通过DNA改组技术定向进化赖氨酸脱羧酶基因cadA和ldc

利用DNA改组技术对赖氨酸脱羧酶野生型基因ldc进行随机突变,在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli JM109中构建赖氨酸脱羧酶突变体库。从E.coli JM109和蜂房哈夫尼菌Hafnia alvei AS1.1009中分别克隆出赖氨酸脱羧酶基因cad A和ldc。查询NCBI数据库得知,二者的同源性为75%。分别构建重组质粒p Trc99a-cad A和p Trc99a-ldc,以此2种质粒为模板,经PCR扩增,获得目的基因片段,分析目的基因片段中存在的限制性酶切位点,用多种限制性内切酶碎片化2种基因,切割成不同大小的片段。这些小片段进行不同组合,突变体经过LBXL平板初筛和高效液相色谱(HPLC)复筛,获得1株酶活性提高的赖氨酸脱羧酶突变体,编号为LDC2-16,其比酶活为4 869.86 U/mg(以1 mg总蛋白计),与2种野生型赖氨酸脱羧酶基因表达的酶Cad A(1 652.63 U/mg)、Ldc(2 365.93 U/mg)相比,在最适温度37℃、p H 6.0时,突变体的比酶活分别是上述野生型酶的2.95和2.06倍。摇瓶发酵5 h后,目标产物1,5-戊二胺产量从46.9提高至63.9 g/L,提高了36%。     

赖氨酸脱羧酶分子改造及固定化合成1,5-戊二胺研究进展

1,5-戊二胺又名尸胺,是一种重要的生物基聚酰胺生产原料,可以与二元羧酸缩合生成生物基聚酰胺PA5X,其性能可以与石油基聚酰胺材料媲美。生物基聚酰胺以可再生能源为底物,如淀粉、纤维素、植物油等,符合绿色可持续发展战略。1,5-戊二胺的生物合成主要包括微生物从头合成及全细胞催化两种方法,而赖氨酸脱羧酶是其生物合成中的关键酶,该酶主要包括诱导型赖氨酸脱羧酶CadA和组成型赖氨酸脱羧酶LdcC两种。赖氨酸脱羧酶是一种折叠型Ⅰ型磷酸吡哆醛(pyridoxal-5'' phosphate,PLP)依赖酶,但该酶在实际反应过程中易受环境因素影响,存在活性不高、结构不稳定等问题。因此,提高赖氨酸脱羧酶催化活性及稳定性成为该领域的研究热点,主要包括分子改造以及固定化研究。文中综述了赖氨酸脱羧酶的作用机理、分子改造技术及固定化策略的研究进展,并对未来进一步提升赖氨酸脱羧酶活性及稳定性策略进行了展望,旨在实现1,5-戊二胺的高效生物制备。     

诱导蜂房哈夫尼菌产L-赖氨酸脱羧酶条件的研究

用响应面法对蜂房哈夫尼菌（Hafnia alvei）L-赖氨酸脱羧酶产酶诱导条件进行优化。首先通过单因素实验对产酶体系的pH、震荡培养时间、静置培养时间、诱导物添加量和Ⅷ添加量进行优化。在此基础上,用部分因子重复试验筛选出对酶活影响显著的3个因素（静置培养时间,诱导物添加量,VB6添加量）,再通过Box-behnken实验对这三个因素进行优化,得出最优值。最终得到产酶最佳诱导条件为：震荡培养阶段培养基pH6．5,静置培养阶段pH5．5;摇床震荡培养11h后静置培养7．5h,诱导物L一赖氨酸加入量为5．18dL,维生素B6加入量为1．38g／L时酶活最高,达到71．2U／mL,为优化前（1．74u／mL）的41．8倍,在单因素的基础上提高了19％。     

一株产酸克雷伯氏菌发酵培养基优化

为提高产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)的发酵水平,通过单因素优化,研究培养条件、碳源、氮源、无机盐对产酸克雷伯氏菌活菌量的影响,利用响应面分析法对影响产酸克雷伯氏菌活菌量的关键因子进行优化,30 L发酵罐进行扩大培养。得出最佳配方（质量分数）：黄豆饼粉2.19%,玉米粉1.0%,蔗糖1.10%,硫酸铵0.06%,玉米浆干粉0.5%,蛋白胨0.05%,硫酸镁0.04%,磷酸二氢钾0.02%,氯化钠0.080%,硫酸锰0.03%,pH 7.0~7.4。活菌量稳定在2.0×10¹⁰  cfu/mL以上,能够满足生产要求,为产酸克雷伯氏菌作为微生物菌肥的应用提供参考。     

响应面法优化赖氨酸脱羧酶产酶培养基

目的:对蜂房哈夫尼菌产L-赖氨酸脱羧酶培养基进行优化.方法:采用响应面优化的方法.首先单因素实验得到最适培养基成分为:葡萄糖2%,酵母膏2%,MsSO40.03%,KH2PO40.01%,NaCl 0.3%,L-赖氨酸0.5%,维生素B6 0.1%,玉米浆4%,酶活达到180.85U/mL.在此基础上,用PB试验筛选出对酶活影响显著的3个因素(葡萄糖、酵母膏、玉米浆),再通过Box-behnken实验对这三个因素进行优化.结果:得到产酶最佳培养基为葡萄糖1.84%,酵母膏2.20%,玉米浆3.66%,MgSO40.03%,K2HPO4 0.01%,NaCl 0.3%,L-赖氨酸0.5%,维生素B60.1%.结论:响应面优化的方法使酶活达到203.14U/mL,比优化前的比酶活(7.03U/ML)提高28.9倍,在单因素的基础上提高了11.3%.     

牦牛源木聚糖酶产生菌的筛选和鉴定

目的以牦牛粪便为样本,筛选并鉴定产木聚糖酶菌株。方法利用碱提取法从玉米芯中提取木聚糖,以自制木聚糖为唯一碳源,从牦牛牛粪中筛选产木聚糖酶细菌,利用16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定菌种,3,5-二硝基水杨酸法(DNS)测定其产酶能力并分析所产酶的酶学特性。结果筛选获得牦牛源产木聚糖酶类芽胞杆菌,所产木聚糖酶的最适反应条件为50℃、pH 8.0,在pH值为7.0或8.0以及温度50℃条件下,表现出较好的稳定性,Mn~(2+)对酶活力具有显著抑制作用,该菌最佳发酵时间为12 h,酶活最高达到1.2 U/mL。结论该菌所产木聚糖酶能够针对性地降解玉米芯木聚糖,在畜牧业和工业上有一定的应用价值。     

一步法生产1,5-戊二胺谷氨酸棒杆菌基因工程菌的构建

1,5-戊二胺是一种重要的化工原料,发酵法生产1,5-戊二胺是一条新颖且具有潜在竞争力的生产途径。以蜂房哈夫尼菌(Hafnia alvei)AS1.1009基因组为模板,通过PCR扩增,得到大小约为2.2kb的赖氨酸脱羧酶基因ldc。以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)/谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)穿梭质粒pXMJl9为载体,将扩增得到的目的基因片段克隆至谷氨酸棒杆菌C.glutamicum TK260512,获得重组菌株C.glutamicum TK260512/pXMJl9-ldc.在摇瓶发酵水平上,通过IPTG诱导ldc基因的表达,并采用反相高效液相色谱方法测定了发酵液中1,5-戊二胺的含量,结果显示,经36h发酵,工程菌C.glutamicum TK260512/pXMJ19-ldc的1,5-戊二胺产量为0.96g/L。     

鸟氨酸脱羧酶高活性微生物菌株的筛选

根据鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)催化底物L-鸟氨酸脱羧生成腐胺,从而引起培养基中pH升高的特点,设计了一种高效、经济的筛选方法,并以此作为初筛手段从土壤中快速分离可产生较高ODC活力微生物菌种。研究发现培养后pH的变化与微生物产酶能力存在着明显的正相关性,R2=0.914 2。对从土壤和活性污泥样品中分离得到的343株细菌进行有效初筛以及经过摇瓶发酵测定酶活的复筛试验后,筛选得到6株高酶活的菌株,其中菌株CJW07和CGW27的ODC活性分别达到了121.32 U/mL和109.25 U/mL。     

一株木蹄层孔菌SO3高产漆酶发酵工艺及部分酶学特性研究

从采自新疆阿勒泰山的木蹄层孔菌(Fomes fomentarius)中筛选获得一株高产漆酶的SO3菌株,对其产酶发酵工艺进行优化,并对部分酶学特性进行了研究。结果表明:SO3菌株产漆酶的最佳碳、氮源分别为麦麸和酵母粉; Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的添加对SO3产漆酶有一定的促进作用,而Cu~(2+)具有明显的抑制作用;没食子酸和单宁酸可使产酶高峰期提前2天;添加ABTS可使酶活由6 736 U/L提高至8 470 U/L;正交实验L_9(3~4)优化培养基最佳组分为:酵母粉0.5%、麦麸2.5%、葡萄糖0.5%,磷酸二氢铵0.5%,漆酶活性达到10 863 U/L。酶学特性结果表明:SO3菌漆酶最适反应温度为50℃,且在80℃仍具有漆酶活性,最适反应pH为3.0,在40℃,pH 4.0～5.0之间,酶活性最稳定;同时研究表明Mn~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对酶稳定性有一定的促进作用,Co~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对酶的稳定性具有明显的破坏作用;对菌体及发酵液进行了双向电泳检测,测定其等电点为4.1,获得了1个纯化酶蛋白质谱序列。结果表明,该蛋白为LaccaseE(Trametes sp.420)。SO3菌株具有潜在的应用价值。     

普通生酮基古龙酸菌中山梨糖脱氢酶和山梨酮脱氢酶的纯化及酶学性质分析

【目的】对源于普通生酮基古龙酸菌(Ketogulonicigenium vulgare WSH-001)的山梨糖脱氢酶(Sorbose dehydrogenase,SDH)和山梨酮脱氢酶(Sorbosone dehydrogenase,SNDH)的酶学性质进行分析。【方法】以K.vulgare WSH-001基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增得到山梨糖脱氢酶基因(sdh)和山梨酮脱氢酶基因(sndh),构建重组表达质粒p ET28a-sdh、p ET28a-sndh,并分别转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中。利用镍柱亲和层析和凝胶过滤层析得到纯化的SDH和SNDH。【结果】成功构建产SDH和SNDH的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)并对目的酶进行纯化。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明,SDH和SNDH的大小分别为64 k Da和48 k Da,与理论预测值一致。显色法测得SDH酶活为3.15 U/mg,最适反应温度为30°C,最适反应pH为8.0左右;SNDH酶活为6.12 U/mg,最适反应温度为35°C,最适反应pH为8.0左右。在pH 3.0、4.0、5.0的偏酸性条件下,2个酶的酶活受到显著影响。【结论】表达并纯化了来源于普通生酮基古龙酸菌来源的SDH、SNDH,并进行了酶学性质分析,为利用SDH、SNDH实现维生素C前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸的一步法发酵生产提供了必要的参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).