饲料钙磷含量和钙磷比对生长期大鼠体重增长与骨骼发育的影响

目的研究饲料中不同的钙磷含量和钙磷比对生长期实验大鼠体重及骨骼发育的影响。方法采用完全随机化设计方案,取1月龄（100±10）g清洁级Wistar雄性大鼠70只,随机分成7组,每组10只,饲喂7种不同钙磷含量的饲料。自由采食,饮用去离子水,试验期42 d。各组于实验开始和结束时称重。试验结束后,处死动物并分离一侧胫骨和股骨用于实验指标的检测。结果当保持饲料中钙或者磷中的一种含量不变的情况下,调整另一种的含量即改变钙磷比例时,1.2∶1的正常钙磷比例组生长期实验大鼠增重及骨骼发育要明显好于0.4∶1的低钙磷比例组和4∶1的高钙磷比例组（P〈0.05）,并且当保持饲料中钙磷比例不变时,即使在低钙低磷和高钙高磷进食水平下,正常钙磷比例组大鼠增重及骨骼发育都较好,但低钙磷比例组和高钙磷比例组大鼠增重及骨骼发育则由于饲料中钙磷含量的变化波动较大（P〈0.05）。结论饲料中钙和磷需按比例添加,如果两者绝对含量相差过大就会影响到动物的增重及骨骼发育,本实验证明饲料钙磷比为1.2∶1时生长期实验大鼠增重及骨骼发育较好。     

斯钙素在哺乳动物骨组织代谢中的作用

斯钙素（stanniocalcin,STC）是一种最早在硬骨鱼中发现的糖蛋白类激素. 哺乳动物斯钙素在体内钙磷代谢、肌肉骨骼系统的发育等方面均起到重要作用,并且在心血管疾病、肿瘤发展以及神经系统疾病中也扮演重要角色. 近年,斯钙素在骨骼发育中的作用逐渐引起科学界的关注. 骨组织中STC由成软骨细胞、成骨细胞分泌,并以自分泌/旁分泌的形式作用于局部组织细胞中,主要影响软骨形成和骨重建过程.本文以斯钙素为主题,综述了其生化分子特性、其在骨组织中的表达分布特点,以及该分子在成熟骨组织骨重建过程中的作用机制. 本文将为深入了解斯钙素在骨组织代谢中的作用提供帮助.     

从无生命到有生命：可降解钙磷人工骨的生物转化

从无生命到有生命──可降解钙磷人工骨的生物转化夏志道（同济医科大学附属协和医院骨科武汉４３００２２）李世普（武汉工业大学生物材料与工程研究中心武汉４３００７０）可降解钙磷人工骨是一种与人体骨骼理化和生物学性能类似，且能被人体吸收并逐步转化为自体成分的...     

低聚异麦芽糖对模拟失重大鼠肠道益生菌以及钙代谢和骨矿盐密度影响的初步研究

目的：研究低聚异麦芽糖对模拟失重大鼠肠道益生菌的影响以及与骨钙代谢变化的关系。方法：30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（每组10只）FC组;普通对照组（饲喂普通饲料）;SC组,模拟失重对照组（饲喂普通饲料）;SS组,模拟失重低聚异麦芽糖组（饲喂普通饲料 低聚异麦芽糖）,实验期21d。结果：SC组大鼠肠道益生菌（主要是双歧杆菌和乳杆菌）数量、饲料钙的表观吸收率、股骨骨密度（BMD）,骨钙含量以及骨钙素（BGP）的水平显著低于FC组,而血钙水平明显高于FC组;SS组大鼠肠道益生菌数量,饲料钙的表观吸收率,骨密度,骨钙含量以及骨钙素水平较SC组高,血钙水平显著低于SC组。结论：低聚异麦芽糖可以促进模拟失重大鼠肠道益生菌的增殖,减少股骨骨质的丢失,提高股骨BMD,增加骨形成,对骨代谢产生一定的有益影响。     

牛奶、钙片补充对妊娠期妇女身体生理状态及代谢的影响

妊娠期母体钙摄入量需求高,钙摄入量不足往往导致母体血清游离钙离子浓度不足,危害母婴健康。研究牛奶、钙片补充对妊娠期身体生理状态及代谢的影响,为改善妊娠期身体状况提供科学依据。将120名妊娠期妇女均分成2组,观察组从饮食与定量牛奶、钙片中摄入钙,对照组仅从饮食中摄入钙。采用偶氮胂比色法、紫外线终点法等检查2组妊娠期妇女血清钙、血清磷等代谢指标,同时记录2组生理状态指标。结果表明：在身体生理状态方面,观察组孕妇缺钙症状显著低于对照组（P<0.01）,说明牛奶、钙片结合补钙效果较优,可预防肢体麻木、腰腿疼痛等症状;牛奶、钙片补充影响妊娠期妇女的血清钙、骨钙素、尿Ca/Cr与尿HY/Cr代谢水平;孕期30周以后钙补充影响血清碱性磷酸酶;钙补充不影响妊娠期妇女的血清磷水平。应合理调节孕妇饮食结构,适当补充牛奶、钙片,改善妊娠期身体生理状态及代谢水平。     

代谢性骨病高危新生儿营养补充现况调查

【摘要】目的：通过回顾性调查,研究代谢性骨病高危新生儿临床骨代谢相关营养素补充及监测现状。方法：回顾性收集2014-2016年上海儿童医学中心重症新生儿监护室（NICU）收治的出生体重小于1500g或者胎龄小于32周,并且肠外营养支持（parenteral nutrition, PN）使用大于4周的患儿共76例。记录患儿住院期间肠内外营养使用时间,总热卡,钙、磷、维生素D补给量,每周血清碱性磷酸酶、血清钙、磷检测频次等。结果：对于代谢性骨病高危新生儿的肠内外钙元素、磷元素的补给总量仅部分达到美国肠内肠外营养指南建议量,每日补钙量平均为19.84mg/(kg·d)［7.36mg/((kg·d)-50.31mg/(kg·d)],其中PN钙补充占钙补给总量的10%-25%;每日补磷量平均为14.38mg/(kg·d)［4.99mg/(kg·d)-37.22mg/(kg·d)］。生后2周均开始每日摄入维生素D900IU。住院期间各种骨代谢监测指标的每周检测频率从第一周到第五周均呈下降趋势：血清碱性磷酸酶分别为94%、73%、57%、52%、26%;血清钙为18.4%、21.2%、19.7%、21.0%、13.1％;血清磷为21.0%、21.0%、14.4%、10.5%、10.5%。血清25-(OH)维生素D3、骨密度均未测定。结论：目前临床上对代谢性骨病高危新生儿钙和磷的补给量（包括肠内和肠外）未能达到国际指南建议量,临床监测不足。建议对代谢性骨病高危新生儿及时有效的补充骨代谢相关营养素,并定期进行血清碱性磷酸酶、血清磷、血清钙、血清25-(OH)维生素D3和骨密度检测,以预防代谢性骨病,促进其正常生长发育。     

PTHrP1-34对荷瘤小鼠骨代谢与肿瘤生长情况的影响

目的研究甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白1-34（PTHrP1-34）对荷瘤小鼠骨代谢的影响,同时观察肿瘤生长情况。方法对照组、模型组、实验组4周龄健康雌性BALB/c小鼠各12只,模型组和实验组采用乳腺癌组织块悬浊液注射法制备小鼠乳腺癌模型,10d后模型组每日予以生理盐水腹腔注射,实验组每日予以PTHrP1-34400μg/（kg.bw）腹腔注射。用药35 d后测全身骨密度（BMD）、股骨灰干重比、骨代谢相关血清指标[钙（Ca）、磷（P）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨钙素（OC）、Ⅰ型胶原C-末端交联顶端肽β（β-CTX）、骨唾液酸蛋白（BSP）],剥离肿瘤比较体积与质量。结果各组Ca水平差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。与对照组和模型组比较,实验组P、β-CTX、BSP等反映骨吸收的指标显著升高（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,总ALP、BGP等反映骨形成的指标显著降低（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;实验组BMD、股骨灰干重比均显著降低（P〈0.01）。与对照组相比,模型组各指标变化差异无显著性。实验组肿瘤体积和质量显著升高（P〈0.01）。结论在PTHrP1-34的作用下,荷瘤小鼠骨吸收大于骨形成,造成溶骨性骨破坏,骨密度降低,骨破坏释放的细胞因子可能促进肿瘤生长。     

联合补充维生素D、胶原肽和钙对成骨细胞发育的影响研究

目的：观察联合补充维生素D、胶原肽和钙对MC3T3-E1成骨细胞增殖及对骨保护素细胞内核因子κB受体活化因子配体（receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL）、骨保护素（Osteoprotegerin,OPG）基因表达的影响。方法：α-MEM培养基培养MC3T3-E1细胞。检测Ca2+（20 μg/mL）、维生素D（0、10-12、10-11mol/L）、胶原肽（0、50、100μg/mL）三者交互作用剂量对MC3T3-E1细胞增殖的作用及RANKL、OPG mRNA表达。结果：维生素D、胶原肽和钙交互剂量作用下细胞增殖水平无明显差异。维生素D联合钙能够明显降低RANKL mRNA表达水平,提高OPG mRNA表达水平,降低RANKL/OPG比值。而胶原肽联合钙对RANKL以及 OPG mRNA表达无明显影响。结论：维生素D联合钙可通过抑制小鼠成骨细胞RANKL mRNA表达、促进OPG mRNA表达,从而促进骨的形成,抑制骨的吸收。维生素D和钙联合补充胶原肽,对成骨细胞RANKL,OPG mRNA表达并无明显影响。     

维生素D对白鼠健康效应的实验

维生素D与钙、磷的代谢密切相关。其主要作用是促进小肠对钙、磷的吸收,并对骨组织中的沉钙成骨有直接促进作用。在人体,儿童缺乏维生素D会导致软骨病(佝偻病),成人则发生骨软化病。在动物(主要是幼小动物)维生素D缺乏症一般表现为生长抑制、体重降低、行动迟缓、姿势异常、肌肉无力等症状。用白鼠作为实验对象,可在较短的时期内看到维生素D对其健康的明显效应。实验动物的选择观察维生素D与健康的关系,应用幼小动     

甲亢孕妇血清25-羟维生素D水平对42天婴儿骨密度影响的研究

目的：探讨甲状腺功能亢进（甲亢）孕妇经治疗后,其体内25-羟维生素D（25-（OH）D3）水平对42天婴儿胫骨声波的传导速度（speed of sound,SOS）值、骨代谢生化指标的影响。方法：选取我院门诊及住院确诊的甲亢孕妇40例为甲亢组（T组）,随机抽取健康孕妇40例作为对照组（C组）,甲亢组给予丙硫氧嘧啶治疗后,监测两组孕妇25-（OH）D3水平与生后42天婴儿的胫骨SOS值、骨代谢生化指标,并进行对比观察、统计分析。结果：甲亢组孕妇在产后42天体内25-（OH）D3的水平比其在产后第1天升高（P〈0.05）,甲亢组孕妇在产后42天体内25-（OH）D3水平接近对照组（P〉0.05）,在产后42天婴儿的胫骨SOS值接近对照组（P〉0.05）,甲亢组产后42天婴儿的血清钙（Ca）及血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）接近对照组（P〉0.05）。结论：甲亢组孕妇给予丙硫氧嘧啶治疗后,甲状腺功能恢复正常,其体内25-（OH）D3水平升高,所产42天婴儿的骨密度也随着升高。     

The effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on osteoporotic rabbit bones studied by vibrational spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is utilized to examine the effects of increased calcium, vitamin D, and combined calcium-vitamin D supplementation on osteoporotic rabbit bones with induced inflammation. The study includes different bone sites (femur, tibia, humerus, vertebral rib) in an effort to explore possible differences among the sites. We evaluate the following parameters: mineral-to-matrix ratio, carbonate content, and non-apatitic species (labile acid phosphate and labile carbonate) contribution to bone mineral. Results show that a relatively high dose of calcium or calcium with vitamin D supplementation increases the bone mineralization index significantly. On the other hand, vitamin D alone is not as effective in promoting mineralization even with high intake. Mature B-type apatite was detected for the group with calcium supplementation similar to that of aged bone. High vitamin D intake led to increased labile species concentration revealing bone formation. This is directly associated with the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines linked to induced inflammation. The latter is known to adversely alter bone metabolism, contributing to the aetiopathogenesis of osteoporosis. Thus, a high intake of vitamin D under inflammation-induced osteoporosis does not promote mineralization but suppresses bone resorption and restores metabolic balance.     

骨唾液酸蛋白(BSP)的结构与功能

骨唾液酸蛋白 (Bonesialoprotein ,简称BSP)是细胞外基质中的一种糖蛋白 ,主要分布在矿化组织中 ,参与骨代谢 ,但近年研究发现BSP在癌细胞的骨转移中发挥作用并对血管生成有促进作用。本文对BSP的结构与功能及研究状况作一介绍。     

Effects of phosphorus and calcium to phosphorus consumption ratio on mineral metabolism and cardiometabolic health

Phosphorus is a common additive used in food processing that is typically consumed in excess of the recommended daily allowance; however, our knowledge of its effects on health, in the context of normal renal function, is limited. Unlike phosphorus, calcium intake is generally less than recommended, and it has been hypothesized that the calcium to phosphorus ratio may be partly responsible for the proposed negative health consequences. Therefore, this study sought to determine the effects of increased phosphorus additive intake, in the context of high calcium consumption, on endocrine markers of mineral metabolism and cardiometabolic health. An outpatient feeding study was performed in which healthy adults were fed a run-in control diet for 2 weeks followed by a phosphorus additive enhanced diet with supplemental calcium to an approximate ratio of 1 (experimental diet) for 2 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected, and participants had brachial flow-mediated dilatation measured, with analyses comparing follow-up measures to baseline. Two weeks of experimental diet increased serum fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations but lowered body weight and serum leptin; however, other phosphorus responsive factors such as osteopontin and osteocalcin did not increase. A complementary study in male mice also demonstrated that the regulation of known dietary phosphorus responsive factors was mostly abrogated when dietary calcium was raised in parallel with phosphorus. In conclusion, the study identifies weight, leptin and insulin as responsive to dietary phosphorus and that certain aspects of the systemic phosphorus response are attenuated by a corresponding high calcium intake.     

Effects of calcium deprivation and orchidectomy on bone composition in the rat.

The effects of calcium deprivation and of orchidectomy, separately and combined, on body growth and bone composition have been examined in mature male rats. Calcium deprivation had no significant effect on the rate of body growth but femoral bone weight, bone ash weight and total calcium and phosphorus contents of the femora were reduced while the water content increased. However, there were no significant changes in the ratio of bone weight to body weight, in the amounts of calcium or phosphorus per unit weight of bone, or in the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the bone. Orchidectomy reduced the rate of body growth, the mean weight of the femora and the ratio of bone weight to body weight. There was a 60% decrease in bone water and a 30--35% reduction in the calcium and phosphorus content of the femora but the amounts of ash, calcium and phosphorus per unit weight of bone fell by only 6--10%. The combination of orchidectomy and calcium deprivation had no greater effect on body weight, bone weight or bone composition than had orchidectomy alone. It is concluded that calcium deprivation and orchidectomy both cause osteoporosis in mature rats but the effects of orchidectomy are more severe than those of calcium deprivation and there appears to be some demineralization of the bone remaining after orchidectomy.     

Update on the possible nutritional importance of silicon

Convincing evidence that silicon is a bioactive beneficial trace element continues to accumulate. The evidence, which has come from human, animal, and in vitro studies performed by several laboratories, indicate that silicon in nutritional and supra nutritional amounts promotes bone and connective tissue health, may have a modulating effect on the immune or inflammatory response, and has been associated with mental health. A plausible mechanism of action for the beneficial effects of silicon is the binding of hydroxyl groups of polyols such that it influences the formation and/or utilization of glycosaminoglycans, mucopolysaccharides, and collagen in connective tissue and bone. In addition, silicon may affect the absorption, retention or action of other mineral elements (e.g., aluminum, copper, magnesium). Based on findings from both animal and human experiments, an intake of silicon of near 25 mg/d would be a reasonable suggestion for an adequate intake that would assure its nutritional benefits. Increased intakes of silicon through consuming unrefined grains, certain vegetables, and beverages and cereals made from grains should be recognized as a reasonable dietary recommendation.     

A mild magnesium deprivation affects calcium excretion but not bone strength and shape, including changes induced by nickel deprivation, in the rat

An experiment was performed to determine the effect of a mild magnesium deprivation on calcium metabolism and bone composition, shape, and strength in rats, and whether nickel deprivation exacerbated or alleviated any changes caused by the magnesium deprivation. Weanling male rats were assigned to groups of 10 in a factorial arrangement, with variables being supplemental nickel at 0 and 1 mg/kg and magnesium at 250 and 500 mg/kg of diet. The basal diet contained about 30 ng Ni/g. Urine was collected for 24 h during wk 8 and 12, and rats were euthanized 13 wk after dietary treatments began. Mild magnesium deprivation decreased the urinary excretion of calcium and increased the tibia concentration of calcium but did not affect femur shape or strength (measured by a three-point bending test). Dietary nickel did not alter these effects of magnesium deficiency. Nickel deprivation increased the urinary excretion of phosphorus and the femur strength variables maximum force and moment of inertia. Strength differences might have been the result of changes in bone shape. Magnesium deprivation did not alter the effects of nickel deprivation on bone. The findings indicate that a mild magnesium deficiency affects calcium metabolism but that this does not markedly affect bone strength or shape, and these effects are not modified by dietary nickel. Also, nickel deprivation affects phosphorus metabolism and bone strength and shape; these effects apparently are not caused by changes in magnesium metabolism or utilization.     

Effects of dietary bread crust Maillard reaction products on calcium and bone metabolism in rats

Maillard reaction products (MRP) consumption has been related with the development of bone degenerative disorders, probably linked to changes in calcium metabolism. We aimed to investigate the effects of MRP intake from bread crust on calcium balance and its distribution, and bone metabolism. During 88 days, rats were fed control diet or diets containing bread crust as source of MRP, or its soluble high molecular weight, soluble low molecular weight or insoluble fractions (bread crust, HMW, LMW and insoluble diets, respectively). In the final week, a calcium balance was performed, then animals were sacrified and some organs removed to analyse calcium levels. A second balance was carried out throughout the experimental period to calculate global calcium retention. Biochemical parameters and bone metabolism markers were measured in serum or urine. Global calcium bioavailability was unmodified by consumption of bread crust or its isolate fractions, corroborating the previously described low affinity of MRP to bind calcium. Despite this, a higher calcium concentration was found in femur due to smaller bones having a lower relative density. The isolate consumption of the fractions altered some bone markers, reflecting a situation of increased bone resorption or higher turnover; this did not take place in the animals fed the bread crust diet. Thus, the bread crust intake does not affect negatively calcium bioavailability and bone metabolism.     

The morphology and function of rat C-cells. 4. Determination of calcium, inorganic phosphorus and total nitrogen in the femora of untreated parathyroidectomized or thyreoparathyroidectomized and hormonally substituted female rats]

Female Wistar rats of a live weight of about 160 g and fed with a standard laboratory diet, were parathyroidectomized, or thyroparathyroidectomized and treated with thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin. thyroxine and parathyroid hormone, or thyroxine and calcitonin. On the 15th day post operationem, and after twelve days of hormone treatment, the concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus and total nitrogen were determined in the femur bone. Parathyroidectomy resulted in a decrease of phosphorus concentration in bone. After thyroparathyroidectomy (Tx), the concentrations of inorganic phosporus and nitrogen diminished during some days, whereas the calcium content decreased continuously. Thyroxine application normalized the concentration of inorganic phosphorus. The osteolytic and nitrogen-anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone took place only in simultaneous treatment with thyroxine. The injection of calcitonin had a nitrogen-anabolic effect on bone; the simultaneous treatment with thyroxine induced a loss of calcium out of bone, and a deposition of calcium phosphate in renal tissue. Calcitonin did not inhibit a significant decrease of calcium concentration in the femur bone; the hypophosphatemic effect was always present. The metabolism of bone tissue, influenced by hormonal actions, probably determined the localization of the deposition of inorganic phosphorus, deserting the serum under the influence of calcitonin.