挠力河流域河流生境质量评价

选择挠力河流域6个河段21个样点进行河流生境质量调查和评价。采用包括河水、河道和人类干扰等3大项目共11项评价指标,涵盖河流水量、水质和速度与深度组合,河道形状、结构、侵蚀程度和植被状况,河岸人类活动、周围土地利用以及水工设施等河流生境质量评价指标系统,进行河流生境质量评价。结果显示,全流域47.6%的样点河流生境质量处于优等或良好等级,33.3%的样点为一般等级,约19.1%的样点为较差等级,没有最差等级的样点。研究表明,挠力河流域河流生境质量整体状况良好,个别样点生境质量较差;河流生境质量受到周围土地利用的重要影响;河流生境质量与河流水质及河流生物完整性密切相关。有关河流生境评价的指标与标准以及参照系等研究有待深入。     

太湖流域宜兴片河流生境质量评价

建立包含河道生境、河岸生境和滨岸带生境3方面共10项的河流生境质量评价指标体系,对太湖流域宜兴片42个样点进行生境评价及空间差异比较,分析不同土地利用类型下河流生境各参数的差异性,探讨河流生境质量指数与富营养化综合指数的相关关系。结果表明:河流生境质量指数分值介于29～79,31.0%样点生境质量处于较差和很差等级,57.1%样点为一般等级,表明整体上生境退化明显;南部丘陵山区河流的生境质量状况好于广大的平原河网区;不同土地利用类型下河流生境质量差异显著,林地区域的生境质量明显好于耕地和建设用地;河流生境质量指数与富营养化综合指数显著负相关,说明水质状况对河流生境质量具有较大贡献。     

水电梯级开发对河流生境质量及纵向连通性影响评价——以五布河和藻渡河为例

河流物理生境是维持河流生物多样性及生态功能的关键因素。生境质量的好坏能反应河流健康的程度。以我国西南地区的五布河和藻渡河为例,采用河流生境调查方法(RHS)和树状水系连通性指数(DCI)定量评估水电梯级开发和水坝建设对河流物理生境质量和河流纵向连通性的影响。结果表明,水电梯级开发后,五布河干流未受水坝明显影响河段、库区河段、减水河段分别为20.48、43.34、18.09 km,占总长度的25.0%、52.9%、22.1%。藻渡河干流河口至双河口段未受水坝明显影响河段、库区河段、减水河段分别为58.61、8.28、18.99 km,占总长度的68.2%、9.6%、占22.1%。水电梯级开发后,五布河干流河流片段由26个增至29个,藻渡河干流河流片段由2个增至5个。两条河流纵向连通性分别降低了7.8%和38.0%。五布河坝下减水河段生境质量降低14.1%,库区河段生境质量变化不明显。藻渡河减水河段生境质量与近自然河段无显著差异;两座坝后式电站库区河段生境质量明显低于近自然河段。水电梯级开发对两条河流物理生境的影响与水坝位置选择、建坝前的自然阻隔数量与分布、河流地貌特征、水电资源开发方式等密切相关。     

城镇化背景下河流生境评价——以深圳市为例

城镇化背景下，河流生态系统退化趋势明显，有效评价河流生境状况是修复和保护河流生态系统健康的重要基础。深圳市作为全国经济发展的窗口城市，河流生境的调查研究十分匮乏。因此，为阐明深圳市不同城镇化程度的流域河流生境的差异与主要影响因素，对深圳市两个代表性流域的河流生境展开了研究。针对深圳市河流的生境特点，于2019年丰水期（8月）和枯水期（11月）对城镇化程度较高的深圳河流域的13个样点和城镇化程度较低的坪山河流域12个样点河段的生境状况进行定量调查与评价。采用综合评价法，从河床、河道和河岸带3个方面选取10个生境指标，构建深圳市河流生境评价指标体系和评价方法。结果表明：深圳河流域河流生境质量总体较差，生境评价等级为"良"、"中"、"差"的样点河段分别占7.7%、38.5%、53.8%；坪山河流域河流生境质量总体较好，生境评价等级为"优"、"良"、"中"、"差"的样点河段分别占8.3%、41.7%、41.7%、8.3%。方差分析结果表明两次调查河流生境状况无显著性差异，短时间跨度内河流生境状况变化较小；两个流域河流生境状况差异显著，城镇化程度较低的坪山河流域河流生境质量显著好于城镇化程度较高的深圳河流域。河流生境评估指标主成分分析结果表明人类活动强度、河岸稳定性、河道变化、底质、河岸土地利用及植被多样性是影响深圳市河流生境变化的主要因子。本文对河床、河道、河岸带3个方面分别提出针对性的修复建议，对深圳市河流的生境修复和保护具有重要的指导作用。     

三峡库区河流生境质量评价

三峡水库建成蓄水后,库区流水生境的大幅度减少及垂直落差最高可达30 m的消落带的形成,使库区支流生境发生了剧烈变化,因此对库区河流生境质量评价十分必要。基于水文情势、河流形态和河岸带生境3个方面18个指标的河流生境评价指标体系,对三峡库区36条重要支流254个样点河段进行河流生境质量评价。结果表明,4.72%的样点河流生境质量处于优等,30.31%为良好等级,49.61%为一般等级,15.35%为较差等级,没有最差等级的样点。对于表征河流生境状况的水文情势、河流形态和河岸带生境3个类别,254个河段总体上河岸带生境状况最好,其次为水文情势,河流形态最差。从总体上来看,三峡库区支流生境质量是自然环境和人类活动相互作用的结果,其中河岸带植被状况、消落带宽度、人为干扰、河床底质状况、水文情势自然性等为主要的驱动因子。     

蒲河流域河流生境质量综合评价及其与水质响应关系

河流生境是河流生物赖以生存的环境,是维持河流生态完整性、维护河流健康的重要因素。本文结合蒲河流域环境特点,运用层次分析法建立了蒲河流域河流生境质量评价体系,对流域内25个河段的生境质量状况进行了综合评价,并进一步分析了河流生境综合评价指数与河流水质的相关关系。结果表明:(1)蒲河流域25个河段的生境质量状况差异显著,其中1个河段的生境质量等级为好,5个河段为较好等级,16个河段为一般等级,3个河段为较差等级。(2)生境综合评价指数与TP、NH4+-N、CODCr呈负相关,生境质量评价体系中其他指标也与水质指标具有相关性,表明生境质量是影响水质的重要因素。     

基于河段尺度的太湖流域城市河流生境评价

快速城市化背景下,太湖流域城市河流水环境与生态功能退化问题日益突出,系统开展城市河流生境评价尤为重要。本研究参考和修正了英国城市河流调查评价体系,基于太湖流域城市河流特点,构建了太湖流域城市河段生境质量指数(SHQI)评价体系,分析太湖流域城市河流生境现状及空间差异。结果表明: 50 个河段的SHQI值介于8～21,3个河段的SHQI值为好,6个为较好,27个为一般,9个为较差,5个为差。太湖流域城市河流生境中植被指数情况较好,物理生境、材质指数情况较差。生境总体状况在空间上表现为镇江>湖州>杭州>嘉兴>苏州>无锡>常州,各城市的物理生境、材质指数与污染指数存在显著差异。干流河段与支流河段的SHQI值无显著差异,但干流河段与支流河段的材质指数和污染指数差异显著。本研究构建的评价体系较好地反映了太湖流域城市河流生境现状,可为城市河流生态修复工作提供参考。     

三峡水库河流生境评价指标体系构建及应用

三峡水库建成蓄水后,库区支流因水位调度导致河流生境发生了剧烈的变化,消落带的形成使库区河流具有同自然河流截然不同的河流生境,新形势下库区河流生境评价十分必要。国内外现有的评价指标体系及评价方法不能够很好地适应这种特殊生境状况,急需建立或改进并形成新的评价指标体系和评价方法。基于此,分析了大量国内外河流生境评价方法,根据大型水库影响下的库区河流的生态环境特点,构建了包括水文情势、河流形态和河岸带生境3个方面18个指标的库区河流生境评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法(主观赋权法)和熵值法(客观赋权法)结合组合赋权法计算得到了各指标权重。使用新建立的指标体系和方法,以三峡库区支流东溪河、黄金河、汝溪河为例,进行河流生境质量评价发现,52.6%的样点河流生境质量处于优等或良好等级;42.1%为一般等级;5.3%为较差等级;没有最差等级的样点。结果表明,该评价指标体系适合库区支流河流生境状况的特殊性,得到的评价结果能较直观的反应河流生境状况,且操作便捷,数据易获得,具有较强的科学性和可操作性。     

基于主成分分析和熵权法的河流生境质量评价方法——以清河为例

河流生境是维持河流生态完整性, 维护河流健康的一个重要因素, 为更科学准确的对河流生境质量进行评价,以辽宁省清河为研究区域, 分别采用熵权法和主成分分析赋权法确定权重, 构建河流生境质量评价指数(RHI), 以选择一种合理赋权方法。结果显示, 熵权法河流生境质量评价结果显示清河流域生境质量较好的河段3 个, 生境质量一般的河段6 个, 没有生境质量为好和差的河段。主成分分析赋权法评价结果显示生境质量为好的河段2 个, 生境质量较好的河段1 个, 生境质量一般的河段2 个, 生境质量为差的河段4 个。比照清河生境实际情况, 主成分分析赋权法与实际情况相贴切并对指标进行优选, 避免各指标重复赋权, 更全面准确地反映生境质量的高低。     

海河流域河流生境功能识别及区域差异

城市群快速发展严重影响着区域水生态系统的完整性,大尺度流域的河流生境功能辨识和分析尚缺乏系统研究。以海河流域为例,根据河段蜿蜒度、河段比降、断流风险、盐度等4个指标,构建了河流生境功能的分类指标体系。通过多源空间数据和人工判读,划分了6254条河段,在此基础上将河流生境类型划分为15类。通过52个监测样点的鱼类调查数据,分析了不同河流生境的水生生物特征差异,揭示了鱼类多样性高的区域多位于河流比降大、断流风险低的区域,而河流蜿蜒度对于鱼类多样性影响较小。根据京津冀13个地级市的河流生境差异,提出京津冀城市群的生态安全构建需要充分考虑河流生境的空间异质性,并制定融合城市发展目标、水资源利用需求和河流生境功能的综合指标体系。     

Characterising hydromorphological features of selected Italian rivers: a comparative application of environmental indices

The purpose of this study was to test the applicability of different methods of river habitat assessment and their respective indices in a series of sample sites in Italy. These investigations were carried out within the EU AQEM project with the aim of combining the macroinvertebrate information with that achieved by investigating the hydromorphological characteristics of the river ecosystem as well as the surrounding landscape features. The River Habitat Survey (including the derived indices Habitat Modification Score and Habitat Quality Assessment) from U.K., and three Italian indices (Index of Fluvial Functioning, Buffer Strip Index and Wild State Index) were applied at 33 AQEM sites distributed in three different Italian river types. The obtained results indicate the overall ability of the applied indices to detect the degradation gradient, including river morphology and habitat, in the studied riverine ecosystems. Index of Fluvial Functioning seems useful to promptly describe the ecological quality of rivers as suggested by the good correlation with the AQEM multimetric biotic index. The Buffer Strip Index, showing a clear affinity with the Habitat Quality Assessment, seems suitable to assess richness and quality of the physical structure of a riverine site. The Habitat Modification Score recorded efficiently the morphological impact where present (e.g., North Apennine river sites), while the Italian indices appear to be not appropriate for differentiating this impact type from the general degradation of rivers.     

Occurrence and variability of River Habitat Survey features across Europe and the consequences for data collection and evaluation

River Habitat Survey (RHS) data collected for the EU-funded STAR project was used to identify hydromorphological characteristic features of rivers in four European regions namely: lowlands; mountain; the Alps; and the Mediterranean. Using RHS attributes, Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA) – a measure of natural habitat diversity, and Habitat Modification Score (HMS) – a measure of anthropogenic modification, we identified considerable differences in frequency, diversity and evenness of features between the regions. A relatively small subset of features clearly distinguish the hydromorphological characters of lowland, Alpine and southern European rivers. It was more difficult to distinguish mountain rivers from Alpine rivers. The highest statistical differences are observed between Lowland and Mountain region. Within the four regions studied the RHS attributes that most strongly influence the HQA and HMS indices were identified. We conclude that specific effort should be made to ensure these are recorded properly as part of the quality control of RHS data. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

Hydromorphology – major results and conclusions from the STAR project

The major results and conclusions of the two papers in the hydromorphology section of the Hydrobiologia special issue on the EU STAR project are summarised. Several key findings have emerged from this research. Firstly, the hydromorphological characteristics of rivers between different geographical regions of Europe were found to vary considerably with rivers in each region possessing distinctive hydromorphological characteristics. Secondly, the hydromorphological attributes that most strongly influence two existing hydromorphological indices (the Habitat Quality Assessment and the Habitat Modification Score) were identified and attention was drawn to the accurate definition and recording of these attributes in field surveys and training courses. Thirdly, links between hydromorphological characteristics and macroinvertebrate quality indices were investigated. Two types of bank modification (resectioning and reinforcement) were significantly correlated with two biotic indices (EPT taxa and MTS), while channel modifications were negatively correlated with ASPT. While biotic indices were often strongly correlated with Habitat Quality Assessment they were less strongly related to Habitat Modification Score suggesting that physical habitat diversity may be more important in determining macroinvertebrate community structure than morphological alteration. The papers in this section provide important underpinning research for the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive. In both papers suggestions are made for further research on the hydromorphology of European rivers.     

“拉开档次”法的改进及其在河流生态健康评价中的应用

针对“拉开档次”法在进行综合评价过程中不能较好反映评价者主观信息的缺点,并考虑到影响河流生态系统健康的因素具有多层次、不确定和属性复杂等特点,对”拉开档次”法进行改进,并运用改进的”拉开档次”法对流经北京和天津的北运河上、中、下游各区段进行生态健康综合评价.结果表明,北运河上、中、下游各区段生态系统健康评价值分别为0.539、0.521、0.546,生态状况均处于亚健康状态;河流水环境状况对北运河生态系统健康影响程度最大.运用改进后的“拉开档次”法进行河流生态系统健康评价,既兼顾了评价者的主观判断,又包含了数据本身的客观信息,评价过程透明,评价结果科学、合理、客观、可靠,可为河流综合治理提供技术支持和基础依据.     

黄河流域鱼类食性同资源种团的时空变化

鱼类资源保护是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重要环节.通过历史资料整理和野外调查发现,1960-2019年,黄河流域共分布鱼类16目35科201种.其中,鲤形目物种数最多,占比60.7％;鲈形目次之,占比10.0％.1960-1980年分布鱼类15目28科182种;1980-2019年分布鱼类10目23科112种.源区...     

Preliminary testing of River Habitat Survey features for the aims of the WFD hydro-morphological assessment: an overview from the STAR Project

The UK River Habitat Survey (RHS) method for the assessment of hydro-morphological features was applied within the EU STAR project simultaneously with the collection of biological data. A subset of data from 79 sites affected by hydro-morphological alteration and belonging to 7 different stream types was analysed. The different features recorded within RHS were evaluated separately considering the characteristics associated with banks, channel and riparian zone. Different scores were assigned to selected features representing hydro-morphological alteration and naturalness of habitat. The ability of the different compartments to represent the quality gradient of sites was investigated. In addition, the link between macroinvertebrate community and hydro-morphological data was investigated, directly relating indices and metrics calculated from taxa list collected in a site to scores assigned to the RHS features. The sections highly affected by morphological alteration were channel geometry and bank profile. Metrics showing the best correlation with the features selected were EPT taxa, ASPT and ICMi (Inter-calibration Common Metric index). Among the indices studied, the HQA score (Habitat Quality Assessment) apparently played the most important role in structuring biological communities and the lentic-lotic character of rivers was also important. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

Biotic interactions enhance survival and fitness in the caddisfly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Micropterna sequax</Emphasis> (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)

Fish-based index of biotic integrity (F-IBI) is widely used to assess river ecosystems. With survey data from the Yellow River fishery resources in the 1980s and 2008, fish composition and abundance, vertical distribution, trophic structure, reproductive guilds and tolerance in the river’s upstream, midstream, downstream, and estuary were examined, and F-IBI systems were established for each reach to assess river ecosystem health. Results showed that compared to the 1980s, the number of fish species in 2008 sharply declined in the midstream and downstream reaches, percentage of benthic fish species decreased in upstream and estuary, the number and percentage of omnivorous species decreased in all reaches, and percentage of tolerant fish species increased 15 times in upstream but decreased in midstream and downstream. The F-IBI scores in the four reaches in the 1980s were all higher than those in 2008 and decreased from upstream to estuary; the healthy conditions indicated by F-IBI scores in the 1980s were “good,” “fair,” “poor,” and “fair” from upstream to estuary and “degraded” to “poor” in all the reaches in 2008. This indicated that the river ecosystem has degraded from the 1980s to 2008. This was also shown by variations in water chemistry.     

Assessing Habitat Suitability for Juvenile Atlantic Salmon in Relation to In‐Stream Restoration and Discharge Variability

In‐stream restoration often aims at increasing the availability of the stream habitat suitable for salmonid fishes, thus creating potential for increased fish abundance. We assessed the success of in‐stream restoration of River Kiiminkijoki, northern Finland, by combining River2D habitat hydraulic modeling and fish density monitoring at the same sites, with data from multiple restored and reference reaches for 3 years both before and after restoration. We modeled the effects of restoration on the area suitable (weighted usable area, WUA) for juvenile Atlantic salmon from post‐hatching to age‐1 fish. Wetted width in the restored reaches increased by 8.1% on average compared with only ?0.2% change in the reference reaches. Habitat time series across 10 years showed significant increases in the amount of suitable habitat under summer conditions for both age‐0 and age‐1 salmon. However, improvement of overwintering habitats was marginal or nonexistent. Densities of age‐1 salmon showed no response to restoration. Low river discharge during the winter was correlated with low salmon densities the following summer. It thus appears that variability in wintertime discharge, and associated high interannual variation of WUA values, overrode the almost 20% increase in average post‐ versus pre‐restoration summertime WUA. Our study shows that the combination of hydraulic modeling and biological monitoring is a promising approach to stream restoration assessment.     

Longitudinal variation in food sources and their use by aquatic fauna along a subtropical river in Taiwan

1. River food webs rely on two major food sources: autochthonous primary production within the river and allochthonous organic matter transferred to the river. We characterised the consumer communities and assessed the food sources of dominant consumers along a subtropical mountainous river (the Lanyang River of north‐eastern Taiwan) at the catchment scale from the headwater to the estuary using natural abundances of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. 2. The downstream transport of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) was two orders of magnitude greater than that of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM). Transport of both materials increased from the headwater and reached a maximum in the midstream reach. CPOM composition exhibited a gradual shift from leaves and branches in the headwater, an area characterised by high canopy cover, to algae in the midstream reaches and marsh plants in the downstream reaches. 3. Consumer communities can be classified into two regional categories: the upland category in the headwater and upstream and midstream reaches and the lowland category comprised of samples from the downstream reach and estuary. The upland category revealed a clear and gradual seasonal shift in community composition, but a seasonal shift was not apparent for the lowland category. Nutrient concentrations and water temperature were the main factors explaining longitudinal and seasonal variations. 4. The use of sources of organic matter by dominant consumers along the Lanyang River was primarily determined by their availability. Riparian C₃ plants were the major food sources in the headwater, upstream reach and estuary, but the contribution of periphyton increased in the upper midstream reach where the river flows through an agricultural area. In the lower midstream and downstream reaches, the contribution of riparian C₄ plants became dominant. 5. The trophic transfer of organic materials in the Lanyang River may be influenced by the fast current velocity and by sewage nutrient loading in the river, both of which have important implications for predicting how the functioning of subtropical river food webs will respond to human‐related changes in land use.