catalyzing both lysine/cadaverine and ornithine/putrescine exchange. To our knowledge, this is an unprecedented observation of a bacterial three-component decarboxylation system.     

Evidence of two functionally distinct ornithine decarboxylation systems in lactic acid bacteria

Biogenic amines are low-molecular-weight organic bases whose presence in food can result in health problems. The biosynthesis of biogenic amines in fermented foods mostly proceeds through amino acid decarboxylation carried out by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), but not all systems leading to biogenic amine production by LAB have been thoroughly characterized. Here, putative ornithine decarboxylation pathways consisting of a putative ornithine decarboxylase and an amino acid transporter were identified in LAB by strain collection screening and database searches. The decarboxylases were produced in heterologous hosts and purified and characterized in vitro, whereas transporters were heterologously expressed in Lactococcus lactis and functionally characterized in vivo. Amino acid decarboxylation by whole cells of the original hosts was determined as well. We concluded that two distinct types of ornithine decarboxylation systems exist in LAB. One is composed of an ornithine decarboxylase coupled to an ornithine/putrescine transmembrane exchanger. Their combined activities results in the extracellular release of putrescine. This typical amino acid decarboxylation system is present in only a few LAB strains and may contribute to metabolic energy production and/or pH homeostasis. The second system is widespread among LAB. It is composed of a decarboxylase active on ornithine and l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) and a transporter that mediates unidirectional transport of ornithine into the cytoplasm. Diamines that result from this second system are retained within the cytosol.     

Tyrosine-containing peptides are precursors of tyramine produced by lactobacillus plantarum strain IR BL0076 isolated from wine

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Biogenic amines are molecules with allergenic properties. They are found in fermented products and are synthesized by lactic acid bacteria through the decarboxylation of amino acids present in the food matrix. The concentration of biogenic amines in fermented foodstuffs is influenced by many environmental factors, and in particular, biogenic amine accumulation depends on the quantity of available precursors. Enological practices which lead to an enrichment in nitrogen compounds therefore favor biogenic amine production in wine. Free amino acids are the only known precursors for the synthesis of biogenic amines, and no direct link has previously been demonstrated between the use of peptides by lactic acid bacteria and biogenic amine synthesis. RESULTS: Here we demonstrate for the first time that a Lactobacillus plantarum strain isolated from a red wine can produce the biogenic amine tyramine from peptides containing tyrosine. In our conditions, most of the tyramine was produced during the late exponential growth phase, coinciding with the expression of the tyrDC and tyrP genes. The DNA sequences of tyrDC and tyrP in this strain share 98% identity with those in Lactobacillus brevis consistent with horizontal gene transfer from L. brevis to L. plantarum. CONCLUSION: Peptides amino acids are precursors of biogenic amines for Lactobacillus plantarum strain IR BL0076.