虎斑颈槽蛇大陆亚种的一些生物学资料

1990～2007年,对虎斑颈槽蛇的生活习性、生长发育、产卵、孵化条件和胚胎发育进行了观察研究.虎斑颈槽蛇的产卵期为6月～7月中旬,一年一次性产卵6～22枚, 孵化期为41～43天,胚胎发育分为16期.卵产出时胚胎已发育到第10～11期,孵化至37天时仔蛇已基本发育完全.详细描述了11～16期胎蛇的外部形态特征和发育时序.     

棕黑锦蛇卵的孵化观察

从１９７５－１９９０年，观察了棕黑锦蛇卵在室内的孵化。共获东北三省（黑龙江、吉林、辽宁）棕黑锦蛇５１条，其中雌蛇２６条。收集卵８３枚，在室温下孵化，孵化期为４５－６２天。仔蛇第一次蜕皮后即可饮水捕食。投饲乳鼠（每只重２．５－３．５克）咬住猎物不松口，并缠绕挤压，然后寻其头部吞食，如食物丰富，仔蛇易成活。     

温度和卵大小对尖吻蝮幼蛇孵化及存活率影响的研究

目的研究尖吻蝮（Dienagkistrodon acutus）幼蛇成活率低的原因,观察不同温度条件和不同卵大小对尖吻蝮幼蛇的孵化、幼体特征、转化率、幼蛇存活率的影响。方法将不同窝尖吻蝮蛇卵按产卵日期相差不超过1天分为同一组,每组随机选择不同的温度进行孵化,采用隔水式恒温培养箱进行控温,以常温孵化作为对照试验,幼蛇出壳后采集相关试验数据并进行分析。在环境条件、养殖模式和养殖方法相同情况下对幼蛇饲养3个月,然后统计各组成活率。结果尖吻蝮幼体的孵化和幼体特征及存活率与孵化温度条件有明显相关性,孵化温度越高,孵化期越短,畸形率越高,蛇卵重量转化为幼体体重的转化率越低,3月龄幼蛇存活率越低。较大的尖吻蝮蛇卵孵出的幼蛇个体较大,生存力较强,存活率较高。结论尖吻蝮幼蛇的存活率与孵化温度条件及蛇卵重量大小有明显相关性,较适宜的孵化温度为24-26℃,蛇卵越大幼蛇存活率越高。     

虎斑颈槽蛇颈腺的解剖观察研究

虎斑颈槽蛇颈腺的解剖观察研究吴卯斌（安徽省黄山市屯溪毒蛇养殖研究所２４５０５１）关键词虎斑颈槽蛇，颈腺，解剖我所多年从事毒蛇的人工养殖研究工作，在进行蛇类饲养，观察过程中，一次偶尔触怒虎斑颈槽蛇（Ｒｈａｂｄｏｐｈｉｓｔｉｇｒｉｎｕｓ）［又名虎斑游蛇］...     

虎斑颈槽蛇小肠发育的组织学研究

本文对虎斑颈槽蛇孵化出壳后一月内的幼蛇小肠组织结构做了较为系统的观察,结果显示,在孵化出壳的一个月内,小肠的组织结构呈现明显的变化。主要表现在绒毛的个数、绒毛高度、粘膜上皮细胞高度、粘膜下层厚度和肌层厚度等均随幼体日龄的增加而显著增加。其中,开口前、后(即孵化出壳后十天左右),其小肠组织结构变化最为显著。     

黄淮平原虎斑颈槽蛇的繁殖策略

野生虎斑颈槽蛇在繁殖期的栖息地选择、产卵、孵化、幼蛇的形态变化和行为等方面皆有其独特的适应策略。     

虎斑颈槽蛇治化疗白细胞减少1例

虎斑颈槽蛇治化疗白细胞减少１例吴卯斌安徽省黄山市屯溪毒蛇养殖研究所２４５０５１虎斑颈槽蛇（Ｒｂａｂｄｏｐｈｉｓｔｉｇｙｉｈａｂｏｉｃ）,原名：虎斑游蛇,是有毒蛇,笔者用其治愈化疗期白细胞减少１例。现介绍如下：患者何某,男,４６岁,农民。因自觉食道梗阻...     

一种有毒的游蛇——虎斑颈槽蛇

虎斑颈槽蛇是中国数量较多、分布最广的蛇类之一,但一直被当作无毒蛇而忽视。为了使人们对虎斑颈槽蛇有一个全面、正确的认识,也为以后的相关研究奠定一定的理论基础,从虎斑颈槽蛇的分布,形态,生活习性以及毒腺的研究等方面加以综述。     

虎斑颈槽蛇多态与变异

目的研究虎斑颈槽蛇大陆亚种[Phabodophis tigrinus lateralis (Berthold)]在不同分布地区存在的多态现象和变异性。方法在分析已经报道的有关文献的基础上,研究辽宁、吉林等地野外采集到的标本,并对虎斑颈槽蛇大陆亚种的色斑变异和腹鳞的多态现象进行相关分析结果虎斑颈槽蛇大陆亚种的腹鳞数目与纬度呈强正相关,与经度呈中等正相关,与年均温度呈强负相关,与体长呈弱相关关系,年均温度高产卵时间早,而孵化时间长。结论分布范围相对较窄的蛇腹鳞数目是相对稳定的,分布范围广、跨越纬度大,腹鳞的数目差异亦很大。     

虎斑颈槽蛇肾脏两性异型性的结构特点

目的了解虎斑颈槽蛇肾脏两性异型性的结构基础。方法虎斑颈槽蛇(Rhabdophis tigrinus)为性成熟个体,共19条,雄性12条,雌性7条。于2005～2008年的7月份对蛇及其肾脏进行测量和称重,应用光镜和电镜对肾脏进行观察。结果雄性蛇肾脏不仅颜色呈黄色,而且相对长度和重量也均大于雌性;雄性蛇肾脏富含由远曲小管膨大而成的肾性节,而雌性则没有。肾性节细胞呈高柱状,具有典型的分泌性细胞的超微结构特点。结论虎斑颈槽蛇肾脏的两性异型性是由于雄性的肾脏富有特化的肾性节所致。     

Embryonic growth and mobilization of energy and material in oviposited eggs of the red-necked keelback snake, Rhabdophis tigrinus lateralis

We used the red-necked keelback (Rhabdophis tigrinus lateralis) as a model animal to study embryonic growth and mobilization of energy and material in oviposited snake eggs. Females (N=12) laid eggs between late May and early June. Eggs were incubated at 30 (+/-0.3) degrees C. One egg from each clutch was dissected at five-day intervals starting at oviposition. Incubation length averaged 27.9 days. Three phases of embryonic growth or yolk depletion could be detected in this study. The first phase, between oviposition and Day 10, was one of minimal transfer of energy and material from yolk to embryo. The second phase, between Day 10 and Day 22-23, was characterized by increasingly rapid embryonic growth and yolk depletion. The third phase, between Day 22-23 and hatching, was characterized by a gradual reduction in embryonic growth and yolk depletion. Approximately 73.6% of dry mass, 50.0% of non-polar lipids and 57.8% of energy were transferred from egg to embryo during incubation. Embryos withdrew mineral from the eggshell mainly during the last quarter of incubation. Our data show that oviposition does not coincide with the onset of rapid embryonic growth in oviparous species of squamate reptiles that are positioned midway within the oviparity-viviparity continuum, and that the greater conversion efficiencies of energy and material from egg to hatchling in snakes can be mainly attributed to their lower energetic costs of embryonic development and greater residual yolk sizes.     

Long-term storage and viability of Ochlerotatus albifasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The viability of Ochlerotatus albifasciatus (Macquart) eggs stored at room temperature and at 5 degrees C was studied over 31 months. After 12, 18 and 31 months of storage, eggs were acclimatized at 22 degrees C for ten days, and then inundated twice every seven days. The effect of the storage period on the percentage of hatching was analyzed by one way ANOVA. Differences on the hatching response between the first and second flooding were analyzed by paired t-test. Differences on the hatching response between the two storage conditions were analyzed by Mann-Whitney rank test. Results showed that (1) Oc. albifasciatus eggs were able to survive and hatch over 31 months; (2) the percent hatching of eggs stored at 5 degrees C was higher than that of eggs stored at room temperature; and (3) low temperatures and long periods without water favor installment hatching.     

Muscle growth in yolk-sac larvae of the Atlantic halibut as influenced by temperature in the egg and yolk-sac stage

Atlantic halibut eggs and yolk-sac larvae were incubated at 1, 5 and 8° C. Eggs incubated at 8° C gave slightly shorter larvae at hatching with a significantly smaller total cross-sectional area of white muscle fibres than eggs incubated at 5° C. Transport of eggs 2 days prior to hatching gave significantly longer larvae at hatching with a significantly larger red fibre cross-sectional area than when eggs were transported shortly after the blastopore closure. A higher survival until 230 degree days after hatching was also observed in the former group. All eggs incubated at 1° C died before hatching and all larvae incubated at 1° C died before 45 degree days after hatching. From hatching until 230 degree days the total white cross-sectional area increased threefold in all temperature groups. The increase in white cross-sectional area was entirely due to hypertrophy between hatching and 150 degree days (10 mm L _S). Recruitment of new white fibres increased in germinal zones at the dorsal, ventral and lateral borders of the myotome from 150 degree days onwards, but at 230 degree days (12–13 mm L _S) the recruitment fibre zone constituted <10% of the total white cross-sectional area. Larval incubation at 8° C gave slightly longer larvae with a significantly larger cross-sectional area of recruitment fibres at 230 degree days than incubation at 5° C. The larval group incubated at 8° C also had a significantly lower survival until 230 degree days than did the 5° C group. Incubation temperature regimes did not affect the volume density of myofibrils in the axial muscle fibres at 230 degree days. Thus hypertrophy is the predominant mechanism of axial white muscle growth in Atlantic halibut yolk-sac larvae and an increased rearing temperature during the yolk-sac stage increases white muscle fibre hyperplasia.     

Temperature Effects on Anti-Predator Behaviour in Rhabdophis tigrinus, a Snake with Toxic Nuchal Glands

Many contextual factors affect the anti-predator behaviour of animals. In ectotherms, in which most physiological activities depend on body temperature, ambient temperature is one of the most important of these factors. We examined the effects of temperature on the anti-predator behaviour of an ectotherm, the Japanese grass snake ( Rhabdophis tigrinus ). This species has a large repertoire of anti-predator behavioural responses. Among these responses are several anti-predator displays that appear to be unique to this species and perhaps others in a small group of closely related species possessing nuchal glands containing toxic secretions that may be derived from their toxic toad diet. Snakes were tested at room temperatures of 14, 22 and 30°C with order of temperatures balanced. A long wand modified to simulate initial contact by a predator was used as the stimulus. Snakes exhibited rather passive responses (neck flatten, body flatten, neck arch and immobile) more frequently at low temperatures, and fled more frequently at high temperatures. The dorsal facing posture, a characteristic posture directed against the stimulus, was observed more frequently at low temperatures. Threatening, assertive responses such as strike were rarely observed. These results showed that R. tigrinus shifts its anti-predator behaviour from multiple passive responses to active flight responses with increasing temperature. This snake species thus appears to rely more on its nuchal glands as a predator deterrent at low ambient temperatures. Consistent individual variation was also observed, and its adaptive and causal bases are discussed.     

Zur fortpflanzungsbiologie von mesostoma ehrenbergii (Focke, 1836) (Turbellaria)

1. At temperature levels from 10 to 25°C animals from resting eggs produce subitaneous eggs independent on temperature. In contrast animals from subitaneous eggs produce subitaneous eggs dependent on temperature. At a high rate subitaneous eggs are only formed at temperature levels above 20°C.
2. Below 10°C no development occurs in the juveniles. At temperatures of 30/22°C (24.7°C) the first subitaneous eggs are formed after 6–9 days, at 14/9°C (10.7°C) they are formed after 34 days. At different temperature levels the developmental rate of the young is from 10.5 to 42 days. One generation extends over 16.5 (30/22°C) to 75 days (14/9°C). The average egg production is 10–20 subitaneous eggs or 30–60 resting eggs. The maximum egg production of one individual is 50 subitaneous eggs or 84 resting eggs. 50% of the animals have just formed resting eggs, before the juveniles are hatched. Resting eggs in the first egg-batch are formed 6–20 days later than subitaneous eggs. The duration of life is between 65 (30/22°C) and 140 days (19/13°C).
3. Young worms in resting eggs have a dormance period of at least 15–30 days.

At room temperatures (20°C) no juvenile in resting eggs hatches from water. By combining room and refrigerator (3.5°C) temperatures the hatching rate increases to a maximum of 85%. To reach a hatching rate of 50–65% the influence of low temperatures must be at least 30 days. At room temperatures 60% of the young in resting eggs hatch from mud covered with water. Combining high and low temperatures the hatching success is between 67 and 81%, where the highest percentage of the young may hatch at room temperature. Up to 90 days low temperatures cause a maximum hatching rate of 79%. It decreases to approximately 30% after 180 days. At high temperatures resting eggs preserved in 100% moist mud, survive for two months. By adding a period of low temperatures the hatching rate increases to a maximum of 52%. Low temperatures are survived for more than 6 months. Up to 30 days preservation at 3.5°C causes a maximum hatching rate of 61%, up to 12o days it decreases to 30%. At room temperature the young in resting eggs are not resistant against air-dried mud (30–40% rel. air moisture). Combining high and low temperatures air-dried mud is endured 1 month (hatching rate 5–14%). Preservation of 30–120 days at 3.5°C and 70% rel. air moisture result in a hatching rate of 43–61%. li]4. In the open air in Middle-Europe there occur 5–6 generations of M. ehrenbergii per life-cycle. The first generation hatches from resting eggs in May, where the production of subitaneous eggs is independent on temperature. All other generations up to October hatch from subitaneous eggs. The egg-production of those worms is dependent on environmental factors. In summer subitaneous egg production prevails, in autumn resting egg production. The abundance during the life-cycle is dependent on the number of animals which produce subitaneous eggs. Resting eggs are predestinated to endure periods of dryness and cold. The life-cycles of the species M. lingua and M. productum are different from those of M. ehrenbergii in length and in the number of generations. In both species 7 generations occur over 8 to 8.5 respectively 5.5 months. M. nigrirostrum only forms resting eggs. The life-cycle consists of one generation from February/March to May/June.     

四川资阳市两栖爬行动物资源调查初报

1996~2007年对四川省资阳市的两栖爬行动物资源进行了初步调查,发现两栖类7种,其中有尾目1种,无尾目6种;爬行类18种,其中龟鳖目2种,有鳞目蜥蜴亚目5种、蛇亚目11种,其中包括新记录1科3属5种。建议加强对该市两栖爬行动物物种多样性及其生境的保护,合理利用两栖爬行动物资源。     

后毒牙类毒蛇

长期以来,人们仅把具有沟牙和管牙的蛇视为毒蛇,然而,近年来发现游蛇科中的虎斑颈槽蛇、红脖颈槽蛇、颈棱蛇、赤链蛇等既无管牙,也无沟牙,却频频发生这类蛇咬伤人后引起中毒的事例,甚至出现被咬伤致严重出血休克死亡的事件。经深入研究后发现,这些蛇虽没有沟牙和管牙,但却具有产生毒性分泌物的毒腺—杜氏腺(Duvernoy′s gland)及皮下腺,且不同的毒腺具有不同的毒性作用,可表现为出血不止、溶血、呼吸困难、肾损害等。这类蛇与毒腺的导管有联系的上颌牙明显粗大,上颌牙与上颌骨、横骨连接牢固,毒腺里的毒液可顺着粗大的上颌牙流入伤口,因此,应视为"后毒牙类毒蛇"。