长白山森林/沼泽生态交错带群落和环境梯度分析

揭示了森林沼泽过渡带群落的结构、生产力、植物多样性等群落梯度和交错带环境梯度的相关规律,并结合交错区环境梯度分析这些群落特征形成机制,为维持、保护与经营管理这一交错带生物资源提供了理论依据.将长白山地区森林和高、中、低位沼泽所形成的三大类型过渡带作为研究对象,采用样带网格的调查方法,并应用系统软件分析方法建立了经验回归模型,研究了森林/沼泽生态交错带群落的种类组成、群落建群种径级结构与年龄结构、植物多样性、群落生产力及其随生态交错带环境梯度变化趋势.结果表明,森林/沼泽生态交错带群落结构特征、植物多样性、群落生产力均随着交错带环境梯度的变化而呈现有规律的分布格局.沿着沼泽至森林方向的交错区环境梯度,群落建群种发生更替现象;群落种类数目呈现指数递增趋势;群落的径级结构呈现双曲线分布规律性;年龄结构一般呈三次式分布规律;植物多样性呈二次式递增分布趋势;群落生物量均呈现三次式函数曲线递增趋势,表现出群落梯度和环境梯度的高度相关性.     

长白山林区森林/沼泽交错群落的植物多样性

本研究应用样带网格调查方法,对森林／沼泽交错区上6种群落的植物多样性状况、优势种类与分布以及交错区环境梯度进行了研究。结果表明：森林／沼泽交错区植物多样性具有沿着交错区环境梯度逐渐增高的趋势;发育成熟的交错群落具有最高的植物多样性,且高于相对应的典型森林群落。由于交错区群落存在着沼泽植物类群、森林类群以及交错区群落的优势种类群,故发育成熟的交错区群落种类较丰富,一些优势种种群数量为森林中的5倍。因为交错区的生境对于满足这些种类的生活史具有重要作用。森林／沼泽交错群落的特征与交错区环境梯度以及两个植被类型的特征密切相关。     

伊春林区白桦/沼泽交错群落植物多样性的研究

通过对伊春林区白桦/沼泽交错群落植物多样性状况、优势种类与分布、数量、环境及人为活动对植物多样性影响的调查、分析。结果表明:森林/沼泽交错区植物多样性较高。无人为干扰情况下,交错区植物多样性状况高于典型沼泽和典型森林群落,人类经营活动对交错区物种多样性影响大,多样性指数表现出草本层灌木层乔木层。该研究为了解伊春林区森林/沼泽交错区植物多样性现状,湿地保护提供了基础资料和科学依据。     

长白山落叶松和白桦-沼泽生态交错带群落演替规律研究

研究了长白山落叶松、白桦沼泽生态交错带群落演替规律,通过野外观测和建立斑块状态、林木蒸腾量与林木年龄的相关模型,利用相关模型定量地分析斑块和林木蒸腾量随林木年龄增长的动态变化过程,并分析了区域气候变化和群落演替的关系。探讨森林沼泽交错群落对湿地生境改造作用、湿地生境的中生化过程以及区域气候变暖对森林湿地演替的影响机制,揭示森林沼泽生态交错带群落的演替规律。结果表明,斑块宽度、高度、面积、体积随林木年龄增长均呈现三次式相关关系,林木蒸腾量随林木年龄增长呈现幂函数相关关系。落叶松、白桦沼泽交错群落经过60年左右时间发育,斑块将不断扩大,使地势平均升高0．405～0,590m;林木蒸腾量也不断增大,平均降低水位1．050～1．442m。森林湿地生境将演变为中生化的森林生境,同时,区域气候变暖与森林树种向湿地侵入存在密切关系,区域气候变暖将加快森林向湿地侵入进程,进而森林沼泽交错群落在相对较短的时间内(50～60年)将演替为森林群落。     

长白山毛赤杨和白桦-沼泽生态交错带群落生物量分布格局

采用样带网格、树干解析和经验模型方法,研究了长白山毛赤杨和白桦．沼泽交错群落生物量分布格局。揭示群落建群种生长过程、器官生物量分布、群落生物量水平分布和垂直分布规律性,结果表明,毛赤杨和白桦在生长过程及适宜生境方面存在差异．毛赤杨生长速度是白桦的2～3倍,随交错区环境梯度旱化。其生长呈减缓趋势,而白桦生长呈加快趋势,故白桦是耐水湿树种,毛赤杨是喜湿树种,毛赤杨和白桦个体营养器官生物量表现出相似的分布规律．两者营养器官生物量分布格局为树干1／2、树根1／4、树枝1／10、树皮1．5／20、树叶1／20,乔木层生物量占群落生物量的87％～90％、灌木层占7％～9％、草本层占2％～3％,群落生物量沿沼泽到森林交错区环境梯度呈显著线性递增趋势。     

大兴安岭天然沼泽湿地生态系统碳储量

采用碳/氮分析仪测定法与标准木解析法,研究大兴安岭5种典型天然沼泽湿地(草丛沼泽、灌丛沼泽、毛赤杨沼泽、白桦沼泽和落叶松沼泽)的生态系统碳储量(植被和土壤)、净初级生产力、植被年净固碳量及其沿沼泽至森林方向过渡带水分环境梯度的分布格局,揭示其空间变异规律性,并定量评价寒温带5种典型天然沼泽湿地的碳储量与固碳能力及其长期碳汇作用。结果表明:①5种天然沼泽湿地的植被碳储量分布在(0.48±0.08)—(8.33±0.66)kgC/m2之间,沿过渡带环境梯度呈递增趋势;②土壤碳储量分布在(19.21±6.17)—(38.28±4.86)kgC/m2之间,沿过渡带环境梯度却呈递减趋势;③生态系统碳储量分布在(27.54±7.16)—(38.76±4.58)kgC/m2之间,沿过渡带环境梯度基本呈恒定分布规律性,且以湿地土壤碳储量占优势地位(69.8%—98.8%);④植被净初级生产力分布在(0.68±0.10)—(1.08±0.12)kg.m-.2a-1之间,毛赤杨沼泽最高,草丛沼泽、灌丛沼泽、白桦沼泽居中,落叶松沼泽最低,且总体上低于温带森林湿地而高于寒温带天然落叶松林;⑤植被年净固碳量分布在(0.32±0.09)—(0.51±0.06)kgC.m-.2a-1,毛赤杨沼泽最高(高于全球植被平均年净固碳量)、灌丛沼泽和白桦沼泽居中(达到或接近全球平均值)、草丛沼泽和落叶松沼泽最低(略低于全球平均值),故这5种沼泽湿地均属于碳汇功能相对较强的湿地植被类型。     

沼泽交错带白桦——长白落叶松优势种群的年龄结构及其动态

采用径级结构替代年龄结构与建立种群年龄结构模型相结合的方法,研究沼泽交错带白桦—长白落叶松优势种群的年龄结构特征。结果表明:白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群的年龄结构呈纺锤型,龄级—个体数间的关系可用Lognormal函数表征;种群动态量化指数V'_(pi)为辽东桤木(9.57%)白桦(4.02%)长白落叶松(1.83%),均趋近于0,说明种群处于稳定型向衰退型过渡阶段;白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群幼龄个体严重不足,白桦和辽东桤木种群的存活曲线趋于Odum-B3型,而长白落叶松种群趋于Deevey-I型。白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群具有前期增长、中后期衰退的特征;白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群数量受基波影响显著,种群整个生活史阶段未显现小周期波动,种群发展较稳定;随着时间的推移,在未来2、4和6个龄级后,白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群老龄个体数均有增加,但由于更新幼苗个体稀少,未来必然呈衰退趋势。森林—沼泽交错带的白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群对外界环境变化有强烈的敏感性和脆弱性,人类活动扰动会影响其发育与演变,从而提高了森林—沼泽交错带地区沼泽化的风险。因此,应减少人类活动对森林—沼泽交错带的干扰,加强对这一地区植被群落的保护与管理。     

长白山原始针叶林沼泽湿地生态系统碳储量

采用年轮分析及相对生长方程法与碳/氮分析仪测定法,测定温带长白山沿湿地过渡带环境梯度依次分布的5种典型原始沼泽类型(草丛沼泽-C、灌丛沼泽-G、落叶松泥炭藓沼泽-LN、落叶松藓类沼泽-LX和落叶松苔草沼泽-LT)生态系统碳储量(植被和土壤)、植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量,定量评价温带森林湿地固碳能力及其长期碳汇作用,并揭示其沿过渡带水分环境梯度的空间分异规律。结果表明:①5种天然沼泽类型的植被碳储量(3.18±1.70)—(112.2±18.3) tC/hm~2沿过渡带环境梯度总体上呈递增趋势,针叶林沼泽显著高于C和G 12.2—34.3倍,G高于C 0.6倍,且LX和LT显著高于LN 0.3—0.6倍;②土壤碳储量(296.3±42.2)—(824.50±50.79) tC/hm~2沿过渡带环境梯度总体上呈递减趋势,C显著高于G和针叶林沼泽30.8%—178.3%(P0.05),G显著高于针叶林沼泽38.7%—112.8%,且LN和LT显著高于LX 32.8%—53.4%;③生态系统碳储量(408.42±57.53)—(827.52±50.96) tC/hm~2沿过渡带环境梯度总体上也呈递减趋势,C显著高于G和针叶林沼泽30.2%—102.7%,G显著高于针叶林沼泽21.5%—55.6%,且LN和LT显著高于LX 18.8%—28.0%;④5种沼泽类型的植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量分布在(5.74±0.08)—(10.98±1.67) t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和(2.44±0.03)—(5.17±0.83)tC hm~(-2) a~(-1),其中,LX和LT的植被净初级生产力显著高于C、G和LN 61.2%—91.3%和34.5%—59.6%;而在植被年净固碳量方面,3种针叶林沼泽类型均显著高于C和G 28.7%—111.9%和19.4%—96.6%。故长白山5种天然沼泽类型的植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量沿湿地过渡带环境梯度总体上呈现出阶梯式递增趋势,且仅有LX和LT达到了中国陆地植被及全球陆地植被平均固碳水平。因此,温带长白山沼草丛沼泽和灌丛沼泽长期碳汇作用强于森林沼泽,湿地碳汇管理实践中应重视草丛沼泽和灌丛沼泽的保护与恢复。     

生态交错带的定量判定

生态过渡性是梯度环境的特征之一,过渡带的显著性是地理学和地植物学中长期争论的重要问题,生态交错带位置和宽度的判定是定量研究交错带生态学过程的基础。样带法是采集非连续梯度数据和研究交错带的结构,功能和格局梯度变化的有效方法。生态交错带变化最为显著的特征是植被的变化,包括植物种类组成和植被结构的变化,植被生态学群落分析中的相异系数,β多样性,梯度分析和分类排序技术等已被证明是成熟可靠的方法。介绍两种交错带定量判定的有效方法。游动分割窗技术是通过滑动求取样带上样点间相异系数,通过相异系数变化曲线判定交错带的位置和宽度。分割窗技术提供了敏感地定位非连续梯度的客观且有效的方法,它不仅可用于环境梯度上的等距离样点取样,而且可用于非等距离梯度带多元变量的分析。植被的特征是对生态环境连续体的综合反应,植被在环境梯度上的排序参数提供了一种较好的交错带定量指标,样带植被数据特征参数的变异轮廓图能够反应植被沿样带的物种组成,结构和空间变化格局,可以反应植被沿环境梯度的β多样性和植物群落的梯度分化,植被变异侧面轮廓图的间断或不连续（突变）区间就是群落边界的位置。     

森林-草原交错带夏季鸟类群落多样性特征

2004～2006年夏季利用样线法研究了内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带鸟类群落多样性特征及变化规律.共记录鸟类73种,隶属于13目28科56属,鸟类区系具有明显的古北界特征.鸟类群落物种数和密度年间差异不显著,α多样性随森林-草原交错带环境梯度变化而发生显著变化:在不同植被地带之间,物种数、密度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数差异极显著、但科-属多样性差异不显著,鸟类群落α多样性各项指数表现为森林带＜交错带森林草甸区＞交错带草甸草原区＞草原带的特征与变化趋势(DG-F为交错带草甸草原区＞森林带);其中,森林草甸区是鸟类物种多样性的显著增长区,具有最高的物种数和密度,明显体现了交错区的边缘效应,草甸草原区是鸟类向草原过渡的显著变化区域、物种多样性开始显著减少.β多样性随不同植被地带逐级发生显著变化,环境差异最大的森林带-森林草甸区和草甸草原区-草原带具有最高的β多样性,物种替代速率最大;鸟类物种替代速率与环境梯度"陡度"有密切关系.鸟类优势种在各植被地带之间存在较大变化.鸟类群落的物种数、密度和物种多样性(H')与森林斑块数呈显著的正相关性,在大尺度空间上森林斑块数是影响鸟类群落多样性的最主要因素.     

秦岭山地天然次生林群落MRT数量分类、CCA排序及多样性垂直格局

采用多元回归树(MRT)对秦岭山地天然次生林群落进行数量分类,采用典范对应分析(CCA)进行排序,分析了秦岭山地天然次生林群落物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化规律。结果表明:(1) 275个样方共有种子植物195种,隶属61科128属。乔、灌、草3个层次物种多样性变化沿海拔梯度的变化趋势基本一致,呈单峰模型;(2)经交叉验证认为秦岭山地天然次生林群落可分为2类,Ⅰ冬瓜杨(Populus purdomii)+陇东海棠(Malus kansuensis)+蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)群落,Ⅱ锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata)+黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)+茜草(Rubia cordifolia)群落;(3) CCA排序结果揭示了群落生境的分布范围,反映出生态轴的排序意义,较好地反映秦岭山地天然次生林群落与环境因子的关系,其结果表明,海拔、坡向、凋落层厚度和干扰情况4个变量对该地区次生林群落的分布有较大的影响。     

Monitoring shifts in plant diversity in response to climate change: a method for landscapes

Improved sampling designs are needed to detect, monitor, and predict plant migrations and plant diversity changes caused by climate change and other human activities. We propose a methodology based on multi-scale vegetation plots established across forest ecotones which provide baseline data on patterns of plant diversity, invasions of exotic plant species, and plant migrations at landscape scales in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We established forty two 1000-m² plots in relatively homogeneous forest types and the ecotones between them on 14 vegetation transects. We found that 64% of the variance in understory species distributions at landscape scales were described generally by gradients of elevation and under-canopy solar radiation. Superimposed on broad-scale climatic gradients are small-scale gradients characterized by patches of light, pockets of fertile soil, and zones of high soil moisture. Eighteen of the 42 plots contained at least one exotic species; monitoring exotic plant invasions provides a means to assess changes in native plant diversity and plant migrations. Plant species showed weak affinities to overstory vegetation types, with 43% of the plant species found in three or more vegetation types. Replicate transects along several environmental gradients may provide the means to monitor plant diversity and species migrations at landscape scales because: (1) ecotones may play crucial roles in expanding the geophysiological ranges of many plant species; (2) low affinities of understory species to overstory forest types may predispose vegetation types to be resilient to rapid environmental change; and (3) ecotones may help buffer plant species from extirpation and extinction.     

广东始兴南山木本植物群落特征研究

为了研究广东始兴南山自然保护区的木本植物群落结构特征，通过在不同海拔高度设置3个1 hm²的典型植物群落样地，并对其物种组成、多样性、径级结构、生物量等进行分析。结果表明：(1)研究区共有木本植物193种，隶属于60科115属，其中中海拔样地的物种数最多，为127种，隶属于44科80属，不同样地的优势树种存在差异，优势科主要是壳斗科、樟科。(2)木本植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)和Simpson多样性指数(D)在不同样地间有差异，均随海拔升高呈现降低趋势。(3)高、低海拔区域的群落径级结构主要为小径级(Ⅰ级)个体，而中海拔样地的木本植物群落径级结构以Ⅰ级为主，Ⅱ、Ⅲ 径级树木个体为辅，径级结构更加合理。(4)不同样地的木本植物根、主干、枝、叶生物量有明显变化，随海拔升高呈现升高趋势。该研究为始兴南山保护区的森林合理经营、生物多样性保护以及生产力预测提供了科学依据。     

Geographical patterns of persistence in duck guilds

Geographical gradients of persistence in community structure have been suggested to be causally related to underlying gradients of species diversity, environmental variability and/or productivity. In order to test whether the persistence of breeding duck communities was dependent on any one of these three factors, thirty-three years of census data from the Canadian prairie and boreal forest regions was examined along geographical gradients of wetland habitat variability and productivity. For breeding ducks, locally derived patterns of persistence were generally independent of local habitat conditions. Persistence appeared to be related more to patterns of emigration and immigration in response to climatic conditions (i.e., drought) in the southern prairies than to local species richness, wetland habitat variability or productivity. It is suggested, therefore, that analyses of community persistence derived at small spatial scales may be of limited value if the structure of communities is not regulated by local conditions.     

辽东山区原始阔叶红松林主要树种空间结构特征

维持森林结构多样性通常被认为是确保森林生态系统稳定性和生物多样性的有效方式.本研究以辽东山区原始阔叶红松林为对象,运用相邻木空间关系构建林分空间结构参数,探究顶极群落内部主要优势乔木的空间结构特征,并以此顶极群落为借鉴,为低质量次生林改造和人工纯林结构优化经营提供参考.结果表明: 辽东山区原始阔叶红松林林分的径级分布呈倒“J”形,林下更新良好,同时保持一定比例的大径木存在;林分平均角尺度为0.507,整体呈随机分布状态,混交度平均值为0.82,混交度强;平均大小比数为0.506,反映出林分整体处于中庸状态.林分中不同优势度在极强混交维度下出现了一定程度的分化,反映出处于中下层绝对劣势的小径级被压木和主林层的绝对优势木在不同垂直空间上的优化分布与利用.林分中各优势树种的分布也随机镶嵌于总体的随机格局之中.     

Tree Diversity,Environmental Heterogeneity,and Productivity in a Mexican Tropical Dry Forest1

Species diversity–environmental heterogeneity (D–EH) and species diversity–productivity (D–P) relationships have seldom been analyzed simultaneously even though such analyses could help to understand the processes underlying contrasts in species diversity among sites. Here we analyzed both relationships at a local scale for a highly diverse tropical dry forest of Mexico. We posed the following questions: (1) are environmental heterogeneity and productivity related?; (2) what are the shapes of D–EH and D–P relationships?; (3) what are individual, and interactive, contributions of these two variables to the observed variance in species diversity?; and (4) are patterns affected by sample size, or by partitioning into average local diversity and spatial species turnover? All trees (diameter at breast height ≥5 cm) within twenty‐six 0.2‐ha transects were censused; four environmental variables associated with water availability were combined into an environmental heterogeneity index; aboveground standing biomass was used as a productivity estimator. Simple and multiple linear and nonlinear regression models were run. Environmental heterogeneity and productivity were not correlated. We found consistently positive log‐linear D–EH and D–P relationships. Productivity explained a larger fraction of among‐transect variance in species diversity than did environmental heterogeneity. No effects of sample size were found. Different components of diversity varied in sensitivity to environmental heterogeneity and productivity. Our results suggest that species' differentiation along water availability gradients and species exclusion at the lowest productivity (driest) sites occur simultaneously, independently, and in a scale‐dependent fashion on the tree community of this forest.     

河北小五台山国家级自然保护区森林群落与环境的关系

植物与环境之间的关系是一个复杂的演变过程,运用数量生态学方法探讨森林群落的物种组成、种群的生态特征、不同植物群落与环境之间的关系,有助于保护该区森林群落的稳定性和生物多样性。根据148个森林群落样方数据,选用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,对河北小五台山国家级自然保护区森林群落进行分类和排序研究。结果表明:(1)TWINSPAN将该区的森林群落分为20个类型;(2)CCA排序结果较好地反映出群落分布格局与环境梯度的关系,各个森林群落类型在前两轴分异明显,在11个环境因子中,海拔、坡位、凋落层厚度、土壤导电率、土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤厚度和干扰程度这8个环境因子对森林群落的分布起较大的作用,影响森林群落的分布格局,形成不同的植被类型。(3)乔木层优势种的CCA二维排序图所揭示的环境梯度与群落类型的分布有很大的相似性;t值双序图阐明了海拔、凋落层厚度、土壤温度、干扰程度等环境因子对森林群落乔木层优势种有着重要影响。采用TWINSPAN分类与CCA排序的方法,较好地解释了森林群落与环境因子的关系,为小五台山地区森林生态系统的科学管理和保护提供了理论依据,研究结果也为同类地区森林生态系统研究及保护提供参考和借鉴。     

Disentangling the relative importance of species occurrence,abundance and intraspecific variability in community assembly: a trait‐based approach at the whole‐plant level in Mediterranean forests

Understanding which factors and rules govern the process of assembly in communities constitutes one of the main challenges of plant community ecology. The presence of certain functional strategies along broad environmental gradients can help to understand the patterns observed in community assembly and the filtering mechanisms that take place. We used a trait‐based approach, quantifying variations in aboveground (leaf and stem) and belowground (root) functional traits along environmental gradients in Mediterranean forest communities (south Spain). We proposed a new practical method to quantify the relative importance of species turnover (distinguishing between species occurrence and abundance) versus intraspecific variation, which allowed us to better understand the assemblage rules of these plant communities along environmental gradients. Our results showed that the functional structure of the studied plant communities was highly determined by soil environment. Results from our modelling approach based on maximum likelihood estimators showed a predominant influence of soil water storage on most of the community functional traits. We found that changes in community functional structure along environmental gradients were mainly promoted by species turnover rather than by intraspecific variability. Specifically, our new method of variance decomposition demonstrated that between‐site trait variation was the result of changes in species occurrence rather than in the abundance of certain dominant species. In conclusion, this study showed that water availability promoted the predominance of specific trait values (both in above and belowground fractions) associated to a resource acquisition or conservation strategy. In addition, we provided evidence that changes on community functional structure along the environmental gradient were mainly promoted by a process of species replacement, which represent a crucial step towards a more general understanding of the relative importance of intraspecific versus interspecific trait variation in these woody Mediterranean communities.