不同植物种植对松嫩平原盐碱地土壤理化性质与细根生长的影响

土地利用方式如何影响土壤理化性质及其作用深度一直是土壤生态学的研究热点,但是对松嫩平原退化盐碱地的相关研究匮乏。以肇东实验林场为研究对象,对8种植被类型的3个土层0~60 cm进行采样,共测定13个相关指标,结果显示：不同植被对根系密度、土壤pH、速效磷含量、土壤含水量、电导率、有机碳含量、全氮含量具有显著影响：其中前3个在不同土层的种间差异显著不同,而其余4个指标在60 cm土壤内种间差异一致。具体表现为：0~40 cm水曲柳根系密度最大,但在40~60 cm草地根系密度最大;黄檗的pH值在0~20 cm最大,但是在40~60 cm最小,而草地的pH值在20~60 cm均大于其他植物种类;速效磷含量在0~20、40~60 cm均是樟子松最小,但在20~40 cm层樟子松速效磷含量最高。草地土壤含水量26.7%,显著高于其它,是落叶松的1.8倍,其土壤电导率为503.4 μs·cm^-1,明显大于其它各植被类型;杨树、樟子松的土壤有机碳含量显著低于黄檗、榆树、草地和水曲柳;土壤全氮含量最低的樟子松和杨树仅为草地的72.3%。所有其他养分包括全磷、全钾、速效钾不同植被间没有差异。上述结果说明,与原有植被草地相比,松嫩平原盐碱化土壤造林虽然能降低盐碱化,但同时对水分消耗较大,造林各个树种对土壤养分消耗相差不大,多体现在有机碳和氮。这些发现可为今后该地区种间差异比较、土壤肥力评价、土壤养分收支平衡等研究提供指导。     

松嫩平原沙土区不同植被类型对土壤相关指标的影响

松嫩平原沙土区严重退化,不同植被对土壤影响的数据有助生态恢复,但相关数据匮乏严重。本研究以松嫩平原核心区新店林场的农田、草地、杨树林、落叶松林、樟子松林和榆树林等6种植被为研究对象,采集三层（0~20、20~40和40~60 cm）土样,测定土壤理化指标（容重、土壤含水量、土壤pH、土壤电导率、有机碳、碱解氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷、速效钾、全钾）及根系密度、根系含水量。结果如下：6种植被在整个土壤剖面上显著影响了13个指标中的8个指标（根系密度、容重、土壤含水量、土壤pH、土壤电导率、全氮、根系含水量、有机碳）,其中根系密度植被间差异在不同土层显著不同(交互作用,P<0.05),而其它7个指标在不同土层的种间差异基本一致（交互作用,P>0.05）。与林地和农田相比,草地具有最大的根系生物量,达到农田的1.8倍,是4种林分平均值的1.4倍。容重、土壤含水量、pH、土壤电导率值均草地最高,林地最小。土壤有机碳的累积受根系密度和容重影响明显,土壤氮除了受上述两个因素影响外,还受土壤含水量的影响。上述结果说明草地对于表层土壤生物固着明显,而人工造林能够改善土壤物理性质、降低盐碱但增加耗水,这些结果对于西部沙土区通过植被恢复来实现土壤修复提供数据支撑。     

树种差异对哈尔滨市土壤理化性质影响及造林启示

东北地区的城市造林树种很多,树种差异对土壤理化性质的影响及其在不同土层深度差异对于适宜树种选择意义重大,但是基于野外长期定位研究结果匮乏。本文选择东北林业大学实验林场和哈尔滨市植物园的8个树种(水曲柳、胡桃楸、云杉、松树、杨树、榆树、黄檗、落叶松)进行0~20、20~40和40~60 cm分层土壤采样,对土壤p H、土壤电导率、有机碳、碱解氮、全N、速效磷、全P、速效钾、全K等9个指标进行研究。多因素方差分析显示,长期定植于类似土壤条件下,树木能够显著影响土壤各理化指标,但不同土壤层间存在明显差异。基于多重比较结果对各指标进行标准化处理、获得综合得分排名发现,榆树具有较好的土壤肥力维持能力(有机碳、碱解氮、全N、全P、速效磷、速效钾、全K),综合得分38,而杨树表现最差;降低土壤盐碱能力(p H和电导率)来看,黄檗、落叶松得分比较高(15),胡桃楸表现最差(7.5)。城市立地是典型困难立地,我们研究结果说明绿化树种选择对于改良城市土壤的重要性:对于贫瘠盐碱的核心区域,造林树种可以选择养分消耗少和降盐碱能力强的树种,对于土壤水肥条件优越的地区(如河道、湿地周边)可以考虑一些养分消耗快、生产力高的树种。     

不同恢复类型植被细根分布及与土壤理化性质的耦合关系

针对陕北典型黄土丘陵区吴起县主要人工造林和自然封育植被恢复类型,确定5、15年和40年不同退耕年限下的沙棘、山杏及自然恢复草地样地,进行剖面采样,分析不同植被恢复类型下细根生物量、土壤理化性质,研究了不同恢复类型和不同年限植被细根生物量与土壤理化性质随时间的变异规律及耦合关系。结果表明,(1)总体上,主要造林树种和退耕自然封育草地细根生物量都随林龄和退耕年限的增长呈增加趋势,同年限人工造林树种细根生物量大于自然恢复的草地,不同植被群落细根生物量均表现出随着深度的增加呈指数递减规律。(2)自然封育的草地生态系统土壤含水量大于人工山杏林和沙棘林。人工造林和自然封育植被恢复下,土壤团聚体稳定性都随退耕年限的增加而增强,有机质、全氮、全磷含量也都呈增加趋势,土壤平均含水量则呈减小趋势。(3)细根生物量与土壤容重和团聚体稳定性显著相关,植物细根在土壤结构改善中起到了重要作用。     

子午岭林区浅层滑坡侵蚀与植被的关系——以富县“7·21”特大暴雨为例

以2013年陕北富县"7·21"特大暴雨滑坡侵蚀灾害为对象,通过调查暴雨侵蚀区典型小流域植被条件及滑坡特征,测定滑坡壁不同土层的根系重量、土壤孔隙度、土壤容重等指标,研究子午岭林区暴雨滑坡侵蚀与植被根系的关系。根据不同类型植被根系深度和滑坡侵蚀特征(侵蚀深度、滑动面宽度及长度,滑坡体体积、滑动距离等),可将林区暴雨滑坡侵蚀划分为三类:以草本植被为主的A类滑坡,以灌丛植被为主的B类滑坡,以乔本植被为主的C类滑坡。结果表明,三类滑坡侵蚀的侵蚀深度与其对应植被类型的根系深度相近,且植被及其根系会加剧滑坡侵蚀的发生。在此次暴雨滑坡侵蚀中,滑坡侵蚀强度受植物根系重量、土壤孔隙度、土壤容重等因素的共同影响,但根系重量对滑坡侵蚀强度的影响占主导作用,通过建立二者之间的关系式发现,根系对滑坡侵蚀的贡献率超过80%。不同植被类型的滑坡侵蚀深度不同,且滑坡侵蚀强度也存在差异,表明植被根系不仅具有塑造滑坡侵蚀特征的作用,而且会影响滑坡侵蚀的强弱程度。在强降水基础上,特别是当降水量达到诱发滑坡灾害发生的临界值时,植被及其根系会加剧滑坡侵蚀的发生。在今后工作中,要因地制宜合理配置各类植被,同时结合其它措施,以便提高植被防治水土流失的作用,更好地发挥植被的水土保持效益。     

基于树种影响土壤差异的上海市城市绿化树种初步选择

树种差异对土壤养分因子的影响及其在不同地区差异对于适宜树种选择意义重大。选择上海市的5个树种(悬铃木Platanus acerifolia、香樟Cinnamomum camphora、栾树Koelreuteria paniculata、无患子Sapindus mukorossi和银杏Ginkgo biloba )以方位和距离分9个区域进行土壤采样, 对土壤养分因子的12个指标进行研究。多因素方差分析显示, 长期定植于类似土壤条件下, 树木能够显著影响土壤养分等指标, 但不同区域间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。基于多重比较结果对各指标进行标准化处理、获得综合得分排名发现, 悬铃木具有较好的土壤养分维持能力, 并且在每个区域的养分维持能力均处于最高水平, 而银杏表现最差。银杏维持土壤中量元素能力较好, 香樟维持土壤微量元素能力较好。综合分析得出, 对上海市城市立地土壤养分改良较好的绿化树种为悬铃木, 香樟和无患子次之, 银杏表现最差。     

半干旱区沙质退化草地造林对土壤质量的影响

采用野外调查与室内培养相结合的方法,研究了我国北方半干旱区科尔沁沙地退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后0～10 cm表层土壤理化性状、土壤碳氮矿化量、土壤微生物量以及土壤酶活性等的变化. 结果表明32年生樟子松人工林土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷等养分含量分别下降了21%、42%和45%;5月和11月樟子松人工林土壤NH4 -N显著高于草地(P=0.001;P=0.019),而5、8和11月草地土壤NO3--N含量显著高于樟子松人工林(P＜0.001;P=0.048;P=0.031);5、8和11月樟子松人工林土壤有机碳日矿化释放的CO2-C量均大于草地,而二者土壤氮矿化率差异不显著(P＞0.05);5和8月樟子松人工林土壤微生物量碳含量与草地相比差异不显著,11月则显著高于草地;土壤养分和水分含量是影响土壤微生物量碳含量的重要因素;与草地相比,樟子松人工林土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性降低,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性升高. 上述结果说明半干旱区沙质退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后土壤质量出现一定程度的下降;由于植被的改变,樟子松人工林土壤理化性状和生物学性状等表现出与草地不同的季节动态特征.造林作为我国北方半干旱区沙地退化生态系统的一种恢复手段具有一定的局限性.     

晋北典型针叶人工林叶功能性状特征及其与土壤因子的关系

为了解释植物叶片的资源分配特征及其与土壤因子间的适应策略,该研究以黄土高原东北缘山西省大同市新荣区油松、樟子松人工纯林及其柠条混交林为对象,采用样方法采集样木树冠中部生长良好的轮生枝中东西南北4个方向的枝条,并在每个枝条上选择里、中、外3处有代表性的当年生叶和多年生叶;采用 “S”形采样法在每个样方内选取9个取样点,用土钻采集各样点0～20 cm土壤样品;测定分析不同造林模式下油松、樟子松异龄叶功能性状特征、土壤理化性质以及二者的关系,为人工林培育及经营提供理论支撑。结果表明：(1)不同造林模式下油松及樟子松叶功能性状的差异集中在化学计量之间;随着叶龄增长,油松、樟子松均表现出干物质含量上升,氮磷含量下降的特征。(2)土壤全磷、全氮含量分别是油松当年及多年生叶的主要解释因子,土壤全磷与当年生叶碳氮比、有机碳、碳磷比均呈显著正相关关系,与全氮、叶面积及叶干物质含量呈显著负相关关系,土壤全氮与多年生叶全磷含量呈正相关关系,与叶有机碳、碳磷比、碳氮比则呈显著负相关关系。(3)樟子松当年生叶功能性状的关键土壤因子是土壤容重、全磷含量,其与叶碳氮磷的比值、干物质含量、碳含量呈正相关关系,而与氮磷含量呈负相关关系;多年生叶功能性状的关键土壤因子是土壤容重、含水量、pH,其与叶氮磷含量呈正相关关系,与碳含量、干物质含量、比叶面积等呈负相关关系。(4)油松及樟子松纯林的叶功能性状更易向关键土壤因子含量更高的方向偏移,说明与柠条混交可有效分异叶片生长对主要土壤因子的集中需求,但混交造林模式下林木长势有所衰弱;结合研究区资源匮乏现状,林木种植密度较大,竞争加剧了生存压力导致林木生长受限。     

东北5种温带人工林表层土壤碳氮含量的分异

造林是固碳(C)的有效方法之一,也深刻地影响土壤氮(N)动态,然而不同造林树种对土壤C和N收支的影响及其机制尚不明确.本研究采用同质园试验方法,测定了东北温带水曲柳、胡桃楸、白桦、落叶松和樟子松5个主要造林树种造林后第3年和第11年表层(0～10 cm)土壤有机C(C_soil)、全N含量(N_soil)的变化,以及植被特性和土壤微生物等相关因子,探究了不同树种造林对土壤C、N的影响及驱动因子.结果表明: 试验期间,5个树种纯林的C_soil、N_soil均显著降低,C_soil与N_soil变化量呈显著正相关,并且C_soil减少速率(2.6%·a^-1～4.8%·a^-1)显著高于N_soil减少速率(0.8%·a^-1～2.8%·a^-1).阔叶树种纯林C_soil、N_soil减少量显著小于针叶树种纯林.树种特征、微生物特性共同解释了C_soil变化率的68.5%、N_soil变化率的90.9%,C_soil、N_soil变化率随凋落叶C/N及微生物生物量C/N的增大而减小,但随着细根生物量、微生物生物量C及微生物获取C酶与获取N酶之比的增加而增大;N_soil变化率还随凋落叶产量及微生物代谢熵的增大而减小.这些温带人工林在造林11年后表层土壤C、N含量显著减少,而树种间的不同变化强度主要是由树种特征和土壤微生物特性的差异引起的.     

六盘山四种森林生态系统的碳氮储量、组成及分布特征

碳和氮是森林生态系统的重要组成元素,其含量有很大时空差异,并和立地及森林特征关系很大,需做大量的积累性调查才能得到其变化规律,尤其是加强在过去较少研究的西北地区的调查。在宁夏六盘山区选择华北落叶松(Larix principisrupprechtii)人工林、华山松(Pinus armandii)次生林、桦木(Betula platyphylla)次生林和野李子(Prunus salicina)灌丛4种典型森林,测定了乔木层(分不同器官)、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层、根系层(0—100 cm土壤)的碳、氮含量,分析了生态系统的碳、氮储量及成分组成和层次分布特征。结果表明,碳含量在不同乔木树种及其不同器官之间的差异不明显;但氮含量存在显著的树种差别和器官差异,以树叶的最高、树干的最低。灌木层和草本层的碳氮含量均表现为地上部分地下部分。各森林样地的乔木层、灌木层、草本层的碳含量依次降低,但氮含量依次增高;枯落物层的碳含量低于各植被层,但氮含量高于各植被层;根系层土壤的碳、氮含量则随土层增深而递减。包括活植被层、枯落物层和根系层土壤在内的华北落叶松人工林、华山松次生林、桦木次生林、野李子灌丛的生态系统碳储量依次为364.56、450.98、640.02、196.55 t/hm2,氮储量依次为27.86、36.19、47.02、15.99 t/hm2。所有4种森林生态系统的根系层土壤的碳氮储量均占整个生态系统总储量的绝大部分,其比例对碳储量为84.69%—93.92%,氮储量为98.09%—98.64%。从乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层到根系层(土壤),呈现出C/N比依次减小的趋势;根系层土壤和整个生态系统的C/N比分别为华北落叶松林的11.84和13.12、华山松林的10.76和12.56、桦木林的12.48和13.52、野李子灌丛的11.70和12.29。     

Concept,Components, and Strategies of Soil Health in Agroecosystems

The terms ''''soil health'''' or ''''soil quality'''' as applied to agroecosystems refer to the ability of soil to support and sustain crop growth while maintaining environmental quality. High-quality soils have the following characteristics: (i) a sufficient, but not excess, supply of nutrients; (ii) good structure (tilth); (iii) sufficient depth for rooting and drainage; (iv) good internal drainage; (v) low populations of plant disease and parasitic organisms; (vi) high populations of organisms that promote plant growth; (vii) low weed pressure; (viii) no chemicals that might harm the plant; (ix) resistance to being degraded; and (x) resilience following an episode of degradation. Management intended to improve soil health involves creatively combining a number of practices that enhance the soil''s biological, chemical, and physical suitability for crop production. The most important general strategy is to add plentiful quantities of organic matter—including crop and cover crop residues, manures, and composts. Other important strategies include better crop rotations, reducing tillage and keeping the soil surface covered with living and dead residue, reducing compaction by decreasing heavy equipment traffic, and using best nutrient management practices. Practices that enhance soil quality frequently reduce plant pest pressures.     

晋西北不同土地管理方式对土壤碳氮、酶活性及微生物的影响

晋西北丘陵区受干旱大风气候以及人为活动的影响,土壤肥力较低,土壤质量退化严重,不同的土地利用和管理方式,因植被覆被、人为活动等不同,对土壤质量产生影响不同。为了更好地了解晋西北地区不同土地管理方式对土壤质量的影响,于山西省北部忻州市五寨县,研究不同管理方式对土壤肥力、土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构及多样性的影响,以及微生物与土壤环境因子的关系,为晋西北地区土地管理和生态建设提供参考。研究中设置4种土地管理方式:苜蓿样地(MX)、免耕样地(MG)、翻耕样地(FG)和荒地(HD),采用野外采集土壤样品、室内测定和分析的研究方法,其中土壤pH值利用电位法测定,土壤有机碳(OC)采用重铬酸钾氧化-分光光度法测定;土壤硝态氮、铵态氮利用全自动间断化学分析仪测定,其原理为紫外分光光度和靛酚蓝比色法。土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别采用KMnO_4滴定法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸法、苯酚钠-次氯酸钠比色法、磷酸苯二钠比色法测定,采用高通量测序测定土壤细菌和真菌的群落组成,利用统计分析软件SPSS和Canoco以及QIIME、USEARCH和Uclust生物信息软件分析不同土地管理方式对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,不同土地管理方式对土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性、细菌和真菌的群落结构及多样性均有影响。苜蓿和免耕2种土地管理方式可显著提高表层土壤养分并增加土壤酶活性;4种土地管理方式共有9个细菌门和11个真菌门,细菌相对丰度较大的为变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门,真菌的子囊菌门相对丰度最大;苜蓿和免耕样地土壤细菌和真菌群落丰富度和多样性都较高,荒地土壤细菌和真菌群落丰富度较低,但多样性较高;RDA分析结果表明,土壤pH、NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N含量和过氧化氢酶活性对细菌群落影响较大,pH、有机碳含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性对真菌群落影响最大。苜蓿和免耕2种土地管理方式能够提高土壤质量,是晋西北地区较为适宜的管理措施。     

Restoration,soil organisms,and soil processes: emerging approaches

Better understanding of the connection between aboveground plant communities and belowground soil organisms and processes has led to an explosion in recent research on the applications of this link to the field of ecological restoration. Research is only beginning to have the capacity to link soil organisms and specific ecosystem functions. Establishing general ecological principles of the role microbial communities have during ecological restoration is also still in its infancy. As such, the literature is at a critical point to generate a Special Feature that brings together novel approaches of linking soil and restoration to promote more regular inclusion and consideration of soil organisms and soil‐based processes in ecological restoration. In this special feature, we bring together nine research articles from different ecosystems that study the relationship between restoration activities, soil microbial communities, and soil properties. From these research articles, we describe two primary themes: (1) research on the impacts of ecosystem‐specific restoration activities on soil organisms and processes and (2) research testing methods of soil manipulation to improve restoration outcomes. We hope to inspire readers and restoration practitioners to consider soil microbes and soil processes in their research, restoration projects, and world views.     

西宁南山4种灌木根际和非根际土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征

西宁南山区植被退化情况严重,人工造林植被恢复被看作是最有效的恢复手段,其中选择合适造林树种尤为关键。选择人工种植的唐古特白刺Nitraria tangutorum、柠条Caragana korshinskii、西北小蘗Berberis vernae和短叶锦鸡儿Caragana brevifolia共4种灌木树种造林试验区为研究对象,通过测定根际和非根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性及养分含量,综合比较种植4种灌木树种根际和非根际土壤肥力差异,科学评价其对土壤的改善效果。研究表明:(1)土壤微生物数量和酶活性总体呈现出根际高于非根际的规律,仅放线菌数量和脲酶活性出现了根际低于非根际现象。(2)土壤养分方面,4种灌木根际土壤和非根际土壤p H值、全N、全P、全K含量差异不显著,有机质、有效P、速效K含量均呈现出根际非根际,而碱解N则是根际非根际。(3)土壤酶活性与土壤微生物数量相关性不显著,土壤有机质含量与土壤细菌、真菌数量呈极显著正相关,有效P含量与土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈极显著正相关,速效K含量与过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,全N、碱解N含量均与脲酶活性呈显著正相关。(4)从土壤肥力综合水平来看,根际非根际,其中根际土壤中西北小蘗柠条短叶锦鸡儿唐古特白刺,研究结果表明西北小蘗和柠条能大幅提高土壤肥力,改良土壤效果较好。     

The Adsorption Properties of Agricultural and Forest Soils Towards Heavy Metal Ions (Ni,Cu, Zn,and Cd)

Adsorption of Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn in single and multi-metal solutions by agricultural and forest soils was investigated in batch sorption experiments. The results showed significant differences in sorption capacities of the studied soils. The selectivity order was as follows: agricultural soil? top forest soil > bottom forest soil. The adsorption sequence Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd was established for the agricultural and bottom forest soil, while the order for the top forest soil was Cu > Ni > Zn > Cd. The experimental isotherms for the metal sorption were described satisfactorily by the Freundlich and Langmuir models. The competitive adsorption experiment indicated a reduction in the amount of metals adsorbed by the soils from the multi-metal solution compared to the single metal solution. Properties of the soils, such as pH, content of clay and organic matter, exchangeable bases and hydrolytic acidity, showed a significant influence on adsorption capacities of the studied soils.     

Soil phosphorus fractions,aluminum, and water retention as affected by microbial activity in an Ultisol

Increased organic matter input into weathered and infertile soils through agricultural techniques such as minimum tillage or agroforestry can improve P availability to crops. Organic matter is an energy source for microbes, and their activity may be responsible in part for increased levels of labile P. The objective of the work reported here was to examine, in a highly weathered Ultisol, the influence of microbial activity in mobilizing P, maintaining it in a plant-available state, and preventing its fixation, and the effect of N and biocides on these processes. Exchangeable aluminum and soil moisture were also determined, since they interact with microbes and soil P.Results showed that increased microbial activity reduced sorption of dissolved and organic P by soil, maintained inorganic P in soluble and labile pools, increased microbial P, decreased mineral P, increased exchangeable Al, and increased water retention. Additions of N and biocides had variable effects, probably due to complex interactions between N, degrading biocides, and microbial populations.     

Site and temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine forests

Global warming and changes in rainfall amount and distribution may affect soil respiration as a major carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The objectives of this study were to investigate the site to site and interannual variation in soil respiration of six temperate forest sites. Soil respiration was measured using closed chambers over 2 years under mature beech, spruce and pine stands at both Solling and Unterlüß, Germany, which have distinct climates and soils. Cumulative annual CO₂ fluxes varied from 4.9 to 5.4 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1 at Solling with silty soils and from 4.0 to 5.9 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1 at Unterlüß with sandy soils. With one exception soil respiration rates were not significantly different among the six forest sites (site to site variation) and between the years within the same forest site (interannual variation). Only the respiration rate in the spruce stand at Unterlüß was significant lower than the beech stand at Unterlüß in both years. Soil respiration rates of the sandy sites at Unterlüß were limited by soil moisture during the rather dry and warm summer 1999 while soil respiration at the silty Solling site tended to increase. We found a threshold of ?80 kPa at 10 cm depth below which soil respiration decreased with increasing drought. Subsequent wetting of sandy soils revealed high CO₂ effluxes in the stands at Unterlüß. However, dry periods were infrequent, and our results suggest that temporal variation in soil moisture generally had little effect on annual soil respiration rates. Soil temperature at 5 cm and 10 cm depth explained 83% of the temporal variation in soil respiration using the Arrhenius function. The correlations were weaker using temperature at 0 cm (r² = 0.63) and 2.5 cm depth (r² = 0.81). Mean Q₁₀ values for the range from 5 to 15 °C increased asymptotically with soil depth from 1.87 at 0 cm to 3.46 at 10 cm depth, indicating a large uncertainty in the prediction of the temperature dependency of soil respiration. Comparing the fitted Arrhenius curves for same tree species from Solling and Unterlüß revealed higher soil respiration rates for the stands at Solling than in the respective stands at Unterlüß at the same temperature. A significant positive correlation across all sites between predicted soil respiration rates at 10 °C and total phosphorus content and C‐to‐N ratio of the upper mineral soil indicate a possible effect of nutrients on soil respiration.     

土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价

土壤作为一种重要的自然资源可以为人类生产食物和纤维,并维持地球生态系统.土壤也是植物生长的媒介、水、热和化合物的源、水分的过滤器和废物分解的生物介质.土壤与水、气和植物互作并抑制环境的波动.土壤可以调节很多控制水气质量和促进植物生长的生态过程.土壤质量概念的引入使我们更全面地理解土壤,也有助于合理地使用和分配劳力、能源、财政和其它投入.土壤质量也提供了一个通用的概念使得专业人员、生产者和公众明白土壤的重要性.此外,它也是一个评价管理措施和土地利用变化对土壤影响的评价工具.土壤质量由土壤的物理、化学和生物性质组成,MDS已被科学家们提出用于土壤质量评价.国际上比较常用的评价方法主要有多变量指标克立格法、土壤质量动力学方法、土壤质量综合评分法和土壤相对质量法.人类对土地不和谐地利用和管理可以导致全球生物地球化学循环发生改变和加快土壤性质变化的速度,当前世界各地土壤退化相当严重,已日益威胁到人类赖以生存的土地资源.在探讨相关概念的基础上综述了近年来土地利用变化对土壤理化质量和生物质量的影响进展,以引起国内外学者对土地利用变化对土壤质量影响研究的重视,从而为探讨土地利用对土壤质量影响的机理和规律以及退化土地的恢复和区域土地资源管理以及土地的持续利提供理论依据.土壤质量未来的研究应该集中在土壤质量指标与评价方法;土壤质量变化的发生条件、过程、影响因素及其作用机理与时空规律性;尺度问题的研究;土壤质量保持与提高的途径及其关键技术研究.     

Effects of soil physics,chemistry, and microbiology on soil carbon sequestration in infertile red soils after long-term cultivation of perennial grasses

Determining the effect of perennial energy crop (PEC) cultivation on soil organic carbon (SOC) in marginal land soil is vital for carbon neutrality and bioeconomy development. However, a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the response of SOC content to different PECs and its underlying drivers is still lacking. We used soil data collected from infertile red topsoil (0–20 cm) after 10 years of cultivation with Miscanthus (MS), Panicum virgatum (SG), and Saccharum arundinaceum (SA) to explore the changes in SOC stock induced by PEC. The roles of physical, chemical, and microbiological factors driving the increase in the SOC stock were investigated. Results revealed that SA and MS enhanced SOC stock by 87.97% and 27.52% relative to the uncultivated control. Conversely, PEC increased the percentage of soil mega-aggregates, geometric mean diameters, soil chelate iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) oxides, and reduced soil acidity for the infertile red soils. In addition, fungal richness and diversity for PEC soils were enhanced compared to the unplanted soil. It is possible that PEC cultivation reduced the relative abundance of copiotrophic fungi but increased the relative abundance of oligotrophic fungi. Furthermore, variance partitioning analysis revealed that chemical and microbiological factors accounted for 80.54% of the total variation for the SOC stock. The partial least squares path model showed that PEC cultivation enhanced soil carbon (C) stock via soil deacidification and increased soil bacterial function. In conclusion, this study confirms the SOC sequestration potential of PEC cultivation in marginal land and the underlying mechanism driving SOC stock. The main positive factors controlling soil C sequestration included “pH,” while the negative factors were “bacterial community,” “fungal community,” and “bacterial function.” Our research may help encourage and support decision-makers of wasted marginal land conversion to PEC cultivation.     

颗粒有机质的来源、测定及其影响因素

土壤活性有机质及其组分作为土壤质量的重要指标在土壤化学、物理和生物性质方面起着重要作用。颗粒有机质能够有效地反映有机质的特性,与微生物生长、营养供给及C、N的生物学调节密切相关。作为活性有机质的一个量度指标,颗粒有机质越来越受到人们的重视。本文综述了土壤颗粒有机质的来源及其在土壤有机质转化过程中的作用,对其测定方法作了系统的描述,阐明了土壤理化性质、农业措施(施肥与耕作)及土地利用类型对土壤颗粒有机质在土壤形成及维持其稳定性方面的影响。