胰岛素对小鼠胚胎印迹基因Igf2/H19甲基化水平和表达的影响

探讨胰岛素对小鼠早期胚胎体外发育影响的分子机理.将小鼠2细胞胚胎培养于KSOM+0.25 μg/ml胰岛素培养基内,发育至桑椹胚和囊胚.提取桑椹胚和囊胚的总RNA和DNA.实时定量PCR分析,实验组桑椹胚Igf2 mRNA表达是对照组的4.7倍,H19表达是对照组的5.7倍;实验组囊胚Igf2 mRNA表达是对照组的1.8倍,而H19表达量是对照组的2.3倍;BSP测序法分析Igf2/H19印迹控制区的甲基化水平,实验组桑椹胚、囊胚的甲基化率分别为7.3%和32.3%,分别比对照组下降86.4%和35.4%.结果显示,胰岛素降低植入前胚胎Igf2/H19印迹控制区DNA甲基化的水平,从而使Igf2和H19基因表达升高.     

抗肿瘤药物对小鼠早期胚胎发育的影响

表观遗传修饰在基因表达和克隆胚胎的早期发育方面有重要作用.表现遗传修饰至少发生在两个关键时期--配子形成期和植入前胚胎,如果在此期间发生异常,则会导致胚胎的死亡及出生后各种疾病的发生.其中DNA的甲基化是最重要的一种表观遗传修饰类型,DNA甲基化在哺乳动物发育过程中起关键作用.综述几种类型抗肿瘤药物作用机制——其使胚胎的DNA甲基化降低,引起转录活性降低,进而导致胚胎发育停滞.     

葡萄糖对ICR小鼠胚胎体外发育的影响

研究葡萄糖在小鼠早期胚胎体外发育中的作用。实验1将6—8周龄的ICR雌鼠超数排卵后与公鼠交配,收集1-细胞放入含0(对照组)、0.5、1、3、5、10mmol/L葡萄糖的CZB中培养;实验2将从超排的ICR雌鼠输卵管内收集的1-细胞放入无糖CZB中培养,分别于1细胞、2细胞、4细胞、桑椹胚阶段移入含3.0mmol/L葡萄糖(最适浓度)的CZB中,培养24h后又移回到无糖CZB中(桑椹胚阶段除外)继续培养以及整个胚胎培养过程均在含糖CZB中,对照组胚胎培养全程均在无糖CZB中。每组胚胎于37℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养120h,每24h在倒置显微镜下观察胚胎发育情况,分别计算2-细胞率、4-细胞率、桑椹胚率、囊胚率和孵化率,并进行囊胚细胞计数。结果显示,小鼠胚胎在含糖CZB中与在无糖CZB中4-细胞发育率无差异;含糖CZB中囊胚率显著高于对照组;3.0mmol/L浓度组囊胚细胞数显著高于其余组;2-细胞至4-细胞、4-细胞至桑椹胚前添加葡萄糖囊胚率显著高于对照组,1-细胞至2-细胞、桑椹胚及其以后阶段添加葡萄糖囊胚率与对照组无差异。实验证实,在ICR小鼠胚胎体外培养中加入葡萄糖不会导致2-细胞阻滞;葡萄糖浓度增至10mmol/L对ICR小鼠胚胎无毒性作用;ICR小鼠胚胎体外培养的最适葡萄糖浓度为3.0mmol/L;2-细胞至4-细胞、4-细胞至桑椹胚前添加葡萄糖是必要的。     

葡萄糖对小鼠胚胎体外发育的影响

通过在CZB培养液中添加不同浓度葡萄糖及在胚胎发育的不同阶段加入葡萄糖,对小鼠胚胎进行体外培养,以探讨葡萄糖在小鼠早期胚胎体外发育中的作用。其结果表明,小鼠胚胎在含糖CZB与在无糖CZB中培养比较,4-细胞发育率无差异;各浓度葡萄糖组囊胚率显著高于无糖组,其中3.0mmol/L浓度组囊胚细胞数显著高于其余组;实验二：2-细胞至4-细胞、4-细胞至桑椹胚前添加葡萄糖囊胚率显著提高。上述结果证明,在小鼠胚胎体外培养中加入葡萄糖不会导致2-细胞阻滞;葡萄糖浓度增加至10mmol/L对小鼠胚胎无毒性作用,其最适浓度为3.0mmol/L;2-细胞至4-细胞、4-细胞至桑椹胚前添加葡萄糖是必要的。关键词 葡萄糖;小鼠;2-细胞阻滞;胚胎;体外发育     

应用乙二醇冷冻小鼠胚胎：优化和简化程序的探索

提高解冻胚胎的发育能力和简化冷冻解冻程序是胚胎冷冻研究的两大永恒的主题。尽管乙二醇（EG）广泛用于家畜胚胎冷冻,但很少用于冷冻小鼠和人胚胎。为数很少的以EG慢冻小鼠或人胚胎的研究均采用较为复杂的人胚冷冻程序,未见简化程序和用EG冷冻小鼠桑椹胚的报道。采用简单的牛胚胎冷冻程序研究了发育时期、EG浓度、平衡方法、添加蔗糖以及解冻后脱除EG等对小鼠胚胎冻后发育能力的影响。结果显示：（1）致密晚期桑椹胚冻后体外培养囊胚发育率（81.92%±2.24%）和孵出率（68.56％±2.43%）显著（P＜0.05)高于4-细胞、8-细胞胚胎和致密早期桑椹胚胎;（2）1.8mol/L EG冷冻小鼠致密晚期桑椹胚的囊胚发育和孵出率显著高于其它浓度;（3）在EG中平衡10min的冻后囊胚发育显著好于平衡5、20或30min;（4）两步平衡冷冻胚胎的囊胚发育率和孵出率显著高于一步平衡;（5）用EG冷冻小鼠胚胎无需添加蔗糖;（6）解冻后可不脱除EG;（7）冻后发育的早期囊胚和囊胚细胞数明显少于体内发育胚胎。因此,用EG冷冻小鼠胚胎的最佳方案为：致密晚期桑椹胚用1.8mol/L EG不添加蔗糖、两步平衡15min、以简单的牛胚胎冷冻程序冷冻解冻、解冻后不脱除EG直接培养或移植。     

牛体外受精胚胎的基因组甲基化模式

利用抗5-甲基胞嘧啶(5MeC)抗体免疫荧光法检测了体外成熟(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)和体外培养(IVC)的牛合子及早期胚胎的基因组甲基化模式. 实验结果表明: 有61.5%的合子发生了雄原核去甲基化, 而34.6%的合子没有发生去甲基化; 当胚胎发育到8-细胞时, 甲基化水平明显下降, 且一直到桑椹胚期仍维持低甲基化状态, 但同一枚胚胎的不同卵裂球之间甲基化水平不同; 在囊胚期, 内细胞团细胞的甲基化水平很低, 而滋养层细胞的甲基化水平却很高. 本研究结果至少部分地提示, IVM/IVF/IVC可能对牛合子及早期胚胎的甲基化模式有一定影响.     

牛早期胚胎发育中AID基因的表达及其调节区DNA甲基化的动态变化北大核心CSCD

以具有DNA主动去甲基化作用的活化诱导胞苷脱氨酶(Activation-induced cytidine deaminase,AID,亦称为AICDA)基因为研究对象,检测其在牛卵母细胞及体外受精胚胎发育不同阶段的表达变化及其调节方式,揭示细胞重编程分子机制。应用Real-time PCR、BSP(Bisulfite Sequencing PCR)和免疫荧光化学等方法分析DNA甲基化对牛早期胚胎发育中AID基因表达的影响。结果显示,AID基因在牛早期胚胎发育中受DNA甲基化的调控,AID基因的T-DMR(tissue-dependent and differentially methylated region)位于其转录起始位点-88 bp--431 bp。在牛卵母细胞成熟过程中,T-DMR第2和第3号Cp G位点的DNA甲基化明显去除,而其他位点都未发生变化。卵母细胞在成熟过程中AID基因的积累与DNA甲基化状态变化相关。在牛体外受精胚发育早期的各阶段,尽管AID基因的表达不同,但AID基因T-DMR除第2和第3号CpG位点一直都维持去甲基化状态外,其他位点始终维持甲基化状态。推测其表达的变化可能是胚胎基因组激活有关。以上研究表明,AID基因T-DMR的低甲基化与其表达存在一定的相关性。通过免疫荧光检测发现,从卵母细胞成熟期到桑椹胚期,AID蛋白都是均匀分布于细胞核和细胞质中。而囊胚时期大量AID蛋白集中于内细胞团,这可能对于内细胞团多能性的维持起重要作用。综上所述,牛卵母细胞成熟中积累的AID作用于受精过程,其启动子区的DNA去甲基化与AID基因的表达有关,胚胎基因组激活后AID基因的表达可能与胚胎发育有关。     

牛早期胚胎发育中AID基因的表达及其调节区DNA甲基化的动态变化

以具有DNA主动去甲基化作用的活化诱导胞苷脱氨酶(Activation-induced cytidine deaminase,AID,亦称为AICDA)基因为研究对象,检测其在牛卵母细胞及体外受精胚胎发育不同阶段的表达变化及其调节方式,揭示细胞重编程分子机制。应用Real-time PCR、BSP(Bisulfite Sequencing PCR)和免疫荧光化学等方法分析DNA甲基化对牛早期胚胎发育中AID基因表达的影响。结果显示,AID基因在牛早期胚胎发育中受DNA甲基化的调控,AID基因的T-DMR(tissue-dependent and differentially methylated region)位于其转录起始位点-88 bp--431 bp。在牛卵母细胞成熟过程中,T-DMR第2和第3号Cp G位点的DNA甲基化明显去除,而其他位点都未发生变化。卵母细胞在成熟过程中AID基因的积累与DNA甲基化状态变化相关。在牛体外受精胚发育早期的各阶段,尽管AID基因的表达不同,但AID基因T-DMR除第2和第3号CpG位点一直都维持去甲基化状态外,其他位点始终维持甲基化状态。推测其表达的变化可能是胚胎基因组激活有关。以上研究表明,AID基因T-DMR的低甲基化与其表达存在一定的相关性。通过免疫荧光检测发现,从卵母细胞成熟期到桑椹胚期,AID蛋白都是均匀分布于细胞核和细胞质中。而囊胚时期大量AID蛋白集中于内细胞团,这可能对于内细胞团多能性的维持起重要作用。综上所述,牛卵母细胞成熟中积累的AID作用于受精过程,其启动子区的DNA去甲基化与AID基因的表达有关,胚胎基因组激活后AID基因的表达可能与胚胎发育有关。     

人-牛异种克隆胚构建及其线粒体来源

通过人-牛异种核移植技术获得异种克隆囊胚, 便于在不消耗人类卵母细胞的情况下从异种克隆胚中分离出人类干细胞。通过透明带下注射法将人胎儿成纤维细胞和牛耳成纤维细胞分别注入去核牛卵母细胞中构建异种和同种胚胎, 并比较两者之间的融合率、卵裂率、8-细胞发育率以及囊胚率。并对处于2-细胞、4-细胞、8-细胞、桑椹胚、囊胚阶段的异种克隆胚的线粒体DNA来源进行检测。结果表明, 异种克隆胚体外各个阶段的发育率均低于同种克隆胚, 尤其是8-细胞到囊胚阶段的发育率, 以及囊胚率都显著低于同种克隆胚(P<0.05)。异种克隆胚在2-细胞到桑椹胚阶段检测到人、牛线粒体DNA共存, 囊胚阶段只检测到牛线粒体DNA。结果表明: 牛卵母细胞可以重编程人胎儿成纤维细胞, 完成异种克隆胚植入前的胚胎发育, 异种克隆胚由于核质相互作用的不谐调, 影响其发育能力, 使其囊胚率显著低于同种克隆胚。牛线粒体DNA存在于植入前异种胚胎发育的各个阶段。异种克隆胚胎用于人类胚胎干细胞分离具有可行性。     

综述: DNA甲基化在动物胚胎和生殖细胞发育过程中的重编程

表观遗传信息DNA甲基化在动物的发育、细胞分化和器官形成过程中,起着至关重要的作用．近期,关于DNA甲基化在脊椎动物胚胎发育和生殖细胞发育过程重编程的研究取得了重要的进展．发现斑马鱼的早期胚胎完整地继承了精子的DNA甲基化图谱,而哺乳动物的早期胚胎和原始生殖细胞发育过程则经历了整体去甲基化并重新建立甲基化图谱的过程,但胚胎发育过程中基因的印迹区未发生DNA去甲基化,而生殖细胞发育过程中印迹区的甲基化修饰被消除．     

小鼠体内外受精植入前胚胎全基因组甲基化模式比较

为考察体外受精、操作及培养环境对体外受精的小鼠植入前胚胎全基因组DNA甲基化模式的影响,本研究以体内受精的植入前胚胎作为对照,采用间接免疫荧光法检测小鼠体内外受精植入前胚胎基因组DNA甲基化模式.实验结果表明,体外受精各期植入前胚胎呈现出与之相应时期的体内受精植入前胚胎不同的DNA甲基化模式和水平,原核期甲基化水平较高,2-4-、8-细胞期明显降低,而桑葚胚和囊胚期又略有升高.各期体外受精植入前胚胎的基因组DNA甲基化水平都比同时期体内受精胚胎的甲基化水平低.本实验结果部分显示了体外受精、操作及培养环境可能对正常的DNA甲基化模式产生影响,造成体外受精植入前胚胎甲基化模式异常.     

Vitrification of murine mature metaphase II oocytes perturbs DNA methylation reprogramming during preimplantation embryo development

Accurate reprogramming of DNA methylation occurring in preimplantation embryos is critical for normal development of both fetus and placenta. Environmental stresses imposed on oocytes usually cause the abnormal DNA methylation reprogramming of early embryos. However, whether oocyte vitrification alters the reprogramming of DNA methylation (5 mC) and its derivatives in mouse preimplantation embryo development remains largely unknown. Here, we found that the rate of cleavage and blastocyst formation of embryos produced by IVF of vitrified matured oocytes was significantly lower than that in control counterparts, but the quality of blastocysts was not impaired by oocyte vitrification. Additionally, although vitrification neither altered the dynamic changes of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-formylcytosine (5 fC) before 4-cell stage nor affected the levels of 5 mC and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) throughout the preimplantation development, vitrification significantly reduced the levels of 5hmC and 5 fC from 8-cell stage onwards. Correspondingly, vitrification did not alter the expression patterns of Tet3 in preimplantation embryos but apparently reduced the expression levels of Tet1 in 4-cell and 8-cell embryos and increased the expression levels of Tet2 at morula stage. Taken together, these results demonstrate that oocyte vitrification perturbs DNA methylation reprogramming in mouse preimplantation embryo development.     

人参皂甙Rg1对昆明小鼠早胚体外发育的影响

目的观察人参皂甙Rg1对昆明(kunming,KM)小鼠早胚体外发育的影响,为改善小鼠早胚体外培养体系奠定实验基础。方法以空白M16培养液为对照组,M16中添加浓度为5μmol/L、10μmol/L、20μmol/L Rg1为实验组,收集KM小鼠1-细胞胚进行体外连续培养,计数各组发育至2-、4-细胞胚、桑葚胚和囊胚等各个阶段的数目,比较各组发育至不同阶段的比率。结果添加Rg1实验组发育到桑葚胚和囊胚的比率明显高于对照组,其中以添加浓度为10μmol/L的Rg1实验组的效果最显著,其桑葚胚发育率为59.79%,而对照组只有19.17%(P<0.01)。10μmol/L的Rg1实验组囊胚发育率为17.82%,也明显高于对照组1.87%(P<0.01)。结论 Rg1可提高KM小鼠1-细胞胚体外发育到桑葚胚及囊胚的比率,以10μmol/L浓度的Rg1效果最显著。     

Effects of 5-azacytidine on the development of parthenogenetic mouse embryos

This study describes the effects of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) on the development of diploid parthenogenetic embryos (PE) of CBA, C57BL/6 and (CBA × C57BL/6)F₁ mice in vitro at the 1-cell or the blastocyst stage or in vivo after implantation. Our findings indicate that genomic imprinting is modulated by genetic background. Non-fertilized C57BL/6 eggs form diploid parthenogenetic blastocysts at a much higher frequency than CBA eggs. Eggs from F₁ hybrid females form parthenogenetic blastocysts at an approximately intermediate level between these inbred strains of mice. C57BL/6 PE do not develop to the somite stages. In contrast, CBA PE and F₁ PE develop to various somite stages. Following administration of 5–azaC at 1.0 μmol/L in vitro at the 1- -cell stage, the number of implantations of C57BL/6 PE transferred to pseudopregnant females increased. In contrast, the number of implantations and somite F₁ PE did not significantly change following exposure to 5–azaC. However, administration of 5-azaC at the 1-cell stage stimulates development of somite F₁ PE. Administration of 5-azaC at 0.2 and 1.0 μmol/L in vitro at the blastocyst stage did not change the number of implantations of C57BL/6 PE. However, the number of implantations and somite CBA PE decreased. After injection of 5azaC at 0.24mg/kg in vivo at day 8 of gestation, some F₁ PE developed to 26–35 somites compared with a maximum of 25 somites in controls. The different effects of 5-azaC on the development of PE depend upon the mouse strain used and the stage of development.     

Response of preimplantation murine embryos to heat shock as modified by developmental stage and glutathione status

Summary Objectives were to characterize developmental changes in response to heat shock in the preimplantation mouse embryo and to evaluate whether ability to synthesize glutathione is important for thermal resistance in mouse embryos. Heat shock (41° C for 1 or 2 h) was most effective at disrupting development to the blastocyst stage when applied to embryos at the 2-cell stage that were delayed in development. Effects of heat shock on ability of embryos to undergo hatching were similar for 2-cell, 4-cell, and morula stage embryos. The phenomenon of induced thermotolerance, for which exposure to a mild heat shock increases resistance to a more severe heat shock, depended upon stage of development and whether embryos developed in vitro or in vivo. In particular, induced thermotolerance was observed for morulae derived from development in vivo but not for 2-cell embryos or morulae that developed in culture. Administration of buthionine sulfoximine to inhibit glutathione synthesis did not increase thermal sensitivity of 2-cell embryos or morulae but did reduce subsequent development of 2-cell embryos at both 37° and 41° C. In summary, changes in the ability of 2-cell through morula stages to continue to develop following a single heat shock were generally minimal. However, 2-cell embryos delayed in development had reduced thermal resistance, and therefore, maternal heat stress may be more likely to cause mortality of embryos that are already compromised in development. There were also developmental changes in the capacity of embryos to undergo induced thermotolerance. Glutathione synthesis was important for development of embryos but inhibition of glutathione synthesis did not make embryos more susceptible to heat shock.     

Influence of vincristine on the Golgi apparatus in preimplantation development of the mouse embryo

The aim of our study was the evaluation of the action of vincristine (VCR) on the Golgi apparatus of mouse embryos from females receiving this drug. Quantitative and qualitative changes were investigated in 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-cell embryos, morulae, and blastocysts from female mice treated with VCR in the amount of 0.075 mg/kg body weight 5 times once weekly. The number of embryos was decreased in all the examined developmental stages of preimplantation development. Electron microscopic investigation demonstrated translocation and dispersion of the Golgi apparatus components and changes in their relative volume as compared with that of control animals. The widest changes were noted on the 4-, 8-cell embryos and morulae in the experimental group. In the blastocyst stage, statistically significant differences in the Golgi apparatus were not demonstrated between the experimental and the control group. The present results seem to suggest the existence of remote effects of VCR which may influence the development of the progeny of females treated with this drug.