镉胁迫引起烟草悬浮细胞程序性死亡

镉胁迫会造成烟草悬浮细胞大规模死亡。通过TUNEL技术和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术的检测发现,这种细胞死亡伴随有典型的DNA“梯形带”出现,表明这种由Cd胁迫引起的细胞死亡是一种程序性死亡。受胁迫细胞氧化性增强及细胞中丙二醛(MDA)水平升高,说明Cd胁迫时会在细胞中造成大量活性氧(ROS),暗示烟草细胞的程序性死亡可能与ROS有关。     

在自然衰老和诱导条件下棉花悬浮细胞程序性死亡的发生

棉花胚性悬浮细胞在MS 0.1mg/L2,4-D 0.1mg/LKT培养基中培养生长良好,但在不继代的情况下会自然衰老。培养至第17天,细胞生活力开始下降;至第21天可检测到核小体大小倍增的DNA梯(DNALadder)存在。42±3℃热激、10μmol/L喜树碱、20μmol/L串珠镰孢菌毒素和50mmol/L放线菌酮等胁迫诱导可分别引起MS 0.1mg/L2,4-D 0.1mg/LKT培养基中的棉花悬浮细胞发生程序性死亡。在MS 0.1mg/L2,4-D 0.1mg/LKT和MS 0.1mg/LIBA 0.1mg/LKT培养基中悬浮培养的棉花胚性细胞处于不同的生理状态,两种不同状态的棉花悬浮细胞对热激、喜树碱、串珠镰孢菌毒素等胁迫因子的反应不同。     

植物细胞程序性死亡的分类和膜通透性调控蛋白研究进展

程序性细胞死亡是由基因调控的贯穿于真核细胞生理和发育过程的细胞自杀行为。动物细胞的程序性死亡分成3类凋亡、自噬和坏死;线粒体和溶酶体分别在前两个过程中起关键作用。关于植物细胞程序性死亡的分类还存在很多争议,焦点是植物是否有细胞凋亡这种形式,核心问题是植物细胞的线粒体外膜上没有Bcl-2家族的膜通透性调控蛋白。近年,程序性细胞死亡也在细菌中发现,LrgAB家族的膜通透性调控蛋白起着重要作用。最近的研究表明,植物叶绿体外被膜上也有LrgAB家族的同源蛋白,它们在控制叶绿体发育和程序性细胞死亡方面起重要作用。因此,叶绿体在植物细胞死亡调控中的作用应该更加受到关注。     

细菌的细胞程序性死亡

细胞凋亡 (ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ)也称为细胞程序性死亡 (ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｄｃｅｌｌｄｅａｔｈ ,ＰＣＤ) ,是由细胞自身的程序性自杀机制激活的细胞死亡现象。在多细胞真核生物中 ,程序性的细胞死亡是由细胞表面的死亡受体介导 ,通过一系列的半胱氨酸蛋白酶 (ｃａｓｐａｓｅｓ)作用而启动[1] ,维系个体结构稳定、功能平衡和生长发育所必需的基本生物学过程。一般存在于个体的发育过程中 ,导致细胞功能和形态学上的改变 ,如蛋白质的水解、ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ的降解、细胞的收缩 ,以及细胞碎裂形成凋亡小体 (ａｐｏｐｔｏｔｉｃｂｏｄｉｅｓ)等 …     

细胞凋亡的分子机制及其在当前医学中的应用—2002年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖工作介绍及研究进展

细胞凋亡（apoptosis）或程序性细胞死亡（programmed cell death,PCD）是指在一定的条件下,细胞遵循固定的程序,自己结束生命的过程。从细胞功能上看,一个多细胞生物体中,在正常条件下,某些细胞的死亡是细胞个体发育的一个阶段（最后阶段）。这种死亡是一种预定的、并受到严格程序控制的正常个体发育过程,称之为程序性死亡（PCD）。从形态上看,上述细胞死亡有其特定的形态学变化,例如细胞产生膜泡、染色质浓缩和DNA降解等等;具有上述形态学特点的细胞死亡称之为凋亡。     

光棘豆悬浮细胞原生质体培养影响因素的研究

采用光棘豆无菌苗胚轴诱导的分化能力强的愈伤组织建立的胚必细胞悬浮系材料,对悬浮细胞原生质体解离所需酶液,原生质体培养所需要的渗透压和激素组合进行了研究。发现较低的培养基渗透压（〈０．３５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ葡萄糖）和较高浓度的２,４－Ｄ（〉１ｍｇ／Ｌ）易于诱导细胞出芽分裂,导致细胞破碎和死亡,并引起培养细胞褐化,找出适合光棘悬浮细胞原生质培养基渗透压和激素组合。     

烟草脆散型愈伤组织获取及其细胞悬浮培养(简报)

以烟草叶片为外植体,以2/3MS BA 0.5mg/L NAA 0.1mg/L 为愈伤组织诱导培养基,继代培养3次后,转入添加3332.48mg/L Ca(NO3)2的该培养基上继代,可获得脆散型愈伤组织,并由此建立细胞悬浮培养系统。     

枸杞花药愈伤组织悬浮培养条件下胚状体发生与植株再生

采用枸杞花药进行离体培养,建立细胞系,诱导植株再生,结果在含不同激素的4种培养基上都诱导出了愈伤组织,诱导率为17%～169%。愈伤组织在MS 2,4D05mg/L的固体培养基上,经2～3次培养后,获颗粒状胚性愈伤组织,颗粒状胚性愈伤组织转入含相同成分的液体培养基中进行振荡培养,24h后获得大量单细胞。单细胞液经过多次继代培养,建立起稳定的悬浮系。悬浮细胞在液体培养基中培养8～10d可获得含有大量胚状体的愈伤组织块,收集悬浮培养物转移到MS 6BA02mg/L的固体培养基上,胚状体能够萌发形成大量绿色小芽,小芽转入生根培养基(MS NAA02mg/L)中20d后得到完整植株。植株根尖细胞经细胞学鉴定为单倍体。     

细胞色素c(Cyt c)诱导烟草悬浮细胞(BY-2)凋亡

用不同浓度细胞色素c(Cyt c)诱导继代时间不同的烟草悬浮细胞48 h后观察形态学特征的结果表明,继代培养10和13 d的细胞均在10 mmol·L-1Cyt c时出现最高的细胞凋亡率,而继代5 d的细胞在Cyt c浓度为12.5 mmol·L-1时细胞凋亡的诱导率仍表现上升趋势;DNA电泳检测结果显示凋亡处理的细胞中DNA呈现较明显的DNA梯度.     

细胞程序性死亡通路的研究进展

细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)一直被看做是细胞凋亡(apoptosis).随着细胞生物学研究的深入,新的细胞死亡途径逐渐被揭示出来,如胀亡、自噬、副凋亡等.这些通路有些是caspase依赖的,有些不依赖于caspase途径.在细胞程序性死亡过程中,各种通路不是单独起作用的,而是相互交联的,有彼此重叠的机制出现.目前,Clarke形态学分类法是得到大多数学者认可的细胞程序性死亡的分类方式.按照该分类法,可将PCD分为3大类,即:Ⅰ型细胞程序性死亡、Ⅱ型细胞程序性死亡和Ⅲ型细胞程序性死亡.     

棉花体细胞增殖和胚胎发生中的细胞程序性死亡

棉花组织培养中愈伤组织褐化可能与细胞程序性死亡(PCD)有关.对棉花组培中不同时期的愈伤组织DNA进行琼脂糖电泳,观察到:仅在第一次愈伤组织继代后10 d左右和愈伤组织第一次继代到分化培养基中培养10 d左右,愈伤组织的DNA产生了180 bp左右的片断或其整数倍片断大小的DNA带,呈DNA梯(DNA ladder)状电泳,说明在这两个时期PCD达到了高峰.在这两次PCD高峰后1周均出现愈伤组织大规模的褐化死亡.显微镜观察到第一次PCD发生高峰的愈伤组织存在许多管状、内含物少的细胞,这些细胞分布在愈伤组织的边缘和内部;第二次PCD发生高峰观察到体细胞胚胎分化、PCD细胞的木栓化和水渍化.对体细胞胚胎分化时期的原生质体进行荧光染色(DAPI),荧光显微镜下观察到发生细胞程序性死亡的细胞核浓缩、染色质凝聚、结块、边缘化和形成PCD小体.     

渗透胁迫诱导的小麦叶片细胞程序性死亡

用20%PEG6000（-0.63MPa）溶液对小麦（Triticumaestivum）根系进行渗透胁迫,在DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳图谱上观察到明显的梯状DNA条带,表明PEG处理诱发了DNA核小体间的断裂,从而表现出典型的细胞程序性死亡的生化特征;末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的3′-OH末端标记法（terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end     

Programmed cell death in neurotumour cells involves the generation of ceramide

Ceramide has been typically thought of as the membrane anchor for the carbohydrate in glycosphingolipids but many studies have suggested that it may cause apoptosis. Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) is thought to be responsible for the death of one-half of neurons surviving the development of the nervous system. The potential involvement of the sphingomyelin-ceramide signaling process as an integral part of PCD was therefore examined in several neurotumour cell lines. We show that synthetic C2-ceramide (N-acetylsphingosine), a soluble ceramide analogue, can rapidly trigger PCD in these cells, characterized by: 1) classic DNA laddering on agarose gels; 2) DNA fragmentation as determined by Hoechst Dye; and 3) cell viability (mitochondrial function and intact nuclei) assays. We report that staurosporine can both activate PCD (by all three criteria above) in neurotumour cells and increase both the formation of ceramide and ceramide mass. Both ceramide formation and the induction of PCD were further enhanced by the co-addition of a ceramidase inhibitor oleoylethanolamine (25 µM). Staurosporine and oleoylethanolamine were similarly effective in inducing ceramide formation and PCD in immortalized hippocampal neurons (HN-2) and immortalized dorsal root ganglion cells (F-11). Our data suggests that formation of ceramide is a key event in the induction of PCD in neuronally derived neurotumour cells.Abbreviations PCD programmed cell death - PKC protein kinase C - HPTLC high-performance thin-layer chromatography - DETAPAC diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid - DMEM Dubelco's modified Eagle's medium - FCS fetal calf serum - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - DAG diacylglycerol - DDI distilled-deionized - Cer ceramide - SM sphingomyelin Dedicated to Dr Sen-itiroh Hakomori in celebration of his 65th birthday.     

在自然衰老和诱导条件下棉花悬浮细胞程序性死亡的发生

Cotton suspension cells grew well in the MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 2,4 D and 0.1 mg/L KT. Senescence occurred when the cells were unsubcultured. The cells began to lose their viabilities on the 17th day, and on the 21th day oligonucleosomal sized DNA fragments ( DNA ladder) could be detected. Oligonucleosomal sized DNA fragments ( DNA ladder) was the hallmark of the programmed cell death. Programmed cell death of cotton suspension cells could be induced respectively by some stress factors which included heatshock (42+/-3 degrees C for 8 hours), 10 micromol/L camptothecin, 20 micromol/L fumonisin B1 and 50 mmol/L cycloheximide. The cotton suspension cells which grew in the MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 2,4 D and 0.1 mg/L KT differred physiologically from the cells in the MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L IBA and 0.1 mg/L KT, and they responded differentially to the heatshock, 10 micromol/L camptothecin and 20 micromol/L fumonisin B1, while the same to 50 mmol/L cycloheximide.     

Overexpression of the OsPDCD5 Gene Induces Programmed Cell Death in Rice

The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the overexpression of the rice （Oryza sativa L.） programmed cell death 5 （OsPDCD5） gene in rice plant. Constitutive expression of OsPDCD5 from the cauliflower mosaic virus （CaMV） 35S promoter induced programmed cell death （PCD） in transgenic rice. Programmed cell death was accompanied by typical features, including inhibition of developmental growth, a reduction of fresh weight, degradation of total protein content, and fragmentation of genomic DNA. These results suggest that OsPDCD5 plays an essential role in the regulation of PCD in rice plants.     

GPx对活性氧诱发细胞程序性死亡的影响

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）是细胞内清除活性氧的主要抗氧化酶之一.以稳定表达GPx的CHO细胞系为模型,研究GPx对百草枯（paraquat）和叔丁基脂氢过氧化物（tbOOH）细胞毒性的影响,发现paraquat和tbOOH都能够诱导CHO细胞产生典型的细胞程序性死亡的形态学改变和特征性的DNA“梯子状”断裂,而稳定表达GPx的细胞系能明显抵抗tbOOH诱发的细胞程序性死亡,但不能抵抗paraquat诱发的细胞程序性死亡.该结果揭示,GPx能选择性抑制活性氧诱发的细胞凋亡.     

胱冬肽酶非依赖性的细胞程序性死亡

在多细胞有机体的组织内稳态维持和正常发育过程中,细胞程序性死亡发挥着重要的作用。细胞程序性死亡有多种形式(如细胞凋亡、类细胞凋亡和类坏死等),其中了解较清楚的是细胞凋亡。一直以来,胱冬肽酶(caspase)被认为是细胞凋亡发生中关键的一种蛋白酶。但是最近的研究表明,包括细胞凋亡在内的一些细胞程序性死亡可以以一种不依赖胱冬肽酶的方式发生。细胞程序性死亡与胱冬肽酶之间存在非依赖性关系。     

Thaxtomin A induces programmed cell death in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> suspension-cultured cells

Thaxtomin A is the main phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabiei, the causative agent of common scab disease of potato. Pathogenicity of S. scabiei is dependent on the production of thaxtomin A which is required for the development of disease symptoms, such as growth inhibition and cell death. We investigated whether thaxtomin A-induced cell death was similar to the hypersensitive cell death that often occurs in response to specific pathogens or phytotoxins during the so-called hypersensitive response (HR). We demonstrated that thaxtomin A induced in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension-cultured cells a genetically controlled cell death that required active gene expression and de novo protein synthesis, and which involved fragmentation of nuclear DNA, a characteristic hallmark of apoptosis. The thaxtomin A-induced form of programmed cell death (PCD) was not a typical HR, since defence responses generally preceding or associated with the HR, such as rapid medium alkalization, oxidative burst and expression of defence-related genes PR1 and PDF1.2, were not observed in plant cells following addition of thaxtomin A. Thaxtomin A has been shown to inhibit cellulose biosynthesis (Scheible et al. in Plant Cell 15:1781, 2003). We showed that isoxaben, a specific inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis, also induced in Arabidopsis cell suspensions a PCD similar to that induced by thaxtomin A. These data suggested that rapid changes in the plant cell wall composition and organization can induce PCD in plant cells. We discuss how rapid inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis may trigger this process.     

Cell cycle phase-specific death response of tobacco BY-2 cell line to cadmium treatment

The character of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants differs in connection with the context, triggering factors and differentiation state of the target cells. To study the interconnections between cell cycle progression and cell death induction, we treated synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells with cadmium ions that represent a general abiotic stressor influencing both dividing and differentiated cells in planta. Cadmium induced massive cell death after application in all stages of the cell cycle; however, both the progression and the forms of the cell death differed pronouncedly. Apoptosis-like PCD induced by cadmium application in the S and G2 was characterized by pronounced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. In contrast, application of cadmium in M and G1 phases was not accompanied by DNA cleavage, indicating suppression of autolysis and non-programmed character of the death. We interpret these results in the context of the situation in planta, where the induction of apoptosis-like PCD in the S and G2 phase might be connected with a need to preserve genetic integrity of dividing meristematic cells, whereas suppression of PCD response in differentiated cells (situated in G1/G0 phase) might help to avoid death of the whole plant, and thus enable initiation of the recovery and adaptation processes.