海拔对高山峡谷区土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

为了解土壤微生物生物量和酶活性随海拔的变化特征,以川西海拔1563 m到3994 m的高山峡谷区的干旱河谷、干旱河谷-山地森林交错带、亚高山针叶林、高山森林和高山草甸土壤为研究对象,采用原位培养法研究了5种不同海拔生态系统中有机层(0～15 cm)和矿质层(15～30 cm)土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶及酸性磷酸酶活性的变化.结果表明:有机层土壤中微生物生物量碳氮和3种土壤酶活性呈现出先增加后减少再增加的变化特征,从2158 m开始不断增加,到3028 m左右达到峰值后减少,在3593 m出现最小值后,逆势增加直到3994 m后再次减少;矿质层土壤的微生物生物量碳氮和3种土壤酶活性表现为亚高山针叶林(3028 m)>高山草甸(3994 m)>干旱河谷-山地森林交错带(2158 m)>高山森林(3593 m)>干旱河谷(1563 m).各海拔梯度土壤有机层的微生物生物量和酶活性显著高于矿质层.高山峡谷区土壤微生物生物量与土壤酶活性呈极显著正相关.土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶与土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮呈极显著正相关,土壤蔗糖酶与土壤全磷含量呈极显著正相关,土壤酸性磷酸酶与土壤全磷和土壤温度呈极显著正相关.可见,高山峡谷区海拔变化引起的植被和其他环境因子的变化显著影响了土壤生化特性.     

武夷山不同海拔典型植被带土壤酶活性特征

在武夷山自然保护区不同海拔4个典型植被带(常绿阔叶林、针叶林、亚高山矮林以及高山草甸)采集土壤样品,分析了脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶4种主要土壤酶活性的变化.结果表明:除磷酸酶外,武夷山不同海拔植被带土壤酶活性没有显著的季节差异,磷酸酶活性秋季显著高于其他季节;不同海拔土壤酶活性差异显著,海拔与季节对土壤酶活性无交互影响;土壤酶活性随海拔升高总体上呈上升趋势,高海拔草甸的土壤酶活性显著高于低海拔林地土壤;土壤酶活性具有明显的垂直分层分布,土层越深酶活性越低;4个植被带土壤脲酶活性为1.28 ～3.87 mg·g-1·24h-1,高山草甸＞常绿阔叶林＞亚高山矮林＞针叶林;蔗糖酶活性为36.18 ～244.08 mg·g-1·24 h-1,高山草甸＞针叶林＞常绿阔叶林＞亚高山矮林;磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性分别为0.18～0.62 mg·g-1 ·2 h-1和1.78 ～1.98 ml·g-1·20 min-1,高山草甸＞针叶林＞亚高山矮林＞常绿阔叶林;土壤酶活性与土壤总有机碳、全氮显著正相关;与土壤温度、湿度、pH相关性比较复杂.     

武夷山不同海拔植被土壤微生物量的季节动态及主要影响因子

土壤微生物量的季节变化在陆地生态系统碳循环方面具有重要作用。为阐明中亚热带武夷山不同海拔梯度带土壤微生物量的季节变化规律及其主要影响因子,选择4种不同海拔梯度的植物群落：常绿阔叶林（EBF,500 m）、针叶林（CF,1200 m）、亚高山矮林（DF,1800 m）和高山草甸（AM,2100 m）于2005年6月—2006年6月期间进行了实验研究。结果表明：不同海拔梯度带土壤微生物量均具有明显的季节变化且变化趋势一致,均表现为早春最大,夏季最小;不同海拔梯度带土壤微生物量的季节变化与对应月份的土壤湿度、土壤有效碳均呈显著正相关,而与土壤温度、土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、凋落物输入量等因子相关不显著。土壤有效碳含量、土壤湿度是调控武夷山森林土壤微生物量季节变异的重要生态因子。     

藏东南森林土壤微生物群落结构与土壤酶活性随海拔梯度的变化

【目的】针对青藏高原藏东南地区色季拉山不同海拔森林土壤,探讨微生物群落与土壤酶活性之间的联系以及受控因子。【方法】利用微生物细胞膜磷脂(PLFA)方法研究土壤微生物群落结构随海拔变化情况,分析土壤葡萄糖苷酶、酚氧化酶、蛋白酶、L-天冬酰胺酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性以及土壤理化性质随海拔的变化趋势。【结果】土壤理化性质和生化指标随海拔增高没有显著变化,如水分含量、有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、pH、无机氮和硝态氮,土壤葡萄糖苷酶、酚氧化酶、蛋白酶、L-天冬酰胺酶和酸性磷酸酶活性等;然而,微生物丰度呈现中峰优势分布规律,细菌、真菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌和放线菌含量在海拔3 900 m和4 000 m处生物量显著高于低海拔和更高海拔。皮尔森相关性分析表明土壤pH是影响微生物群落结构的主要因子,但海拔梯度上的温度变化与微生物群落结构和酶活性不存在显著相关性;同时,有机碳、全氮、水溶性有机碳和水溶性有机氮和pH等理化指标与土壤酶活性显著相关。【结论】在藏东南色季拉山森林生态系统,海拔梯度对土壤微生物群落结构影响较大,土壤理化指标与生物特征对海拔梯度的响应较弱。     

贺兰山不同海拔典型植被带土壤微生物多样性

土壤微生物多样性在海拔梯度的分布格局研究近年来受到和植物动物一样的重视程度,但是干旱风沙区微生物多样性在海拔梯度上的多样性分布规律尚未揭示。本研究以处于干旱风沙区的贺兰山不同海拔的六个典型植被带（荒漠草原带、山地旱生灌丛带、温性针叶林带、针阔混交林带、寒温性针叶林带和亚高山草甸带）土壤为研究对象,利用Biolog微平板法和磷脂脂肪酸甲酯法(FAMEs)系统研究微生物多样性群落特征以及在不同植被带分布规律。结果表明：土壤微生物功能多样性随海拔增加发生变化,且微生物群落结构存在显著差异。Biolog分析显示土壤微生物群落代谢活性依次是：亚高山草甸>寒温性针叶林>针阔混交林>温性针叶林>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原,随海拔的升高土壤微生物群落物种丰富度指数（H）和均匀度指数（E）总体上均表现出增大的趋势,差异显著（P＜0.05）;FAMEs分析表明不同海拔的微生物区系发生了一定程度的变化,寒温性针叶林土壤微生物磷酸脂肪酸生物标记的数量和种类均最高,且细菌、真菌特征脂肪酸相对含量也最高;土壤微生物群落结构多样性次序是：寒温性针叶林带>针阔混交林带>温性针叶林带>亚高山草甸>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原。本研究结果表明贺兰山海拔梯度的微生物多样性分布规律不同于已有的植物多样性“中部膨胀”研究结果,这说明在高海拔地区有更多的适合该生境的微生物存在,这对维持干旱风沙区的生态系统功能稳定性具有重要意义。     

川西亚高山-高山土壤表层有机碳及活性组分沿海拔梯度的变化

青藏高原东缘亚高山-高山地带土壤碳被认为是我国重要的土壤碳库,作为高海拔低温生态系统,土壤碳对土壤暖化的响应可能也更加敏感。该区域亚高山森林一般分布在海拔3200 m以上,上缘接高山树线和灌丛草地,土壤有机碳含量高。海拔梯度上变化的土壤环境因子是主要土壤温度,海拔梯度上高寒土壤有机碳及活性有机碳组的分布格局,可体现海拔梯度上温度因子对土壤碳动态的影响。对沿海拔3200 m(亚高山针叶林)、3340 m(亚高山针叶林)、3540 m(亚高山针叶林)、3670 m(亚高山针叶林)、3740 m(亚高山针叶林)、3850 m(高山林线)、3940 m(高山树线)、4120 m(高山草地)的土壤表层(0-20 cm)有机碳和活性有机碳组分含量进行分析,结果表明在该海拔范围内,表层土壤总有机碳含量随着海拔的升高而增加,显示高海拔有利于土壤碳的固存;土壤活性有机碳组分中,颗粒态有机碳含量及其占总有机碳比例与海拔呈显著正相关,在海拔最高的4120 m含量和占有机碳总量比例分别达到50.81 g/kg和56.52%。在该海拔范围内海拔越高颗粒态有机碳占有机碳比例越高,显示高海拔土壤有机碳更多以土壤颗粒态碳形式贮存。微生物量碳、水溶性碳、轻组分有机碳与海拔高度没有明显的相关性,表明这些活性有机碳组分受海拔因素影响不大;易氧化有机碳含量与海拔高度显著正相关。因此,颗粒态有机碳含量及其比例可作为高海拔地带土壤活性有机碳库动态的特征指标,表征高海拔地带土壤有机碳动态与贮量受温度影响的指标。     

武夷山不同海拔土壤呼吸及其主要调控因子

2005年4月-2006年3月,选择福建武夷山不同海拔高度上的常绿阔叶林、针叶林、亚高山矮林和高山草甸4个不同的群落作为实验地,每月测量1次土壤呼吸,测定影响土壤呼吸变化的土壤生物与非生物因子(包括土壤温度,土壤湿度,土壤有机碳、氮、硫含量,凋落物量,微生物量以及细根生物量等),研究了土壤呼吸的空间异质性.结果表明:随着海拔的升高,年均土壤呼吸速率显著降低,而土壤碳、氮、硫含量,土壤微生物量以及细根生物量等却增大;常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸速率是高山草甸的1.82倍;土壤呼吸的空间变化只与土壤温度呈显著的相关性;证明在影响土壤呼吸的土壤因子中,土壤温度是调控其在海拔高度上变化的主导因子.     

贺兰山东坡不同海拔典型植被带土壤微生物磷酸脂肪酸分析

土壤微生物在维持干旱区森林生态系统功能稳定方面具有重要作用,但有关干旱区微生物群落结构及多样性沿海拔分布规律研究较少,采用磷酸脂肪酸(PLFA)法定量分析贺兰山自然保护区东坡不同海拔典型植被带(荒漠草原HM、蒙古扁桃MG、油松林YS、混交林HJ、青海云杉林QH)土壤微生物群落结构特征及多样性。结果表明,不同海拔植被带土壤中共检测出59种PLFA生物标记,YS土壤中生物标记的含量明显高于其他植被类型,5个植被带共有且含量较高的PLFA生物标记为16:0、18:1ω9c、18:1ω7c、10Me 16:0和18:2ω6c,特征微生物的含量在不同植被带土壤中分布不同,细菌分布数量最大,其次是真菌、放线菌,原生动物分布数量最小。聚类分析发现,不同植被带土壤PLFA生物标记可分成不同的类群,16:0、18:1ω9c和18:1ω7c基本在每个植被带都会单独聚为一类。对不同植被带所共有的PLFA生物标记绘制热图,发现不同的PLFA生物标记在不同植被带分布不同,YS植被带PLFA生物标记分布最高。不同植被带土壤微生物群落多样性显示,HJ土壤中微生物多样性指数大于其他植被类型,HM土壤中微生物多样性指数...     

武夷山不同海拔梯度土壤微生物生物量微生物呼吸及其商值(qMB,qCO2)

土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物呼吸及微生物商值(微生物商(qMB)、微生物呼吸商(qCO2))是土壤质量的敏感性指标.本文对武夷山不同海拔梯度具有代表性的中亚热带常绿阔叶林、针叶林、亚高山矮林以及高山草甸土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物呼吸及其qMB、qCO2进行了研究.结果表明:土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物呼吸均随海拔梯度的升高而加大,随土层深度的加深而降低,qMB、qCO2没有表现出随海拔变化的规律,qMB的最大值(2.23%±0.28%)出现在高山草甸0～10 cm土层的土壤,最小值(0.51%±0.09%)为常绿阔叶林25～40 cm土层土壤,针叶林的值大于亚高山矮林;qCO2的最大值(5.88%±0.94%)为针叶林25～40 cm土层土壤,最小值(1.38%±0.09%)为高山草甸0-10 cm土层的土壤.在同一林分,qMB值随土层加深而减小,qCO2值在亚高山矮林和高山草甸无此规律.土壤微生物生物量、微生物呼吸及其qMB、qCO2与土壤总有机碳、全氮、全磷具有显著的线性相关关系(P<0.05),可用来评价土壤质量.     

武夷山植被带土壤微生物量沿海拔梯度的变化

土壤微生物量是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统物质循环和能量转化中占有特别重要的地位.以武夷山常绿阔叶林(EBF)、针叶林(CF)、亚高山矮林(DF)和高山草甸(AM)为试验对象,研究了土壤微生物量沿海拔梯度的变化特征.结果表明:在0～10cm土壤层,随着海拔高度的增加,年平均土壤微生物量增大,AM的年平均土壤微生物量为4.07 g·kg-1,分别为DF、CF和EBF的2.06、3.21倍和3.91倍;AM的年平均土壤微生物量显著大于DF、CF和AM(p<0.01),DF的年平均土壤微生物量显著大于EBF、CF(p<0.05),EBF和CF的年平均土壤微生物量无显著性差异(p>0.05),10～25cm土壤层的年平均土壤微生物量的变化规律与上层基本一致;在0～10cm土壤层,不同海拔年平均土壤微生物量分别与土壤有机碳、全氮、全硫含量以及土壤湿度呈显著正相关(p<0.05),在10～25cm土壤层,不同海拔年平均土壤微生物量分别与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05).研究表明,武夷山亚热带森林年平均土壤微生物量随海拔高度升高而增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、全硫和土壤湿度可能是调控土壤微生物量沿海拔梯度变化的主要因子.     

Concept,Components, and Strategies of Soil Health in Agroecosystems

The terms ''''soil health'''' or ''''soil quality'''' as applied to agroecosystems refer to the ability of soil to support and sustain crop growth while maintaining environmental quality. High-quality soils have the following characteristics: (i) a sufficient, but not excess, supply of nutrients; (ii) good structure (tilth); (iii) sufficient depth for rooting and drainage; (iv) good internal drainage; (v) low populations of plant disease and parasitic organisms; (vi) high populations of organisms that promote plant growth; (vii) low weed pressure; (viii) no chemicals that might harm the plant; (ix) resistance to being degraded; and (x) resilience following an episode of degradation. Management intended to improve soil health involves creatively combining a number of practices that enhance the soil''s biological, chemical, and physical suitability for crop production. The most important general strategy is to add plentiful quantities of organic matter—including crop and cover crop residues, manures, and composts. Other important strategies include better crop rotations, reducing tillage and keeping the soil surface covered with living and dead residue, reducing compaction by decreasing heavy equipment traffic, and using best nutrient management practices. Practices that enhance soil quality frequently reduce plant pest pressures.     

Restoration,soil organisms,and soil processes: emerging approaches

Better understanding of the connection between aboveground plant communities and belowground soil organisms and processes has led to an explosion in recent research on the applications of this link to the field of ecological restoration. Research is only beginning to have the capacity to link soil organisms and specific ecosystem functions. Establishing general ecological principles of the role microbial communities have during ecological restoration is also still in its infancy. As such, the literature is at a critical point to generate a Special Feature that brings together novel approaches of linking soil and restoration to promote more regular inclusion and consideration of soil organisms and soil‐based processes in ecological restoration. In this special feature, we bring together nine research articles from different ecosystems that study the relationship between restoration activities, soil microbial communities, and soil properties. From these research articles, we describe two primary themes: (1) research on the impacts of ecosystem‐specific restoration activities on soil organisms and processes and (2) research testing methods of soil manipulation to improve restoration outcomes. We hope to inspire readers and restoration practitioners to consider soil microbes and soil processes in their research, restoration projects, and world views.     

新疆玛纳斯流域非农业种植地盐碱性空间变异特征

土壤盐渍化是导致干旱区土地退化的主要原因之一,也是影响干旱区可持续发展和环境改善的基本问题。充分挖掘不同分类体系下盐渍土空间变异性可以为实施开垦或恢复生态措施提供科学依据。以干旱区开垦近50a的玛纳斯流域为研究区,在不同分类体系下,以土壤盐度,p H值,离子类型为指标,分析该区域非农业种植地(弃耕地,盐碱地,裸地,沙地)盐渍土类型的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)研究区68%的样本属于非盐渍化,不同类型的盐渍土主要以链状分布于泉水溢出带-冲积平原-干三角洲地带,由南向北,区域整体盐分大致遵循先升高后降低再升高趋势,半方差函数分析土壤盐分呈现弱变异,说明这种分布情况是受随机(人为)因素的影响;而p H整体由南向北递增,传统统计学和地统计学的分析结果都表明土壤碱化呈现中等变异,受结构(自然)因素和随机(人为)因素的共同影响。表层土壤除在溢出带为氯化物型盐渍土外,其他地区自南向北由硫酸-氯化物型逐渐变为氯化-硫酸盐型和硫酸盐土、苏打盐土,离子的半方差函数拟合模型结果均是弱变异和中等变异,与美国盐度实验室分类体系的变异性结果相同,此类分布特征也是结构因素和随机因素共同作用的结果。(2)分析五种典型地貌的盐渍土分布,方差分析结果表明,5种地貌类型均呈现盐分表聚特征,碱化度则由南向北递增;其中盐碱特征最为显著的是泉水溢出带。泉水溢出带的盐土垂直方向的变化趋势为由表层至深层,盐土类型由硫酸-氯化物盐土变为氯化盐土;冲积平原和干三角洲样点处全剖面为氯化物-硫酸盐土,冲积洪积扇和沙漠地区则包含所有阴离子盐土类型。对玛纳斯流域盐渍土特性的空间异质性进行分析,可以为下一步有针对性地治理与改善土壤盐渍化提供科学依据。     

晋西北不同土地管理方式对土壤碳氮、酶活性及微生物的影响

晋西北丘陵区受干旱大风气候以及人为活动的影响,土壤肥力较低,土壤质量退化严重,不同的土地利用和管理方式,因植被覆被、人为活动等不同,对土壤质量产生影响不同。为了更好地了解晋西北地区不同土地管理方式对土壤质量的影响,于山西省北部忻州市五寨县,研究不同管理方式对土壤肥力、土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构及多样性的影响,以及微生物与土壤环境因子的关系,为晋西北地区土地管理和生态建设提供参考。研究中设置4种土地管理方式:苜蓿样地(MX)、免耕样地(MG)、翻耕样地(FG)和荒地(HD),采用野外采集土壤样品、室内测定和分析的研究方法,其中土壤pH值利用电位法测定,土壤有机碳(OC)采用重铬酸钾氧化-分光光度法测定;土壤硝态氮、铵态氮利用全自动间断化学分析仪测定,其原理为紫外分光光度和靛酚蓝比色法。土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别采用KMnO_4滴定法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸法、苯酚钠-次氯酸钠比色法、磷酸苯二钠比色法测定,采用高通量测序测定土壤细菌和真菌的群落组成,利用统计分析软件SPSS和Canoco以及QIIME、USEARCH和Uclust生物信息软件分析不同土地管理方式对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,不同土地管理方式对土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性、细菌和真菌的群落结构及多样性均有影响。苜蓿和免耕2种土地管理方式可显著提高表层土壤养分并增加土壤酶活性;4种土地管理方式共有9个细菌门和11个真菌门,细菌相对丰度较大的为变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门,真菌的子囊菌门相对丰度最大;苜蓿和免耕样地土壤细菌和真菌群落丰富度和多样性都较高,荒地土壤细菌和真菌群落丰富度较低,但多样性较高;RDA分析结果表明,土壤pH、NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N含量和过氧化氢酶活性对细菌群落影响较大,pH、有机碳含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性对真菌群落影响最大。苜蓿和免耕2种土地管理方式能够提高土壤质量,是晋西北地区较为适宜的管理措施。     

落叶松、水曲柳、樟子松和农田土壤指标差异及其综合比较

东北地区以大森林和大农业为主要特色,主要造林树种落叶松、水曲柳、樟子松及农田对土壤肥力、物理指标、盐碱度、碳截获等的影响差异是本文研究目的。选择秀水林场和帽儿山林场的4种植被类型进行0—60cm分层土壤采样,对根系密度、土壤p H、电导率、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、土壤真菌代谢产物(球囊霉素相关蛋白易提取球囊霉素EEG、总提取球囊霉素TG)、容重、比重、孔隙度、比表面积、SOC、有机碳矿化速率等17个指标进行研究。主要结论如下:植被类型间的差异在不同土层之间表现一致的指标所占比例很大,其中秀水林场13个指标,帽儿山林场全部17个指标。尽管不同地点间土壤差异较大,但也存在树种差异一致性。土壤物理性质(容重、比重、孔隙度、比表面积)维持方面,两个林场均显示水曲柳综合得分最高,说明其具有更好的土壤物理性质维持能力,且多通过土壤容重下降来实现。土壤固碳能力得分最高的也是水曲柳,并且两个研究地点结果类似,主要与其高根系密度有关。综合土壤肥力维持能力(N、P、K及其有效态及真菌代谢产物球囊霉素相关蛋白),不同地点间植被类型差异排序不同。降低土壤盐碱能力(p H和电导率)方面,樟子松得分最高,尽管不同地点不尽一致。不同植被类型对土壤影响尽管不同地点、不同土壤深度多不相同,但总体上存在规律性,特别是土壤物理性质维持和土壤固碳能力方面。进行造林绿化时应该根据造林目的进行树种选择,提升土壤物理性质应该考虑种植更能够维持良好土壤物理性质的树种(如水曲柳、樟子松等),而提升土壤碳截获则要考虑根系密度大的树种(如水曲柳)。相关研究结果对国家重大生态工程(三北防护林、退耕还林)工程生态功能评价以及后续管理、树种选择具有支撑作用。     

Soil phosphorus fractions,aluminum, and water retention as affected by microbial activity in an Ultisol

Increased organic matter input into weathered and infertile soils through agricultural techniques such as minimum tillage or agroforestry can improve P availability to crops. Organic matter is an energy source for microbes, and their activity may be responsible in part for increased levels of labile P. The objective of the work reported here was to examine, in a highly weathered Ultisol, the influence of microbial activity in mobilizing P, maintaining it in a plant-available state, and preventing its fixation, and the effect of N and biocides on these processes. Exchangeable aluminum and soil moisture were also determined, since they interact with microbes and soil P.Results showed that increased microbial activity reduced sorption of dissolved and organic P by soil, maintained inorganic P in soluble and labile pools, increased microbial P, decreased mineral P, increased exchangeable Al, and increased water retention. Additions of N and biocides had variable effects, probably due to complex interactions between N, degrading biocides, and microbial populations.     

Effects of soil physics,chemistry, and microbiology on soil carbon sequestration in infertile red soils after long-term cultivation of perennial grasses

Determining the effect of perennial energy crop (PEC) cultivation on soil organic carbon (SOC) in marginal land soil is vital for carbon neutrality and bioeconomy development. However, a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the response of SOC content to different PECs and its underlying drivers is still lacking. We used soil data collected from infertile red topsoil (0–20 cm) after 10 years of cultivation with Miscanthus (MS), Panicum virgatum (SG), and Saccharum arundinaceum (SA) to explore the changes in SOC stock induced by PEC. The roles of physical, chemical, and microbiological factors driving the increase in the SOC stock were investigated. Results revealed that SA and MS enhanced SOC stock by 87.97% and 27.52% relative to the uncultivated control. Conversely, PEC increased the percentage of soil mega-aggregates, geometric mean diameters, soil chelate iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) oxides, and reduced soil acidity for the infertile red soils. In addition, fungal richness and diversity for PEC soils were enhanced compared to the unplanted soil. It is possible that PEC cultivation reduced the relative abundance of copiotrophic fungi but increased the relative abundance of oligotrophic fungi. Furthermore, variance partitioning analysis revealed that chemical and microbiological factors accounted for 80.54% of the total variation for the SOC stock. The partial least squares path model showed that PEC cultivation enhanced soil carbon (C) stock via soil deacidification and increased soil bacterial function. In conclusion, this study confirms the SOC sequestration potential of PEC cultivation in marginal land and the underlying mechanism driving SOC stock. The main positive factors controlling soil C sequestration included “pH,” while the negative factors were “bacterial community,” “fungal community,” and “bacterial function.” Our research may help encourage and support decision-makers of wasted marginal land conversion to PEC cultivation.     

西宁南山4种灌木根际和非根际土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征

西宁南山区植被退化情况严重,人工造林植被恢复被看作是最有效的恢复手段,其中选择合适造林树种尤为关键。选择人工种植的唐古特白刺Nitraria tangutorum、柠条Caragana korshinskii、西北小蘗Berberis vernae和短叶锦鸡儿Caragana brevifolia共4种灌木树种造林试验区为研究对象,通过测定根际和非根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性及养分含量,综合比较种植4种灌木树种根际和非根际土壤肥力差异,科学评价其对土壤的改善效果。研究表明:(1)土壤微生物数量和酶活性总体呈现出根际高于非根际的规律,仅放线菌数量和脲酶活性出现了根际低于非根际现象。(2)土壤养分方面,4种灌木根际土壤和非根际土壤p H值、全N、全P、全K含量差异不显著,有机质、有效P、速效K含量均呈现出根际非根际,而碱解N则是根际非根际。(3)土壤酶活性与土壤微生物数量相关性不显著,土壤有机质含量与土壤细菌、真菌数量呈极显著正相关,有效P含量与土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈极显著正相关,速效K含量与过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,全N、碱解N含量均与脲酶活性呈显著正相关。(4)从土壤肥力综合水平来看,根际非根际,其中根际土壤中西北小蘗柠条短叶锦鸡儿唐古特白刺,研究结果表明西北小蘗和柠条能大幅提高土壤肥力,改良土壤效果较好。     

Glomalin, an arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungal soil protein, responds to land-use change

Glomalin is a soil proteinaceous substance produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Most of the information available concerning this protein has been collected in relation to its role in soil aggregation. In this study, we explored the distribution of glomalin across soil horizons, decomposition of glomalin, and relationship with soil C and N in an agricultural field, a native forest, and an afforested system. Glomalin was present in A, B, and C horizons in decreasing concentrations. Land-use type significantly affected glomalin concentrations (mg cm^–3), with native forest soils having the highest concentrations of the three land-use types in both A and B horizons. In terms of glomalin stocks (Mg ha^–1), calculated based on corrected horizon weights, the agricultural area was significantly lower than both afforested and native forest areas. As measured after a 413 day laboratory soil incubation, glomalin was least persistent in the A horizon of the afforested area.. In agricultural soils and native soils, ca. 50% of glomalin was still remaining after this incubation, indicating that some glomalin may be in the slow or recalcitrant soil C fraction. Comparison of glomalin decomposition with CO₂-C respired during incubation indicates that glomalin makes a large contribution to active soil organic C pools. Soil C and N were highly correlated with glomalin across all soils and within each land-use type, indicating that glomalin may be under similar controls as soil C. Our results show that glomalin may be useful as an indicator of land-use change effects on deciduous forest soils.     

Influence of large termitaria on soil characteristics, soil water regime, and tree leaf shedding pattern in a West African savanna

Termitaria are major sites of functional heterogeneity in tropical ecosystems, through their strong influence on soil characteristics, in particular soil physico-chemical properties and water status. These factors have important consequences on nutrient availability for plants, plant spatial distribution, and vegetation dynamics. However, comprehensive information about the influence of termite-rehandled soil on soil water regime is lacking. In a humid shrubby savanna, we characterized the spatial variations in soil texture, soil structure and maximum soil water content available for plants (AWC max) induced by a large termite mound, at three deepths (0–0.10, 0.20–0.30 and 0.50–0.60 m). In addition, during a three month period at the end of the rainy season, soil water potential was surveyed by matrix sensors located on the termite mound and in the surrounding soil at the same depths and for the 80–90 cm layer. Concurrently, the leaf shedding patterns of two coexisting deciduous shrub species exhibiting contrasted soil water uptake patterns were compared for individuals located on termite mounds and in undisturbed control areas. For all the soil layers studied, clay and silt contents were higher for the mound soil. Total soil clods porosity was higher on the mound than in control areas, particularly in the 0.20-0.60 m layer, and mound soil exhibited a high shrinking/swelling capacity. AWC_max of the 0-0.60 m soil layer was substantially higher on the termite mound (112 mm) than in the surroundings (84 mm). Furthermore, during the beginning of the dry season, soil water potential measured in situ for the 0.20-0.90 m soil layer was higher on the mound than in the control soil. In contrast, soil water potential of the 0-0.10 m soil layer was similar on the mound and in the control soil. In the middle of the dry season, the leaf shedding pattern of Crossopteryx febrifuga shrubs (which have limited access to soil layers below 0.60 m) located on mounds was less pronounced than that of individuals located on control soil. In contrast, the leaf shedding pattern of the shrub Cussonia barteri (which has a good access to deep soil layers) was not influenced by the termite mound. We conclude that in this savanna ecosystem, termite mounds appear as peculiar sites which exhibit improved soil water availability for plants in upper soil layers, and significantly influence aspects of plant function. Implications of these results for understanding and modelling savanna function and dynamics, and particularly competitive interactions between plant species, are discussed.