小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1／NDPK A的表达

nm23家族除与肿瘤转移抑制有关,它还参与调节正常细胞的发育、增殖、分化及凋亡等过程。运用RT-PCR、Western blot和免疫组织化学技术,分析小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜着床点和着床旁组织nm23-M1／NDPK A的表达,以未交配鼠作对照,为进一步阐明胚泡着床的机制提供有意义的实验依据。RT-pCR结果显示,小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1／NDPK A mRNA表达明显高于对照组,并且着床点明显高于着床旁,Western blot和免疫组织化学分析nm23-M1／NDPK A蛋白表达,也得到一致的结果。提示nm23-M1／NDPK A参与胚泡着床这一重要生命活动过程。     

双向凝胶电泳-飞行时间质谱技术鉴定小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M2/NDPK B的表达

运用双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(2DPAGE)分析未交配小鼠子宫内膜和妊娠第五天(D_5)小鼠子宫内膜胚泡黏附时植入位点及其旁组织蛋白质组。差异蛋白质组学显示,等电点(isoelectricpoint,pI)约7.1、分子量(molecularweight,Mw)约18kDa的蛋白质点在D_5小鼠子宫内膜特别是植入位点表达上调。对此蛋白质点用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix—assistedlaserdesorpion/ionizationtimeofflyingmassspectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS)测定其胶内酶解后的肽质量指纹谱(PeptideMassFingerprint,PMF),经Mascot:PeptideMassFingerprint中SWISS-PROT数据库查询后,鉴定该蛋白质为鼠源性nm23-M2/NDPKB。RT-PCR和免疫组织化学结果也显示D_5小鼠子宫内膜nm23-M2/NDPKBmRNA和蛋白表达明显增加。提示nm23-M2/NDPKB参与胚泡着床这一重要生命活动过程。     

双向凝胶电泳-飞行时间质谱技术鉴定小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M2／NDPK B的表达

运用双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(2DPAGE)分析未交配小鼠子宫内膜和妊娠第五天(D5)小鼠子宫内膜胚泡黏附时植入位点及其旁组织蛋白质组。差异蛋白质组学显示,等电点(isoelectric point,pI)约7．1、分子量(molecular weight,Mw)约18kDa的蛋白质点在D5小鼠子宫内膜特别是植入位点表达上调。对此蛋白质点用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption／ionization time of flying mass spectrometry,MALDI—TOF—MS)测定其胶内酶解后的肽质量指纹谱(Peptide Mass Fingerprint,PMF),经Mascot：Peptide Mass Fingerprint中SWISS-PROT数据库查询后,鉴定该蛋白质为鼠源性nm23-M2／NDPKB。RT—PCR和免疫组织化学结果也显示D5小鼠子宫内膜nm23-M2／NDPK B mRNA和蛋白表达明显增加。提示nm23-M2／NDPKB参与胚泡着床这一重要生命活动过程。     

双向凝胶电泳分析小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床点和着床旁组织蛋白质组

目的 :研究小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床点和着床旁蛋白质表达图谱及其差异。方法 :用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离 5d .p .c .(dayspostcoitum)小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床点和着床旁总蛋白 ,同时分离同龄未交配小鼠子宫内膜总蛋白 ,银染显色 ,PDQuest 2DE软件分析。结果 :图像分析测得三块胶的匹配率达 74 5 %以上 ,在等电点pI 3～ 1 0、分子量 1 4 4～ 75 4kDa范围内分离得未交配小鼠子宫内膜蛋白点大约 81 0个 ,受孕小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床旁和着床点蛋白质点分别大约为 95 0个和 1 0 4 0个 ,其中至少 90个蛋白点在三种不同的生理状态间有 2倍以上的量变。结论 :在“着床窗口期” ,小鼠子宫内膜特别是着床位点内膜合成更多的蛋白质 ,以适宜胚泡成功地植入。     

PTEN在早孕小鼠子宫内膜的表达及其对胚泡着床的影响

本研究旨存检测肿瘤抑制基因PTEN(phosphatase andtensinhomologdeletedonchromosometen)在早孕小鼠子宫内膜中的表达规律,探讨PTEN在小鼠胚胎着床过程中的作用.采用实时荧光定量聚合酶联反应(real.time fluorescent quantitative PCR.FQ.PCR)和免疫组织化学方法分别检测未孕及孕1、3、4、5、7 d小鼠子宫内膜PTEN mRNA和蛋白的表达;子宫角注射PTEN反义寡核苷酸观察胚泡着床数.FQ-PCR结果显示,妊娠小鼠子宫内膜组织PTENmRNA的表达高于未妊娠小鼠,且随着妊娠天数的增加表达逐渐增强,到妊娠第5天达最高.免疫组织化学分析显示,PTEN蛋白在子宫内膜的表达规律与mRNA结果一致.子宫角注射PTEN反义寡核苷酸后胚泡着床数明显减少.结果提示,PTEN在妊娠早期子宫内膜持续表达,可能参与了胚泡着床.     

IK细胞因子在小鼠早孕期子宫内膜的表达规律及其在胚胎着床中的作用

通过Real-time PCR、Western blot及免疫组织化学方法分析了IK细胞因子(IK cytokine)在早孕小鼠(妊娠D1~D7)子宫内膜中的表达规律及宫角注射IK细胞因子反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸后对胚胎着床的影响。结果显示,IK细胞因子mRNA表达在D1~D4逐渐升高,于D4达到高峰(P<0.05);Western blot和免疫组织化学结果与Real-time PCR结果基本一致,其蛋白表达在D1~D5逐渐升高,于D5达到高峰(P<0.05);IK细胞因子在D5胚胎着床点的表达显著高于着床旁组织;假孕小鼠子宫内膜IK细胞因子蛋白表达明显低于正常妊娠,且整个假孕过程中没有表达高峰;宫角注射IK细胞因子反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸后24 h和48 h(即D4和D5)子宫内膜IK细胞因子表达明显受到抑制,MHCⅡ抗原表达增强,且胚胎着床数量明显减少(P<0.05),提示IK细胞因子在胚胎着床中发挥着重要作用。     

p16INK4a在早孕小鼠子宫内膜的表达及其对胚泡着床的影响

本研究旨在检测肿瘤抑制基因p16INK4a(inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4a)在早孕小鼠子宫内膜中的表达规律,探讨p16INK4a在小鼠胚胎着床过程中的作用.采用荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)和免疫组织化学方法分别检测未孕小鼠及孕小鼠第2、3、4、5、7天子宫内膜p16INK4a mRNA和蛋白的表达;子宫角注射p16INK4a抗体观察胚泡着床数.FQ-PCR结果显示孕小鼠子宫内膜组织p16INK4amRNA的表达高于未孕小鼠,且随着妊娠天数的增加呈现表达逐渐增强的趋势,到妊娠第5天达到最高,后渐降.免疫组织化学分析显示p16INK4a蛋白在子宫内膜的表达规律与mRNA结果一致.子宫角注射p16INK4a抗体后胚泡着床数明显减少.以上结果提示,P161INK4a在妊娠早期子宫内膜持续表达,可能参与胚泡着床.     

早孕小鼠子宫内膜M2型丙酮酸激酶基因表达的研究

该研究分析了M2型丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase M2,PKM2)基因在早孕小鼠子宫内膜的表达规律。通过建立正常妊娠小鼠模型,收集孕D1、D4、D5、D6、D7小鼠子宫内膜组织及孕D5小鼠着床点及着床旁子宫内膜组织。构建假孕小鼠模型,收集假孕PD1、PD4、PD5、PD6和PD7小鼠子宫内膜组织。用Real-time PCR和Western blot方法检测PKM2 m RNA和蛋白质表达水平;免疫组织化学方法检测PKM2蛋白质在孕D5着床点与着床旁子宫内膜的分布。研究结果显示,在正常妊娠小鼠子宫内膜,PKM2 m RNA表达从孕D5开始出现明显升高,孕D6达高峰,孕D7略有下降,孕D6、孕D7与孕D1相比有明显差异。PKM2蛋白质从孕D6开始出现明显升高,孕D7略有下降,孕D6、孕D7与孕D1相比有明显差异。假孕小鼠子宫内膜PKM2 m RNA水平从PD6开始有明显升高,PD7与PD6水平相当,PD6、PD7与PD1相比有明显差异。PKM2蛋白质水平每两组间无明显差异。孕D5小鼠子宫内膜组织中,PKM2 m RNA及蛋白质水平均呈现着床点明显高于着床旁趋势。该研究初步揭示了PKM2基因在早孕小鼠子宫内膜表达规律,为深入探讨PKM2在维持早孕小鼠子宫内膜正常功能的机制上的作用提供了重要线索。     

PCOS易感基因Hmga2在小鼠子宫蜕膜化中的表达与调节

目的研究PCOS易感基因Hmga2在子宫内膜容受性和蜕膜化中的表达与调节。方法通过早期妊娠、延期着床与激活、人工蜕膜化、卵巢类固醇激素处理等实验,利用q PCR、Western blot技术,阐述Hmga2在子宫内膜容受性中的作用。结果 Hmga2随着妊娠表达量逐渐增加,着床点与非着床点相比表达量显著升高,胚胎激活组比延迟着床表达量显著增高,人工诱导蜕膜化与非蜕膜化比较表达显著升高,Hmga2的表达与雌激素和孕激素呈正相关,体内受雌孕激素调节。结论表明Hmga2的表达与小鼠早期妊娠胚胎着床过程密切相关,参与子宫内膜蜕膜化过程,受活化胚泡和类固醇激素的影响。     

NF-κB在小鼠胚胎着床前植入期子宫内膜的表达研究

核转录因子NF-κB(nuclear factor of kappa B)是参与炎症反应的重要转录因子,而胚胎着床这一生理过程类似于炎症反应。该研究通过Real-time PCR、Western blot以及免疫组织化学等方法检测了妊娠小鼠孕第1天(d1)至第5天(d5)子宫内膜NF-κB的表达情况,并通过ELISA方法检测了妊娠小鼠(孕d1~d5)血清中白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)与肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的含量。研究发现,NF-κB于孕d1开始表达,且随着妊娠天数的增加表达呈现逐渐上升的趋势,其m RNA水平与蛋白质水平相一致。NF-κB在孕d5于子宫内膜表达着床点高于着床旁,而在假孕小鼠子宫内膜中NF-κB的表达低于真孕组,炎症因子IL-6与TNF-α的含量也随妊娠天数的增加表达逐渐上升。该研究结果表明,NF-κB可能通过炎症反应的过程参与了胚胎着床这一生理过程。     

Nm23-M5 mediates round and elongated spermatid survival by regulating GPX-5 levels

Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases are involved in numerous regulatory processes associated with proliferation, development, and differentiation. Previously, we cloned a new member of the NDPK family from mouse, Nm23-M5, which encodes a 211-amino acid protein and has 86% identity to the human Nm23-H5 [Hwang, K.C., Ok, D.W., Hong, J.C., Kim, M.O. and Kim, J.H. (2003) Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the murine Nm23-M5 gene during mouse spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 306, 198-207]. To better understand Nm23-M5 function, we generated transgenic mice with reduced Nm23-M5 levels in vivo using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knock-down system. Nm23-M5 expression was markedly reduced, as indicated by Northern and Western blot analysis. Nm23-M5 shRNA transgenic mice exhibited reduced numbers of haploid cells. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX-5) is regulated by Nm23-M5 at the level of both expression and activity. These results reveal that expression of Nm23-M5 plays a critical role in spermiogenesis by increasing the cellular levels of GPX-5 to eliminate reactive oxygen species.     

Molecular cloning and functional expression of the second mouse nm23/NDP kinase gene, nm23-M2.

A new murine cDNA of nm23/NDP kinase was isolated. A RT-PCR product was obtained from the normal mouse liver mRNA with primers designed for the human nm23-H2 gene. The product was used as a probe to screen a cDNA library from the murine melanoma cell line, B16, and two clones containing the entire open reading frame were obtained. It was predicted that the DNA sequence encoded 152 amino acids which was 98% identical to the nm23-H2 protein. The entire nm23-M1 and -M2 gene-coding regions were translated as fusion proteins with a glutathione S-transferase. These fusion proteins displayed NDP kinase activities.     

The nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity of DRnm23 is not required for inhibition of differentiation and induction of apoptosis in 32Dcl3 myeloid precursor cells

DRnm23 belongs to a multigene family which includes nm23-H1, the first bona fide metastasis suppressor gene, nm23-H2, nm23-H4, and nm23-H5. Like nm23-H1, nm23-H2, and nm23-H4, DRnm23 possesses nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activity. Upon overexpression in myeloid precursor 32Dcl3 cells, DRnm23 inhibits granulocytic differentiation and promotes apoptosis. Two specific mutants of DRnm23 (H134Q and S136P), at residues required for the NDPK activity, inhibit differentiation and promote apoptosis of 32Dcl3 cells. By contrast, substitution of serine 61 with proline (S61P) or deletion of the RGD domain (DeltaRGD) abrogates the effects of wild-type DRnm23. Like wild-type DRnm23, all four mutants show a predominantly mitochondrial subcellular localization. These studies indicate that the enzymatic activity of DRnm23 is not required for the effects observed in 32Dcl3 cells. Moreover, the inability of the S61P and DeltaRGD DRnm23 mutants to inhibit differentiation and promote apoptosis may be due to defective protein-protein interactions at the mitochondria, the predominant site of DRnm23 subcellular localization.     

Alteration in gene expression profile and biological behavior in human lung cancer cell line NL9980 by nm23-H1 gene silencing

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. Tumor metastasis is an essential aspect of lung cancer progression. nm23-H1 is a metastasis suppressor gene. The molecular mechanism by which nm23-H1 suppresses the metastasis is still unclear. Here, we compared the gene expression profile of human large cell lung cancer cell line NL9980 by nm23-H1 gene silencing with that of negative control cells to comprehensively investigate nm23-H1-mediated changes in gene expression of NL9980 cells. Microarray assay revealed that expression of 733-known genes (1.9%, 733/38,500) were altered in response to nm23-H1 gene silencing, including 466 upregulated genes and 267 downregulated. real-time PCR assay of the expression changes indicated that 81.82% (45/55) of verified genes were consistent with that observed in microarray assay. The upregulated genes included MMP-1, -2, SNAI2, CXCL1, 2, 3, PAI-2, while the downregulated genes included cystatin B, TIMP-2, E-cadherin, centrin-2, all of which have been associated with tumor metastasis. Furthermore, we confirmed by Western blot that the expression of MMP-1 and -2 were significantly increased while that of cystatin B was dramatically decreased in NL9980-nm23-H1 silencing cells. The NL9980-nm23-H1 silencing cells exhibited significantly more S phase growth and invasive ability. Thus, silencing of nm23-H1 gene caused metastasis-related gene expression changes in lung cancer cells. The knockdown of nm23-H1 expression may change the lung cancer cells to a more invasive phenotype through alteration in the expression of a set of genes.     

Localization and characterization of the mitochondrial isoform of the nucleoside diphosphate kinase in the pancreatic beta cell: evidence for its complexation with mitochondrial succinyl-CoA synthetase

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) catalyzes the transfer of terminal phosphates from nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates to yield nucleotide triphosphates. The present study was undertaken to localize and characterize the mitochondrial isoform of NDPK (mNDPK) in the pancreatic beta cell since it could contribute to the generation of mitochondrial nucleotide triphosphates and, thereby, to the mitochondrial high-energy phosphate metabolism of the pancreatic beta cell. Mitochondrial fractions from the insulin-secreting beta cells were isolated by differential centrifugation. mNDPK activity was assayed as the amount of [(3)H]GTPgammaS formed from ATPgammaS and [(3)H]GDP. Incubation of isolated mitochondrial extracts with either [gamma-(32)P]ATP or GTP resulted in the formation [(32)P]NDPK, which could be immunoprecipitated by an anti-NDPK serum. mNDPK exhibited saturation kinetics with respect to its nucleoside diphosphate acceptors and nucleoside triphosphate donors and sensitivity to known inhibitors of NDPK (e.g., uridine diphosphate and cromoglycate). By Western blot analyses, at least three isoforms of NDPK were identified in various subcellular fractions of the beta cell. The nm23-H1 (NDPK-A) was predominantly soluble whereas nm23-H2 (NDPK-B) was associated with the soluble as well as membranous fractions. The mitochondrial isoform of NDPK, nm23-H4, was uniformly distributed in the beta cell mitochondrial subfractions. A significant amount of NDPK (as determined by the catalytic activity and immunological methods) was recovered in the immunoprecipitates of mitochondrial fraction precipitated with an antiserum directed against succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS), suggesting that NDPK might remain complexed with SCS. We provide the first evidence for the localization of a mitochondrial isoform of the NDPK in the islet beta cell and thus offer a potential mechanism for the generation of intramitochondrial GTP which, unlike ATP, is not transported into mitochondria via the classical nucleotide translocase. Further work will be required to determine the importance of the NDPK/SCS complex to normal beta cell function in the secretion of insulin.