双向凝胶电泳-飞行时间质谱技术鉴定小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M2／NDPK B的表达

运用双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(2DPAGE)分析未交配小鼠子宫内膜和妊娠第五天(D5)小鼠子宫内膜胚泡黏附时植入位点及其旁组织蛋白质组。差异蛋白质组学显示,等电点(isoelectric point,pI)约7．1、分子量(molecular weight,Mw)约18kDa的蛋白质点在D5小鼠子宫内膜特别是植入位点表达上调。对此蛋白质点用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption／ionization time of flying mass spectrometry,MALDI—TOF—MS)测定其胶内酶解后的肽质量指纹谱(Peptide Mass Fingerprint,PMF),经Mascot：Peptide Mass Fingerprint中SWISS-PROT数据库查询后,鉴定该蛋白质为鼠源性nm23-M2／NDPKB。RT—PCR和免疫组织化学结果也显示D5小鼠子宫内膜nm23-M2／NDPK B mRNA和蛋白表达明显增加。提示nm23-M2／NDPKB参与胚泡着床这一重要生命活动过程。     

小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1/NDPK A的表达

nm23家族除与肿瘤转移抑制有关,它还参与调节正常细胞的发育、增殖、分化及凋亡等过程。运用RT-PCR、Western blot 和免疫组织化学技术,分析小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜着床点和着床旁组织nm23-M1/NDPK A 的表达,以未交配鼠作对照,为进一步阐明胚泡着床的机制提供有意义的实验依据。RT-PCR 结果显示,小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1/NDPK A mRNA 表达明显高于对照组,并且着床点明显高于着床旁,Western blot 和免疫组织化学分析nm23-M1/NDPK A 蛋白表达,也得到一致的结果。提示nm23-M1/NDPK A 参与胚泡着床这一重要生命活动过程。     

小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1／NDPK A的表达

nm23家族除与肿瘤转移抑制有关,它还参与调节正常细胞的发育、增殖、分化及凋亡等过程。运用RT-PCR、Western blot和免疫组织化学技术,分析小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜着床点和着床旁组织nm23-M1／NDPK A的表达,以未交配鼠作对照,为进一步阐明胚泡着床的机制提供有意义的实验依据。RT-pCR结果显示,小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1／NDPK A mRNA表达明显高于对照组,并且着床点明显高于着床旁,Western blot和免疫组织化学分析nm23-M1／NDPK A蛋白表达,也得到一致的结果。提示nm23-M1／NDPK A参与胚泡着床这一重要生命活动过程。     

双向凝胶电泳分析小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床点和着床旁组织蛋白质组

目的 :研究小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床点和着床旁蛋白质表达图谱及其差异。方法 :用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离 5d .p .c .(dayspostcoitum)小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床点和着床旁总蛋白 ,同时分离同龄未交配小鼠子宫内膜总蛋白 ,银染显色 ,PDQuest 2DE软件分析。结果 :图像分析测得三块胶的匹配率达 74 5 %以上 ,在等电点pI 3～ 1 0、分子量 1 4 4～ 75 4kDa范围内分离得未交配小鼠子宫内膜蛋白点大约 81 0个 ,受孕小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床旁和着床点蛋白质点分别大约为 95 0个和 1 0 4 0个 ,其中至少 90个蛋白点在三种不同的生理状态间有 2倍以上的量变。结论 :在“着床窗口期” ,小鼠子宫内膜特别是着床位点内膜合成更多的蛋白质 ,以适宜胚泡成功地植入。     

早孕小鼠子宫内膜M2型丙酮酸激酶基因表达的研究

该研究分析了M2型丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase M2,PKM2)基因在早孕小鼠子宫内膜的表达规律。通过建立正常妊娠小鼠模型,收集孕D1、D4、D5、D6、D7小鼠子宫内膜组织及孕D5小鼠着床点及着床旁子宫内膜组织。构建假孕小鼠模型,收集假孕PD1、PD4、PD5、PD6和PD7小鼠子宫内膜组织。用Real-time PCR和Western blot方法检测PKM2 m RNA和蛋白质表达水平;免疫组织化学方法检测PKM2蛋白质在孕D5着床点与着床旁子宫内膜的分布。研究结果显示,在正常妊娠小鼠子宫内膜,PKM2 m RNA表达从孕D5开始出现明显升高,孕D6达高峰,孕D7略有下降,孕D6、孕D7与孕D1相比有明显差异。PKM2蛋白质从孕D6开始出现明显升高,孕D7略有下降,孕D6、孕D7与孕D1相比有明显差异。假孕小鼠子宫内膜PKM2 m RNA水平从PD6开始有明显升高,PD7与PD6水平相当,PD6、PD7与PD1相比有明显差异。PKM2蛋白质水平每两组间无明显差异。孕D5小鼠子宫内膜组织中,PKM2 m RNA及蛋白质水平均呈现着床点明显高于着床旁趋势。该研究初步揭示了PKM2基因在早孕小鼠子宫内膜表达规律,为深入探讨PKM2在维持早孕小鼠子宫内膜正常功能的机制上的作用提供了重要线索。     

RNA干扰抑制nm23-M1基因表达对骨髓瘤SP2/0细胞增殖的影响

建立RNA干扰 (RNA interference, RNAi)抑制nm23-M1基因表达的骨髓瘤SP2/0细胞株, 初步探讨nm23-M1基因对小鼠骨髓瘤细胞增殖的影响.针对 nm23-M1 mRNA序列设计3个小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA)序列, 分别构建表达这3个序列及阴性对照序列的pGenesil-1重组质粒, 再转染小鼠骨髓瘤SP2/0细胞并经G418抗性筛选稳定表达细胞株.采用半定量RT-PCR及Western 印迹检测3个重组质粒对nm23-M1 mRNA及蛋白质表达的抑制效果, 然后用MTT法观察抑制nm23-M1表达对SP2/0细胞增殖的影响.结果显示, 设计的3条siRNA不同程度地特异抑制骨髓瘤SP2/0细胞nm23-M1 mRNA及蛋白质的表达, 其中siRNA-2抑制作用最强, 其对nm23-M1 mRNA和蛋白质的抑制率分别为74.4%和62.1%; 且siRNA-2抑制nm23-M1基因表达后SP2/0 细胞增殖受到明显抑制 (P < 0.05).本研究成功构建了pGenesil-1-nm23-M1 siRNA重组质粒, 筛选出稳定抑制nm23-M1基因表达的SP2/0细胞株, 提示抑制nm23-M1基因表达有抑制骨髓瘤细胞增殖的作用; 为进一步研究nm23基因的生物学功能及临床应用打下了基础.     

PTEN在早孕小鼠子宫内膜的表达及其对胚泡着床的影响

本研究旨存检测肿瘤抑制基因PTEN(phosphatase andtensinhomologdeletedonchromosometen)在早孕小鼠子宫内膜中的表达规律,探讨PTEN在小鼠胚胎着床过程中的作用.采用实时荧光定量聚合酶联反应(real.time fluorescent quantitative PCR.FQ.PCR)和免疫组织化学方法分别检测未孕及孕1、3、4、5、7 d小鼠子宫内膜PTEN mRNA和蛋白的表达;子宫角注射PTEN反义寡核苷酸观察胚泡着床数.FQ-PCR结果显示,妊娠小鼠子宫内膜组织PTENmRNA的表达高于未妊娠小鼠,且随着妊娠天数的增加表达逐渐增强,到妊娠第5天达最高.免疫组织化学分析显示,PTEN蛋白在子宫内膜的表达规律与mRNA结果一致.子宫角注射PTEN反义寡核苷酸后胚泡着床数明显减少.结果提示,PTEN在妊娠早期子宫内膜持续表达,可能参与了胚泡着床.     

p16INK4a在早孕小鼠子宫内膜的表达及其对胚泡着床的影响

本研究旨在检测肿瘤抑制基因p16INK4a(inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4a)在早孕小鼠子宫内膜中的表达规律,探讨p16INK4a在小鼠胚胎着床过程中的作用.采用荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)和免疫组织化学方法分别检测未孕小鼠及孕小鼠第2、3、4、5、7天子宫内膜p16INK4a mRNA和蛋白的表达;子宫角注射p16INK4a抗体观察胚泡着床数.FQ-PCR结果显示孕小鼠子宫内膜组织p16INK4amRNA的表达高于未孕小鼠,且随着妊娠天数的增加呈现表达逐渐增强的趋势,到妊娠第5天达到最高,后渐降.免疫组织化学分析显示p16INK4a蛋白在子宫内膜的表达规律与mRNA结果一致.子宫角注射p16INK4a抗体后胚泡着床数明显减少.以上结果提示,P161INK4a在妊娠早期子宫内膜持续表达,可能参与胚泡着床.     

在大鼠胚泡着床过程中孕酮及其受体含量的变化

本文测定了早期妊娠大鼠(D_1—D_7)血清和子宫组织中孕酮和孕酮受体含量;对着床点和未着床子宫组织中的孕酮和受体含量作了比较;分析了血清和子宫组织中孕酮与雌二醇-17β含量的比值。初步结果表明:(1)血清孕酮含量在 D_4明显升高,达到44.13±5.69ng/ml,但子宫组织中的孕酮含量一般随妊娠时间逐渐升高;(2)胞质受体在 D_1最高(45304±1008分子/细胞),在 D_6最低(1121±149分子/细胞),而核受体含量在 D_6比 D_5和 D_7显著升高;(3)孕酮与雌二醇-17β的比值无论在血清和子宫组织中都是在 D_5和 D_7为最高;(4)在 D_6着床点子宫组织孕酮含量明显高于非着床部位,在 D_7两者无异;(5)在 D_6着床点中核受体含量要比未着床点部位高4倍;在 D_7着床点中胞质受体含量明显高于 D_6,也明显高于 D_7中非着床部位子宫胞质受体量。上述资料表明,(1)在 D_5(大鼠胚泡着床时间)子宫贮留更多的孕酮,这可能有利于子宫处于一种“静态”环境,以利于胚泡着床;(2)在 D_6着床点孕酮核受体含量增加,这可能是由于着床的胚泡局部分泌一种或一些因子,发动或加强激素受体复合体由细胞质向细胞核的转入,(3)在 D_7子宫组织中,孕酮水平明显上升,这说明胚泡至少在 D_7已能合成孕酮。     

自噬抑制剂3-MA对围着床期小鼠子宫胚胎着床的影响

该文探索了自噬抑制剂3-MA对围着床期小鼠子宫胚胎着床的影响。将成年昆明雌性小鼠随机分为对照组、3-MA低剂量组(15 mmol/L)和3-MA高剂量组(30 mmol/L)。自小鼠孕D1起,腹腔注射自噬抑制剂3-MA,直到处死,以腹腔注射PBS作为对照。收集孕D4、D5、D6子宫内膜组织,Western blot检测自噬抑制剂3-MA注射后自噬相关因子Atg5和LC3蛋白表达,形态学观察对照组和3-MA自噬抑制剂组胚胎着床点数量。Real-time PCR检测Cathepsin B、P62、孕激素受体(PR)和雌激素受体α(ERα)m RNA在孕D5子宫内膜的表达。免疫组化检测PR在孕D5子宫内膜的表达。结果显示,在自噬抑制剂3-MA的作用下,自噬相关因子Atg5、LC3蛋白在孕D4~D6小鼠子宫中的表达量明显降低,Cathepsin B、P62 m RNA在孕D5小鼠子宫中的表达显著降低。注射3-MA自噬抑制剂后,孕D6小鼠着床点(IS)数量比正常组明显减少。在孕D5小鼠子宫内膜着床旁(IIS)和着床点中,自噬抑制剂3-MA干预组PR的蛋白质表达量明显降低,PR和ERαm RNA表达量均显著降低,随着3-MA抑制剂剂量的升高,PR和ERαm RNA表达降低得更显著。结果表明,自噬抑制剂3-MA可能会对小鼠胚胎着床时子宫内膜容受性产生影响,其机制有待进一步研究。     

Expression patterns of nm23 genes during mouse organogenesis

Nucleoside di-phosphate kinase enzyme (NDPK) isoforms, encoded by the nm23 family of genes, may be involved in various cellular differentiation and proliferation processes. We have therefore analyzed the expression of nm23-M1, -M2, -M3, and -M4 during embryonic mouse development. In situ hybridization data has revealed the differential expression of nm23 mRNA during organogenesis. Whereas nm23-M1 and -M3 are preferentially expressed in the nervous and sensory systems, nm23-M2 mRNA is found ubiquitously. Irrespective of the developmental state studied, nm23-M4 mRNA is only expressed at low levels in a few embryonic organs. In the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, nm23-M1, -M2, and -M3 are present in the neuronal differentiation layer, whereas nm23-M4 mRNA is distributed in the proliferating layer. Thus, nm23 mRNA is differentially expressed, and the diverse NDPK isoforms are sequentially involved in various developmental processes.     

Nm23-M5 mediates round and elongated spermatid survival by regulating GPX-5 levels

Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases are involved in numerous regulatory processes associated with proliferation, development, and differentiation. Previously, we cloned a new member of the NDPK family from mouse, Nm23-M5, which encodes a 211-amino acid protein and has 86% identity to the human Nm23-H5 [Hwang, K.C., Ok, D.W., Hong, J.C., Kim, M.O. and Kim, J.H. (2003) Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the murine Nm23-M5 gene during mouse spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 306, 198-207]. To better understand Nm23-M5 function, we generated transgenic mice with reduced Nm23-M5 levels in vivo using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knock-down system. Nm23-M5 expression was markedly reduced, as indicated by Northern and Western blot analysis. Nm23-M5 shRNA transgenic mice exhibited reduced numbers of haploid cells. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX-5) is regulated by Nm23-M5 at the level of both expression and activity. These results reveal that expression of Nm23-M5 plays a critical role in spermiogenesis by increasing the cellular levels of GPX-5 to eliminate reactive oxygen species.     

Differential expression of genes in the endometrium at implantation: upregulation of a novel member of the E2 class of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes

The process of embryo attachment and implantation is accompanied by dramatic cellular and functional changes in the endometrium, the control and mechanisms of which are not clearly understood. The cDNA cloning of differentially expressed genes, specifically at implantation sites in the rabbit endometrium, was used to identify genes controlling functional and remodeling changes. Tissue from the endometrium of Day 6(3/4) (preimplantation) and Day 8 (implantation initiation) pregnant rabbits was used to screen for differentially expressed genes by combined cDNA subtraction/suppressive hybridization. Twenty-nine differentially expressed genes were identified encoding protein modification enzymes, signaling proteins, structural proteins, and enzymes. One of these is a novel member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family we have designated UBCi (i for implantation), which displayed dramatic nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence conservation between rabbits, humans, and mice. In situ hybridization indicated UBCi expression exclusively in the luminal epithelium of the endometrium while glandular epithelium, trophoblast, and myometrium were negative. Expression was specific for epithelial cells at implantation sites and was not detected in non-implant-site endometrium. UBCi mRNA was detected in both the mesometrial and antimesometrial epithelial cells of the implantation sites, sites undergoing both differentiation and/or apoptosis. These results identify a group of differentially expressed genes in the endometrium including UBCi and provide new focal targets for studying processes controlling cellular remodeling during implantation. The important roles of ubiquitination in controlling the activities and turnover of key signaling proteins suggest potential roles in controlling critical aspects of implantation.     

Maternal pentraxin 3 deficiency compromises implantation in mice

Reduced litter sizes in mice missing pentraxin 3 (Ptx3) have been attributed to fertilization failure. However, our global gene expression studies showed high uterine Ptx3 expression at the implantation site in mice, suggesting its role in blastocyst implantation. We initiated molecular and genetic studies in mice to explore the importance of uterine Ptx3 in this process. We found that Ptx3 is expressed in a unique and transient fashion at implantation sites. With the initiation of implantation on midnight of Day 4 of pregnancy, Ptx3 is expressed exclusively in stromal cells at the site of blastocysts. On Day 5, its expression is more intense in decidualizing stromal cells, but it disappears on Day 6. The expression again becomes evident in the deciduum on Day 7, followed by a more robust expression on Day 8, particularly at the antimesometrial pole. From Day 9, with the initiation of placentation, Ptx3 expression becomes undetectable. These results suggest a role for PTX3 in implantation and decidualization. Indeed, deletion of Ptx3 results in both compromised implantation and decidualization. Interleukin 1B (IL1B), a known inducer of Ptx3, is also transiently expressed in stromal cells at the implantation site, suggesting that IL1B is an inducer of uterine Ptx3 expression. In fact, uterine Ptx3 expression follows that of Il1b induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment on Day 7 of pregnancy. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for an important role for PTX3 in implantation and decidualization. This study has clinical implications, since PTX3 is expressed in the receptive endometrium, and trophoblast cells influence decidual Ptx3 expression in humans.