双歧杆菌对裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞激活作用的初步观察

用青春型双歧杆菌注射于裸鼠腹腔,分别以中性红吞噬法以及M TT 法检测了裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和能量代谢水平。结果显示双歧杆菌注射组裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和能量代谢水平均显著高于对照组(P< 0.01)。提示青春型双歧杆菌能激活巨噬细胞,增强其吞噬功能,提高其能量代谢水平     

双歧杆菌对裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO形成的调节作用

给裸小鼠腹腔注射青春型双歧杆菌,每天一次,连续５天,以Ｇｒｉｅｓ试剂测定了裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞分泌ＮＯ的含量。结果表明：双歧杆菌注射组其腹腔巨噬细胞产生ＮＯ的量显著高于对照组,具有显著的统计学意义（Ｐ＜００１）。提示青春型双歧杆菌可激活巨噬细胞,使之产生一定量的ＮＯ,ＮＯ在介导双歧杆菌的多种生理功能方面起重要作用     

双歧杆菌习腹腔巨噬细胞激活作用的初步观察

用青春型双歧杆菌注射于裸鼠腹腔,分别以中性红吞噬法以及ＭＴＴ法检测了裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和能量代谢水平。结果显示双歧杆菌注射组裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和能量代谢水平均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示青春型双歧杆菌能激活巨噬细胞,增强其吞噬功能,提高其能量代谢水平。     

β－内啡肽对巨噬细胞释放IL－1的直接及间接刺激作用

本实验从体内、体外两个方面初步探讨β内啡肽（βＥＰ）刺激ＩＬ１释放的机制。给正常大鼠静注不同浓度的βＥＰ,血浆ＩＬ１活性显著升高,呈剂量效应关系;给正常大鼠静注βＥＰ及ＬＰＳ,血浆ＩＬ１活性显著高于二者的单独作用;将不同浓度的βＥＰ与巨噬细胞一起培养（不加ＬＰＳ）,培养液中呈现ＩＬ１活性,并在一定范围内与βＥＰ浓度有剂量效应关系;以低浓度的βＥＰ与巨噬细胞孵育１ｈ后去除βＥＰ,再加入ＬＰＳ,发现βＥＰ预处理组上清液ＩＬ１活性显著高于未加βＥＰ的对照组。结果提示：βＥＰ既能直接刺激巨噬细胞产生ＩＬ１,又能提高巨噬细胞对ＩＬ１诱生物ＬＰＳ的敏感性。     

青春型双歧杆菌微生态制品对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶含量的影响

我们观察了青春型双歧杆菌微生态制品ＤＭ８５０４,对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶的影响。以青春型双歧杆菌ＤＭ８５０４,０．２ｍｌ（含活菌１８×１０９）。注入小鼠腹腔。每天１次连续５次,对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶变化进行连续定量测定,并于终止注射后第３天取腹腔巨噬细胞涂片,以酶染色方法进行半定量观察。结果表明,于注射开始后第２天直至注射停止后第５夫,实验组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶含量均高于对照组,说明ＤＭ８５０４可激活小鼠巨噬细胞,提高酸性磷酸酶的含量及这种作用可维持的天数。     

双歧杆菌协同TIL细胞体内杀瘤活性的研究

本研究应用从小鼠Ｓ１８０癌性腹水分离诱导的ＴＩＬ癌内注射与活的双歧杆菌腹腔内注射共同治疗荷Ｓ１８０实体瘤小鼠,结果表明单用ＴＩＬ和ＴＩＬ合用ＩＬ－２早期抑瘤效果,能延缓肿瘤的发生和发展,而晚期抑瘤效果尚不及单用双歧杆菌组。ＴＩＬ与双歧杆菌、ＴＩＬ、双歧杆菌及低剂量ＩＬ－２,荷瘤早、晚期抑瘤效果均较好,且毒副作用低,表明双歧杆菌有可能通过刺激机产生内源性ＩＬ－２维持ＴＩＬ的生物学活性从而协同ＴＩＬ细     

双歧杆菌DNA对巨噬细胞MAPK的影响

目的 探索青春型双歧杆菌的DNA对巨噬细胞丝裂素活化的蛋白激酶（MAPK）活性的影响。方法 以激光共聚焦显微镜定量测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞MAPK家系中ERK1／2、JNK和p38的含量。结果 双歧杆菌DNA注射组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞ERK1／2的平均荧光强度明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,而JNK和p38的平均荧光强度在2组间则差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 青春型双歧杆菌的DNA能提高巨噬细胞ERK1／2的活性,这可能是其激活巨噬细胞的途径之一。     

双歧杆菌及其表面分子的免疫增强作用

研究双歧杆菌及其脂磷壁酸、细胞壁肽聚糖、培养乏液对小鼠腹腔渗出细胞、脾细胞ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦ、ＩＦＮ－γ活性和脾ＮＫ、ＬＡＫ细胞活性的影响。结果发现双歧杆菌全菌、脂磷壁酸、肽聚糖多次注入小鼠腹腔一段时间后,小鼠脾ＮＫ细胞、ＬＡＫ细胞活性和ＩＦＮ－γ活性增强,腹腔渗出细胞产生ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦ活性增强,其中以脂磷壁酸作用最强,肽聚糖次之,培养乏液也有一定作用。双歧杆菌及其表面分子对小鼠脾细胞、腹腔渗出细胞ＩＬ－２活性无显著影响。双歧杆菌的免疫增强作用在抗感染、抗肿瘤机理中占有十分重要的地位。     

创伤后巨噬细胞对T细胞白介素2及白介素2受体α基因表达的直…

以２５μｇ／ｍｌ的丝裂霉素Ｃ处理巨噬细胞３０ｍｉｎ,可阻断巨噬细胞白介素１（ＩＬ－１）、白介素６（ＩＬ－６）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）的合成与分泌。创伤小鼠巨噬细胞经丝裂霉素Ｃ处理后,可明显抑制正常Ｔ细胞白介素２（ＩＬ－２）ｍＲＮＡ及ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）α ｍＲＮＡ水平,并增强Ｔｓ细胞的抑制活性。去除Ｔ细胞中Ｔｓ细胞可使巨噬细胞的抑制作用消失。表明创伤后巨噬细胞可通过     

双歧杆菌的完整肽聚糖对巨噬细胞产生IL-18的影响

目的探讨分叉双歧杆菌的完整肽聚糖对巨噬细胞功能的调节作用.方法以完整肽聚糖注射于小鼠腹腔,用ELISA法测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生的IL-18的含量.结果完整肽聚糖注射组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生的IL-18的含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论分叉双歧杆菌的完整肽聚糖能激活巨噬细胞,并使之分泌多量的IL-18.     

白介素-4和白介素-6在慢性阻塞性肺病肺组织中的表达

为了探讨白介素 - 4(Interleukin- 4,IL- 4)和白介素 - 6 (Interleukin- 6 ,IL- 6 )在慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD)患者肺组织中的表达变化及其在 COPD发病机制中的作用 ,45例因肺癌而行肺叶切除术患者的肺组织 ,根据有无 COPD及吸烟史分为 COPD组、吸烟对照组及非吸烟对照组 (每组各 15例 )。用免疫组织化学法测定肺组织炎性细胞中 IL- 4和 IL- 6的表达。结果表明 :1.IL - 4和 IL - 6在 COPD组、吸烟对照组及非吸烟对照组患者肺泡局部浸润的炎性细胞中有表达 ,其中 COPD组IL- 4和 IL- 6的表达强度明显高于吸烟对照组及非吸烟对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但吸烟对照组及非吸烟对照组 IL- 4和 IL- 6表达强度无显著差别 (P>0 .0 5 )。 2 .三组中 IL - 4在肺组织中的表达强度与 1秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比 (FEV1 % pred)值之间均无直线相关关系 (r=- 0 .0 93,0 .0 0 2 45和 - 0 .2 5 2 ,P>0 .0 5 ) ;仅在 COPD组肺组织中的 IL- 6表达强度与 FEV1 % pre值呈直线负相关关系 (r=- 0 .6 3119,P<0 .0 5 ) ,其余各组未发现这种负相关关系。 3.COPD组 IL- 4与 IL- 6的表达呈直线正相关关系 (r=0 .5 99,P<0 .0 1)。结果提示 :1.IL - 4在 COPD患者细支气管及肺泡炎性细胞中表达增强 ,说明 Th2 型细胞因子可能也在 COPD发病     

HHV-6体外感染对外周血单个核细胞IL-6、IL-8的诱生NK活性的影响

采用生物活性法和／或酶联免疫吸附法以及乳酸脱氢酶释放法,研究了人类疱疹病毒6型（HHV－6）南京地方株CNS对人外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）的IL—6、IL－8的诱生和NK活性的影响,并与国外的GS株作比较。结果发现,HHV—6CN8、GS两株病毒感染均可诱导PBMCs产生IL－8,48h达到峰值。两株病毒所诱生的IL－8水平并无显著性差异（P＞0．05）,并可抑制IL－6的产生,但GS株的抑制作用强于CNS株（P＜0．05）。HHV－6体外感染12～24h可以增强NK活性,且CN8株诱导的NK活性高于GS株（P＜0．05）,之后NK活性逐渐减弱。以上结果提示：HHV－6感染可以通过诱生细胞因子和改变NK活性而影响人的免疫功能,而A组的GS株对免疫功能的抑制作用大于B组的CN8株。     

Membrane-associated IL 1-like activity on rat dendritic cells

The secretion of interleukin 1 (IL 1) by rat dendritic cells (DC) was studied in relation to their ability to induce the production of interleukin 2 (IL 2) and to induce IL 2 responsiveness. IL 1 (or IL 1-like activity) was measured by its capacity to enhance IL 2 production by EL4 cells. In contrast to peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) or splenic adherent cells, DC from thoracic duct lymph (TD-DC) or from spleen did not secrete detectable amounts of IL 1 on stimulation with LPS/Silica. However, TD-DC and splenic DC were able to enhance IL 2 production by EL4 cells directly, and were only two times less effective than PEC. By preventing cell-to-cell contact between stimulator cells and EL4 cells, it was demonstrated that most of the IL 2-inducing activity of TD-DC and PEC was associated with the cell membrane. Treatment with 1% paraformaldehyde (PFA) to abolish metabolic activity resulted in a 50% decrease (or inactivation) of IL 2-inducing activity of TD-DC in the EL4 assay. Moreover, UVB-irradiation (300 mJ/cm2) of TD-DC, which has been described to inhibit the release of IL 1 by macrophages, caused a 70% decrease in IL 2-inducing activity. In a primary allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction, neither PFA-treated TD-DC nor UV-irradiated TD-DC were able to induce T cell proliferation or IL 2 production. The cells were, however, able to induce IL 2 responsiveness, i.e., T cell proliferation in the presence of excess human recombinant IL 2. The finding that IL 1 enhanced T cell responses to PFA-treated or UV-irradiated TD-DC in the absence and in the presence of excess IL 2 indicates that loss of stimulatory activity of TD-DC may be due in part to loss or inactivation of IL 1. These results suggest that membrane-associated structures, that are identical to or mimic IL 1, are involved in the activation of T cells by DC.     

IL 3 and IL 6 do not induce bone resorption in vitro

Bone resorption in vitro and in vivo can be induced by interleukin 1 (IL 1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), both of which are potent inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, there are other factors produced by cells which can active osteoclasts. Because diverse factors are involved in bone resorption, we examined the role of two other inflammatory cytokines, IL 3 and IL 6. IL 3 has been shown to induce the formation of osteoclast-like cells from precursors, while IL 6 is a potent mediator of inflammatory responses. Osteoclast activity in neonatal mouse calvaria was measured as 45Ca released into the supernatant fluid following a 48 hr incubation period with cytokine. Our results show that while parathyroid hormone (PTH) and IL 1 are potent inducers of bone resorption, neither IL 3 nor IL 6 displayed such activity.     

Constitutive NF-kappaB activation confers interleukin 6 (IL6) independence and resistance to dexamethasone and Janus kinase inhibitor INCB018424 in murine plasmacytoma cells

Myeloma cells are dependent on IL6 for their survival and proliferation during the early stages of disease, and independence from IL6 is associated with disease progression. The role of the NF-κB pathway in the IL6-independent growth of myeloma cells has not been studied. Because human herpesvirus 8-encoded K13 selectively activates the NF-κB pathway, we have used it as a molecular tool to examine the ability of the NF-κB pathway to confer IL6 independence on murine plasmacytomas. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of K13, but not its NF-κB-defective mutant or a structural homolog, protected plasmacytomas against IL6 withdrawal-induced apoptosis and resulted in emergence of IL6-independent clones that could proliferate long-term in vitro in the absence of IL6 and form abdominal plasmacytomas with visceral involvement when injected intraperitoneally into syngeneic mice. These IL6-independent clones were dependent on NF-κB activity for their survival and proliferation but were resistant to dexamethasone and INCB018424, a selective Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor. Ectopic expression of human T cell leukemia virus 1-encoded Tax protein, which resembles K13 in inducing constitutive NF-κB activation, similarly protected plasmacytoma cells against IL6 withdrawal-induced apoptosis. Although K13 is known to up-regulate IL6 gene expression, its protective effect was not due to induction of endogenous IL6 production but instead was associated with sustained expression of several antiapoptotic members of the Bcl2 family upon IL6 withdrawal. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NF-κB activation cannot only promote the emergence of IL6 independence during myeloma progression but can also confer resistance to dexamethasone and INCB018424.     

Association of cytokines genes (ILL, IL1RN, TNF, LTA, IL6, IL8, IL0) polymorphic markers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible roles of the cytokines genes in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Polymorphisms in the genes encoding IL1B, IL1RN, TNFA, LTA, IL6, IL8 H IL10 were investigated in COPD patients (N = 319) and healthy individuals (N = 403) living in Ufa, the Republic of Bashkortostan. We observed that IL1RN*2/IL1RN*2 genotype of ILRN gene was associated with susceptibility for COPD (9.8% vs. 4.67%; chi(2)= 5.45, df= 1, P = 0.02; OR = 2.21). Analysis of the LTA gene polymorphic locus A252G showed that in patients with COPD, the frequency of the GG genotype was significantly higher than that in the control group (7.84% vs. 3.72%; chi(2) = 5.00, df= 1, P = 0.025). The increase of this genotype was significant in case of stage IV of COPD (11.18% vs. 4.79%; chi(2) = 3.075, df= 1, P = 0.07). Frequency of genotype combination TNFA-308 G/G and LTA252 A/A significantly decreased in COPD group (38.55% vs. 46.93% in control group; chi(2) = 8.82, df= 1, P = 0.0039). The frequency of GG genotype of the IL6 gene was higher in the patients with stage IV of COPD (43.75% vs. 31.54%, chi(2) = 4.14, P = 0.041). Our results indicate that the genotype frequency of the T(-511)C, T3953C of IL1B, G(-308)A of TNFA, G(-1 74)C of IL6, A(-251)C of IL8 and C(-627)A of ILl0 genes polymorphisms was similar in COPD and healthy control groups.     

益气补肾方药对肾虚小鼠细胞因子IL-1、IL-2及IL-12基因表达的影响

目的　探讨益气补肾中药对醋酸可的松致肾虚小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞IL 1及脾脏细胞因子IL 2、IL 12活性及脾脏IL 1、IL 2、IL 12mRNA表达的影响。方法　用醋酸可的松制备肾虚动物模型 ,经益气补肾方药灌胃给药 6周后 ,生物学方法观察腹腔巨噬细胞IL 1、脾脏淋巴细胞IL 2、IL 12的活性水平 ,RT PCR方法观察脾脏IL 1、IL 2及IL 12mRNA的表达。结果　模型动物IL 1、IL 2及IL 12的活性水平较正常小鼠下降 ,其mRNA表达均受到抑制 ,与正常对照组比差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;经益气补肾方药治疗后 ,三种细胞因子活性水平及其mRNA表达均有不同程度的提高。结论　益气补肾方药可能是改善外源糖皮质激素所致肾虚及由此而导致的免疫衰老较理想的方法     

Adult human vascular endothelial cells express the IL6 gene differentially in response to LPS or IL1

We investigated the regulation of IL6 biological activity, de novo synthesis, and mRNA levels in adult vascular endothelial cells (EC) by bacterial endotoxin or inflammatory cytokines. Cells incubated without stimulus released scant IL6 activity. IFN gamma, IL2, or PDGF did not augment IL6 release from EC. LPS, lipid A, and TNF increased IL6 release modestly (5 to 20-fold), while recombinant IL1s (rIL1s) stimulated this process 100 to 400-fold. Differential release of IL6 from EC treated with LPS or rIL1 continued for at least 144 hr. Exposure to LPS or rIL1 caused EC to synthesize IL6 de novo. EC secreted the newly synthesized IL6 into the supernatant, rather than retaining it within or bound to cells. EC accumulated IL6 mRNA after 3 hr of exposure to rIL1. However, we could only detect IL6 message in cells incubated with LPS under "superinduction" conditions with cycloheximide, consistent with lower levels of IL6 biological activity in response to LPS compared to IL1 stimulation. We propose that local production of IL6 by vascular EC, which comprise the barrier between tissues and the blood, may influence regional immune and inflammatory responses.     

Effects of cytokines on human thymic epithelial cells in culture. II. Recombinant IL 1 stimulates thymic epithelial cells to produce IL6 and GM-CSF

Our earlier study reported the ability of interleukin 1 (IL1) to promote proliferation and to induce morphological changes of human thymic epithelial cells (TEC) in culture. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of IL1 on the secretory function of TEC. Both human recombinant IL1 alpha and IL1 beta induced TEC to produce molecules in the culture supernatant fluids (TES) which displayed marked thymocyte proliferative capacities. This activity was specifically induced by IL1 since other TEC growth factors such as epidermal growth factor and a bovine pituitary extract had no effect on promoting secretion of T cell-activating molecules by TEC. Using specific radioimmunoassays for both forms of IL1, we found that unstimulated TEC produced negligible amounts of IL1 alpha and IL1 beta in TES, which were not increased by IL1 stimulation, and we concluded that the IL1-induced TES molecules were not IL1. IL1 induced TEC to produce IL6, as detected by the hybridoma growth factor biological activity. Neutralizing anti-IL6 antibodies completely blocked the thymocyte activating capacities of the IL1-induced TES thus implying a major role for IL6 in TEC-derived T cell activation. IL1 also induced TEC to produce GM-CSF as measured by bioassay and confirmed by an immunoenzymetric assay. Our results confirm that TEC are a source of cytokines and show that TEC respond to IL1 by producing cytokines with consequences on the thymic lymphoid population. This further emphasizes the importance and complexity of paracrine molecular interactions involved in intrathymic development.